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PubMed1980

Effects of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate on uterine estrogen receptor. II. Inhibition of estrogen . receptor transformation.

Previous observations suggested that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was capable of inhibiting estrogen . receptor (R . E2) activation, or translocation to the nucleus, or both. The present study attempts to define more specifically the locus of this action. To this end we have examined the physicochemical alteration produced by interaction of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with estrogen . receptor complex, using sucrose density gradient analysis and dissociation kinetics. Receptor transformation was inhibited when activation was performed in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This effect was protein- and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate concentration-dependent. When pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was introduced postactivation it did not have any effect on the activated receptor, but when similar treatment was followed by NABH4 reduction, the complex reverted to the monomeric entity. The dissociation behavior obtained with cytosol R . E2, warmed in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, showed a biphasic curve suggesting that a significant portion of receptors remained nonactivated as demonstrated by the fast dissociating component. Due to the fact that Tris buffers cannot be used for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate experiments, we have used a borate buffer which resulted in a displacement of the sedimentation values from a 4S to 4.6 S for the unactivated receptor and 5S to 6 S for the activated form. The observations reported suggest that at least the initial effect of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate results in the inhibition of cytosolic receptor transformation from the nonactivated to the activated form.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The inhibition of lysyl oxidase in vivo by isoniazid and its reversal by pyridoxal. Effect on collagen cross-linking in the chick embryo.

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) causes a large increase in the salt-solubility of collagen when injected into chick embryos; this change is accompanied by the inactivation of lysyl oxidase (EC 1.4.3.13), the enzyme responsible for initiating cross-link formation in collagen and elastin. In addition, isoniazid markedly decreases the liver content of pyridoxal phosphate. The depletion of pyridoxal phosphate takes approx. 6 h, whereas the inhibition of lysyl oxidase and the increase in collagen solubility occur more slowly. A reversal of these effects of isoniazid can be produced by the subsequent injection of a stoichiometric amount of pyridoxal, supporting the role of pyridoxal as a cofactor for lysyl oxidase. Treatment of chick embryos with beta-aminopropionitrile, an irreversible inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, causes an inhibition of the enzyme, which begins to recover within 24 h but which is not affected by the administration of pyridoxal; with isoniazid inhibition, however, lysyl oxidase activity does not show any sign of recovery by 48 h. It is proposed that isoniazid may cause the inhibition of lysyl oxidase by competing for its obligatory cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. The potential clinical implications in the therapeutic control of fibrosis are briefly discussed.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1980

A radioimmunoassay for phosphorylated forms of vitamin B6.

Hapten-specific antibodies are found in rabbit serum afterimmunization of the animals with phosphopyridoxyl-bovine serum albumin. These were purified approximately 80-fold by salt fractionation and affinity chromatography on phosphopyridoxyl-aminoethyl cellulose. The purified hapten-specific antibodies were covalently coupled to Immunobeads. The antibody-Immunobead preparation binds [3H]pyridoxine phosphate. This provides the basis for a radioimmunoassay for vitamin B6 derivatives. [3H]Pyridoxine phosphate is displaced from the matrix-attached antibodies by pyridoxine phosphate, pyridoxamine phosphate, and pyridoxal phosphate, but is not displaced to any significant extent by pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, or 5'-deoxypyridoxal. The antibody-Immunobead preparation may be recycled for reutilization in radioimmunoassay procedures. The sensitivity of the assay is in the picomole range.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Fluorescence lifetime and polarization anisotropy studies of membrane surfaces with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

The fluorescence lifetime and depolarization of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate label demonstrated different environments at the structure-solvent interface for micelles, liposomes, proteins and membranes. A short lifetime and rotational correlation time for the micelles and liposomes proved that the label was strongly associated with the water solvent and rotated freely about the covalent bond. The proteins provided a more buried or hydrophobic site as shown by an increase in the lifetimes. Rotational correlation times of 4-6 ns for sarcolemma and erythrocyte membranes suggested restricted rotation for the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate label. Lower values of the rotational correlation time for rod outer segment and myelin sheath proved that the protein epsilon-amino groups are at the solvent interface which allows for more rotation.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗

PubMed1980

Fluorescence of cowpea-chlorotic-mottle virus modified with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), which is stable at pH 5.0, has been modified at this pH with 0.5--0.7 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate molecules per protein subunit. The fluorescence properties of the labelled CCMV protein in different aggregation states of the virus provide information about the labelled part of the protein and the changes induced in its environment, when the nucleo-protein particles are swollen or dissociated. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra indicate the presence of radiationless energy transfer from the aromatic amino acid residues to the label. Comparison of the fluorescence lifetimes of the labelled and the unlabelled protein confirms the existence of energy transfer. The mobility of the labelled part, which can be estimated from the fluorescence polarization of pyridoxal phosphate chromophore, is higher than expected from the dimensions of the virus and the protein subunits. Polarization values and the fluorescence lifetimes depend on the presence of small amounts of NaCl or MgCl2 in the buffer solution at pH 7.5. This is due to structural changes in the vicinity of the pyridoxal phosphate label of the RNA and of the protein part.

Energy Transfer↗

PubMed1982

Modification of intracellular hemoglobin with pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

The aldehyde forms of vitamin B6, pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) have aroused interest as antisickling agents because of their ability to modify hemoglobin (Hb) and their low toxicity. To study their rate of formation and stability inside red cells, pyridoxal-Hb and PLP-Hb were measured in lysates from treated normal and sickle erythrocytes using isocratic high pressure liquid chromatography on Bio-Rex 70. The validity of this assay was confirmed by isoelectric focussing, fluorescence scans of reduced globin, and treatment of cells with pyridoxal 14C. Optimal conditions were described for treatment of whole blood with pyridoxal and washed erythrocytes with PLP. Although there was competition between 2,3-DPG and PLP, but not pyridoxal, for binding to Hb, depletion of 2,3-DPG prior to treatment was unnecessary. No special requirements were noted for the anticoagulants or buffers used. Sickle erythrocytes formed PLP-Hb more rapidly than normal erythrocytes, but pyridoxal-Hb appeared at the same rate in both types of erythrocytes. During incubation of treated erythrocytes in untreated plasma, the stability of pyridoxal-Hb varied inversely with the hematocrit, but PLP-Hb was stable at all hematocrits tested. The absence of hemolysis during a 4 day incubation of treated normal red cells implies that treatment with pyridoxal or PLP did not severely impair red cell metabolism.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗

PubMed1987

Brain pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase. Modulation of its catalytic activity by reaction with pyridoxal 5-phosphate and analogs.

Pyridoxine-5-P oxidase, the flavoprotein involved in the oxidation of pyridoxamine-5-P and pyridoxine-5-P to pyridoxal-5-P, has been isolated and purified to homogeneity using sheep brain tissues. Inactivation of the oxidase by bis-pyridoxal-5-P results in binding of the inhibitor to specific lysyl residues. After NaBH4 reduction of the inactivated enzyme, it was found that 1 P-pyridoxyl-pyridoxine-P residue was incorporated per enzyme dimer. After trypsin digestion of the bis-PLP modified enzyme, only one peptide absorbing at 320 nm, was separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the labeled peptide was determined by automated Edman degradation. The observations reported in this paper are relevant to the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the catalytic function of pyridoxines-5-P oxidase by the product pyridoxal-5-P. It is postulated that the catalytic function of the oxidase is modulated by binding of pyridoxal-5-P to a specific lysyl residue of the dimeric structure of the protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1986

Solubilization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from hen intestinal mucosa.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25-(OH)2D3) receptor was solubilized in cytosol fractions upon homogenization of hen intestinal mucosa with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate contained in a low ionic strength buffer. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate did not inhibit the binding of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to its receptor. The receptor solubilized with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was similar to the KCl-solubilized receptor in its binding affinity to the hormone and sedimentation coefficient. A majority (greater than 90%) of the mucosal 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptors were obtained as associating with crude chromatin which was prepared with a low ionic strength buffer, and this fraction of the receptor was solubilized with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Ten millimolar pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was as effective as approx 0.2 M KCl in solubilizing the receptor from the crude chromatin. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate also showed a potency to dissociate the 1,25-(OH)2D3-receptor complex previously bound to DNA-cellulose. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-related compounds such as pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal did not show this potency. These results suggest that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate reduced the interaction of 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor with its nuclear binding components without inhibiting the binding of the receptor to the hormone.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Enzymatic dtermination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with gamma-cyanoaminobutyric acid aposynthase.

A rapid alternative method is presented for the determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P). The method involves the colorimetric analysis of thiocyanate liberated from S-cyanohomocysteine (Hcy (CN)) in the presence of cyanide when catalyzed by the pyridoxal-P dependent enzyme, gamma-cyano-alpha-aminobutyric acid (gamma-CNabu)-synthase (Hcy (CN) thiocyano-lyase [adding CN]). The rate of formation of thiocyanate is determined by the increase in absorbance at 470 nm on treatment of the enzymatic reaction mixture with FeCl3.

Apoenzymes↗

PubMed1979

The kinetics of Schiff-base formation during reconstitution of D-serine apodehydratase from Escherichia coli with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

Schiff base formation during reconstitution of D-serine dehydratase (Escherichia coli) from its apoenzyme and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P) has been studied by rapid kinetic techniques using absorbance changes at 436 nm. Three distinct reaction phases have been observed. The first is a very rapid change during which pyridoxal-P is initially bound to the apoenzyme. This step has an equilibrium constant of 1500 M-1 and a forward reaction rate of the order of 2.6 x 10(6) M-1 s-1. The second phase shows a first-order rate constant with a value dependent on pyridoxal-P and corresponds to a first-order step with a forward rate constant of 3.04 s-1 interacting with the initial equilibrium. The final phase is a slow first-order reaction, the rate constant of which is approximately 0.01 s-1 and is independent of pyridoxal-P concentration. The active pyridoxal species has been shown to be the free pyridoxal-P as opposed to hemiacetal or hemimercaptal forms.

Apoenzymes↗

PubMed1971

Conversion of vitamin B 6 compounds to active forms in the red blood cell.

In studies with pyridoxine and other B(6) compounds in blood, the active forms pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate were measured by differential assays using Lactobacillus casei. Red cell uptake of tritiated pyridoxine was also measured. A new metabolic pathway for conversion of pyridoxine to active forms was demonstrated in red cells. In vivo studies in normal subjects suggested that pyridoxine was taken up by red cells where it was converted to pyridoxal phosphate and then pyridoxal, followed by gradual release of a proportion of pyridoxal into plasma. In vitro incubation of pyridoxine with blood confirmed this observation. Increasing amounts of pyridoxine were taken up and converted as the amount added to blood was increased, and only very small numbers of red cells were needed to convert appreciable amounts. Conversion was markedly inhibited at temperatures lower than 37 degrees C, and stopped altogether at - 20 degrees C.Release of pyridoxal into plasma was always directly proportional to the amount of pyridoxal formed and to the volume of plasma present. That pyridoxal phosphate was not released into plasma was demonstrated in stored blood, for pyridoxine was converted mainly only as far as pyridoxal phosphate, probably due to inactivation of the phosphatase. Pyridoxal phosphate remained in the red cells. Pyridoxine was converted when incubated with washed red cells in saline or phosphate buffer suspension (0.08 M). In saline suspension, pyridoxal formed but was not released in the absence of plasma. In phosphate buffer suspension, pyridoxal phosphate was formed but was not changed to pyridoxal, probably due to inactivation of phosphatase by excess phosphate. Pyridoxamine was converted to active forms in red cells less efficiently. Pyridoxal entered red cells rapidly, equilibrating between plasma and cells within 1 min in the same ratio as pyridoxal formed inside red cells. Pyridoxal phosphate did not enter red cells in whole blood but did so readily in washed cells in saline.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed2001

Brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase: identification of reactive lysyl residues labeled with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.

An NAD+ dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from bovine brain was inactivated by pyridoxal-5'- phosphate. Spectral evidence is presented to indicate that the inactivation proceeds through formation of a Schiff's base with amino groups of the enzyme. After NaBH(4) reduction of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate inactivated enzyme, it was observed that 3.8 mol phosphopyridoxyl residues were incorporated/enzyme tetramer. The coenzyme, NAD+, protected the enzyme against inactivation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The absorption spectrum of the reduced and dialyzed pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-inactivated enzyme showed a characteristic peak at 325 nm, which was absent in the spectrum of the native enzyme. The fluorescence spectrum of the pyridoxyl enzyme differs completely from that of the native enzyme. After tryptic digestion of the enzyme modified with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate followed by [3H]NaBH4 reduction, a radioactive peptide absorbing at 210 nm was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC. The sequences of the peptide containing the phosphopyridoxyllysine were clearly identical to sequences of other mammalian succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase brain species including human. It is suggested that the catalytic function of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase is modulated by binding of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate to specific Lys(347) residue at or near the coenzyme-binding site of the protein.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed2002

Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of pyridoxal kinase from sheep brain.

Pyridoxal kinase (ATP:pyridoxal 5'-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.35) is a key enzyme in the transformation of vitamin B(6) to pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is the crucial cofactor required by numerous enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of many neurotransmitters. Pyridoxal kinase from sheep brain was crystallized in an orthorhombic form using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with sodium citrate as the precipitant. The crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 59.8, b = 94.4, c = 128.2 A, and diffract to a resolution of 2.1 A. Crystals were transferred into a soaking liquid without citrate and two heavy-atom derivatives were prepared.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

On the reactivity of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with yeast tRNAPhe and tRNATyr.

Yeast tRNAPhe and tRNATyr were reacted with the fluorescent reagent pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and the modified tRNAs were analysed with respect to the number and position of modified nucleosides and with respect to aminoacylation. a) Following the intrinsic fluorescence of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, the treatment of tRNATyr with increasing amounts of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate revealed about 50 mol or reagent or a even higher number bound per one mol of tRNATyr. After borohydride reduction (in order to stabilize the linkage) of this modified tRNATyr and purification with reverse phase chromatography a modified tRNATyr was obtained carrying about 2 mol of the reagent. b) Both tRNATyr and tRNAPhe treated with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and reduced exhibited almost unchanged aminoacylation as compared to the unmodified tRNAs. c) Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate treated and reduced tRNAPhe and tRNATyr were digested with ribonuclease T1 and the resulting oligonucleotides were separated. However, no fluorescent oligonucleotide and no difference to an oligonucleotide pattern obtained from unmodified tRNA were observed. Thus, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate might have been bound to the highly purified yeast tRNAPhe and tRNATyr samples either via an unstable linkage or not covalently. This result is controversial with respect to the specific reaction of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with unfractionated tRNAs from colon carcinoma and tRNAs from E. coli as reported in the literature.

Chemistry, Organic↗

PubMed1983

Radioenzymatic assay for direct measurement of plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

A radioenzymatic assay for measurement of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is described, based on the incubation of L-[3H]tyrosine (10(6) cpm, spec. acty. 1.88 Ci/mol) in the presence of the apoenzyme tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) from Streptococcus faecalis and PLP in phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/L, pH 5.5) at 37 degrees C for 60 min. The decarboxylated metabolite formed, [3H]tyramine, was selectively extracted into ethyl acetate, and the tritium radioactivity in the sample was determined by liquid scintillation counting. As little as 0.5 nmol of PLP can be detected per liter. The assay is specific, no cross reactivity having been noted for several compounds closely related to PLP. With this we could directly measure the concentrations of PLP in plasma without prior deproteinization and ether washing of the samples. Using the assay to determine plasma concentrations of PLP in healthy adult populations, we found results that were comparable with previously reported data.

Apoenzymes↗

PubMed2000

High catalytic activity of alanine racemase from psychrophilic Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus at high temperatures in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

We examined the effect of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) cofactor on the activity and stability of the psychrophilic alanine racemase, having a high catalytic activity at low temperature, from Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus at high temperatures. The decrease in the enzyme activity at incubation temperatures over 40 degrees C was consistent with the decrease in the amount of bound PLP. Unfolding of the enzyme at temperatures above 40 degrees C was suppressed in the presence of PLP. In the presence of 0.125 mM PLP, the specific activity of the psychrophilic enzyme was higher than that of a thermophilic alanine racemase, having a high catalytic activity at high temperature, from Bacillus stearothermophilus even at 60 degrees C.

Alanine Racemase↗

PubMed1997

Modification of an essential amino group of glutathione reductase from yeast by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

Yeast glutathione reductase is inactivated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). The reactivation of the enzyme by dilution as well as a characteristic absorption peak at 325 nm exhibited by NaBH4-reduced-PLP modified enzyme show that the inactivation is due to the specific modification of the epsilon-amino group of lysine residue. The maximum of 70% inactivation was observed at 7mM PLP and the equilibrium was reached within 3 min. Kinetic and equilibrium analysis of inactivation data derived at different PLP concentrations showed that a noncovalent intermediate is formed prior to inactivation. From the studies on the effect of pH on the inactivation rate, the pKa of epsilon-amino group of the reactive lysine residue was calculated to be 7.3. Among various protecting agents tried, only NADP was found to be effective. The apparent stoichiometry of the reaction was one to one as the incorporation of 0.65 mole PLP/mole of enzyme led to 70% inactivation at saturating PLP concentration.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗

PubMed1997

Role of Arg-277 in the binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase.

The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) binding site in Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has been studied by site-directed mutagenesis and spectroscopy. The beta/alpha barrel model proposed for the eukaryotic ODC structure predicts that the phosphate group of PLP is stabilized by interactions with a Gly-rich loop (residues 235-237) and by a salt bridge to Arg-277 [Grishin, N. V., Phillips, M. A., & Goldsmith, E. J. (1995) Protein Sci. 4, 1291-1304]. Mutation of Arg-277 to Ala increases the K(m) for PLP by 270-fold compared to that of wild-type ODC while reducing k(cat) by only 2-fold at pH 8. PLP binding affinity was measured directly by ultrafiltration; the K(d) for PLP is at least 20-fold higher in the mutant enzyme at pH 8. In addition, R277A ODC also has weaker binding affinities for a series of cofactor analogs than the wild-type enzyme. These results demonstrate that Arg-277 is necessary for high-affinity PLP binding by ODC. The 31P NMR spectra of ODC suggest that the phosphate is bound in a strained conformation as a dianion to both wild-type and R277A ODC. However, the 31P chemical shift for R277A ODC (6.7 ppm) is 0.5 ppm downfield from that observed for the wild-type enzyme, indicating that the environment of the enzyme-bound phosphate is altered in the mutant enzyme. The binding affinity of PLP for both wild-type and R277A ODC is weaker at high pH, corresponding to the titration of a protonated species with a pK(a) of approximately 8.5. Concomitant with these changes are a decreased k(cat) and an altered absorption spectra which arises from bound PLP. PLP bound to wild-type ODC has a 31P chemical shift and a CD signal observable over the entire tested pH range (7-9). In contrast, for R277A ODC between pH 8 and 9, the 31P chemical shift becomes solution-like and the CD signal is abolished. The data suggest that for R277A ODC the rigid PLP binding mode which characterizes the wild-type enzyme is lost at high pH. Thus, multiple interactions between the wild-type active site and PLP maintain the cofactor in a constrained conformation that is essential for efficient catalysis, tempering the consequence of the removal of any single interaction.

Animals↗