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PubMed2000

Efficacy tests and determination of optimal spray timing values to control nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infestations.

The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyaciona frustrana (Comstock), a common regeneration pest of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., has been shown to reduce tree volume yields through larval feeding. Chemical applications can be effective in protecting trees from the growth losses associated with this feeding, and optimum spray timing values are commonly used to reduce the number of necessary applications and to increase insecticide efficacy. Optimal spray timing values for the Georgia Piedmont were obtained for the following four insecticides available for use in loblolly pine plantations: permethrin (Pounce), lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior T), spinosad (SpinTor 2 SC), and Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki Berliner (Foray 48B). Optimal timing values were similar between the first and second generations for each of these compounds. All of the insecticides used in this study significantly reduced tip moth damage below the control treatment levels. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the most efficacious and had the longest spray timing window. B. thuringiensis was the least effective and had the shortest timing window. Spinosad and permethrin were similar in efficacy and spray timing values. This information is applicable to regions where there are three tip moth generations per year, as found in the southern Piedmont region and the coastal plain of Virginia and most of North Carolina.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of tolerance to insecticides on substrate penetration by Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

Seven selected insecticides were applied to three substrates and bioassayed for barrier efficacy and toxicity against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, originating from colonies that differed in their tolerance to the insecticides. A profound substrate effect was seen with all insecticides tested. Sand was the most difficult substrate to penetrate and caused faster and greater mortality of C. formosanus. Increased tolerance in C. formosanus was accompanied by a decrease in penetration of treated substrata with chlordane, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, and deltamethrin. The opposite was true in the case of permethrin and bendiocarb. More tolerance C. formosanus displayed decreased mortality in the presence of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, and fipronil. The opposite was true for permethrin.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Insecticide susceptibilities of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) from several regions of the United States.

Eleven cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouchè), strains, seven field-collected and four laboratory-colonized, were assayed for susceptibilities to five insecticides (carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, malathion, permethrin, and pyrethrin) with an insecticide-treated, horizontally-oriented, Nylon 6,6 disk in a test tube. The pyrethrin was synergized using piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Flea mortality at two doses was recorded after 4 and 24 h exposures. The field strains from Texas and Florida tolerated carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and malathion; and carbaryl and PBO-synergized pyrethrin, respectively. Tolerance was observed in a field strain from Kansas against malathion. Colonies from California and North Carolina were susceptible to malathion and PBO-synergized pyrethrin, and chlorpyrifos and permethrin, respectively, but three colonies showed tolerance. The insecticidal response of the California colony varied; when exposed to a chlorpyrifos dose of 10 mg (AI)/m2 for 24 h, at various times had mortality of 3-100%. With a PBO-synergized pyrethrin dose of 396 mg (AI)/ m2 for 4 h, the mortality ranged between 4.2 and 97%. Colonized strains were more susceptible than field strains at 4 h exposure to all insecticides except PBO-synergized pyrethrin. Colonized strains survived better in control tubes. The colony strains' susceptibility and variability are of considerable importance because these strains are used for flea product efficacy evaluations and bioassays. The differences in susceptibility between laboratory colonies and the field strains suggested development of both adaptation to colonization, and extensive, multiple cross-resistance to insecticides in field strains. Varying susceptibility of cat fleas may affect control success.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Republic of Cameroon.

A large-scale survey of Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 susceptibility to DDT, dieldrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin was conducted in the Republic of Cameroon. 15 field populations from various geographical areas were tested using World Health Organization test kits for adult mosquitoes. The laboratory Kisumu susceptible reference strain was tested as a control. Results showed that dieldrin and DDT resistance was still present in some populations, and indicated permethrin or deltamethrin resistance. Within the Anopheles gambiae complex, resistant individuals belonged to An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis species. Both M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae s.s. were found resistant. In most of resistant populations, the knockdown times were 2-5-folds increased. However, none of the surviving mosquitoes was positive to the kdr "Leu-Phe" mutation using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic test. These results likely suggested involvement of other resistance mechanism(s), such as enzyme detoxification or kdr "Leu-Ser" mutation. Researches on An. gambiae s.l. resistance should be promoted in Cameroon, to improve malaria vector control programs and to implement resistance management strategies.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California, USA.

The use of pyrethroid insecticides is increasing for agriculture, commercial pest control, and residential consumer use. In addition, there is a trend toward the use of newer and more potent compounds. Little is known about the toxicity of sediment-associated pyrethroid residues to aquatic organisms, yet recent work has shown they commonly are found in aquatic sediments in the heavily agricultural Central Valley of California, USA. Minimal data exist on the sensitivity of standard sediment toxicity testing species to pyrethroids, despite two or more decades of agricultural use of these compounds. Sediment concentrations causing acute toxicity and growth impairment to the amphipod Hyalella azteca were determined for six pyrethroids in three sediments, ranging from 1.1 to 6.5% organic carbon (OC). In order of decreasing toxicity of sediment-associated residues, the compounds tested were bifenthrin (average 10-d median lethal concentration [LC50] = 0.18 microg/g OC), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.45 microg/g OC), deltamethrin (0.79 microg/g OC), esfenvalerate (0.89 microg/g OC), cyfluthrin (1.08 microg/g OC), and permethrin (4.87 microg/g OC). In a sediment containing about 1% OC, most pyrethroids, except permethrin, would be acutely toxic to H. azteca at concentrations of 2 to 10 ng/g dry weight, a concentration only slightly above current analytical detection limits. Growth typically was inhibited at concentrations below the LC50; animal biomass on average was 38% below controls when exposed to pyrethroid concentrations roughly one-third to one-half the LC50. Survival data are consistent with current theory that exposure occurs primarily via the interstitial water rather than the particulate phase. A reanalysis of previously reported field data using these toxicity data confirms that the compounds are exceeding concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive species in many agriculture-dominated water bodies.

Amphipoda↗

PubMed2001

Pharmacotherapy of ectoparasitic infections.

Epizoonoses such as scabies, lice and cimicosis are common, vexing disorders that occur worldwide. Historically, many treatment modalities have been employed in the management of these disorders, and most of the drugs described in this review are of historical interest and no longer recommended or in widespread use because of their wide spectrum of adverse effects. More recently, reports documenting resistance against various antiectoparasite drugs, complicated and severe courses of the diseases, and adverse effects of drug therapy have prompted the development of new treatment strategies and drugs for optimal disease management. Because the strategies currently recommended for the treatment of ectoparasites differ worldwide, this review proposes a rational approach to selecting the best therapeutic agent by comparing the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug efficacy and adverse effects. A literature search of the currently Internet accessible libraries PubMed, Medline and Ideal library, of citations of articles found there, and from communications with the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Germany, was conducted based on this approach. One major observation of this literature search is that permethrin is the treatment of choice for lice and scabies in the US and in Great Britain, whereas lindane is still recommended for scabies in most other European countries because of its longer-standing record of effectiveness. Although permethrin has not yet been proven to be more effective than lindane in treating infections with these ectoparasites, it currently appears to have the best efficacy versus safety profile of topical treatments for scabies and lice. Ivermectin is a newer oral drug for the treatment of ectoparasites, which has been used with great success in the treatment of onchocercosis and other endoparasites. Although ivermectin appears to be a promising drug, its role in the treatment of ectoparasitic infections will be clarified as more study data become available. Finally, it is important to emphasise the clinical aspects of ectoparasite therapy and that providing the patient with optimal instructions on the use of topical therapeutics is of great importance in avoiding adverse effects and assuring complete removal of the ectoparasite, thereby avoiding the development of drug-resistance.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Diagnosis and treatment of scabies: a practical guide.

Scabies is a common, highly pruritic infestation of the skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. It is a very contagious parasitosis with specific lesions, such as burrows, and nonspecific lesions, such as papules, vesicles and excoriations. The typical areas of the body it affects are finger webs, wrists, axillary folds, abdomen, buttocks, inframammary folds and, in men, the genitalia. It is characterized by intense nocturnal pruritus. Scabies is spread through close personal contact (relatives, sexual partners, schoolchildren, chronically ill patients and crowded communities). Definitive diagnosis is made when the scabies mites or their eggs or fecal pellets can be identified on a light microscope. New techniques for diagnosis include the use of the epiluminiscence microscopy. The most common topical treatments for scabies include lindane and permethrin. Permethrin provides a greater margin of tolerability because of its low inherent toxicity and low percutaneous absorption. Oral ivermectin is the most recently developed treatment for scabies. A single oral dose of ivermectin 200 microg/kg of bodyweight is a well-tolerated and very effective treatment. It is especially indicated in crusted scabies, scabies in immunocompromised hosts and infestations in crowded communities. It is also useful as a simple treatment in the prophylaxis of close contacts.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A new in-cage treatment system for control of northern fowl mites on laying hens.

Commercially available plastic and other types of flexible tubing were tested to determine their relative permeability to an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of permethrin acaricide. Bioassays employing northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), indicated that .3 mg permethrin/cm2 surface area penetrated vinyl plastic tubing that had been filled with 42.5% active ingredient EC for 14 days. Vinyl tubing circuits were installed in wire poultry cages, either in the form of suspended loops or woven through the rear cage wall, and permethrin EC was introduced by means of a small pump. Significant reductions in northern fowl mite populations on hens caged therein were apparent after 48 days posttreatment. This approach has merit as a long-term, labor-economical form of mite control on caged poultry.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Evaluation of personal protection methods against phlebotomine sand flies including vectors of leishmaniasis in Panama.

Three personal protection methods were evaluated against phlebotomine sand flies in Panama. Skin applications of five selected repellents including deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) provided a mean coefficient of protection (CP) of 99.2% against the attack of at least three sand fly species. Deet-treated net jackets also provided good protection, but it was concluded that an additional application of repellent to the unprotected face was necessary for maximum protection. Permethrin-treated clothing did not provide the protection expected. Apparently sand fly behavior and resistance to quick knock-down were responsible for the numbers of bites recorded, and therefore maximum protection from bites would require application of deet or another suitable repellent to the exposed skin when wearing permethrin-treated clothing.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Possibilities of long-term protection against blood-sucking insects and ticks.

Insecticidal and repellent properties and residual action of permethrin and deltamethrin and two commercial preparations Peripel 55 and Permanone were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. The tests were conducted on ticks, mosquitoes and houseflies. Permethrin in concentrations of 0.036-2.276 mg.m-2 caused 90-100% mortality and deltamethrin in concentrations of 0.012-0.75 mg.m-2 induced 78-100% mortality in ticks after 24 hrs exposure (Table 1). Good repellent properties of the preparation Peripel 55 were confirmed in experiments on mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (Table 2 and Fig. 1). Experiments confirmed good residual effects (Fig. 3 and 4) of the preparations tested. Peripel 55 retained 100% effectiveness up to 4 months and following two washings. The preparation Permanone exhibited 100% effectiveness for 1 month and a decrease in effectiveness to 52% after the first washing. In the period from June to September, the repellent properties of Permanone were observed in a group of 17 forestry women workers in a field trial. The index of repellency ranged from 57 to 80 (average 71) in June and July and from 40 to 100 (average 74) in August and September. The difference in the number of ticks that clung to the workers in the experimental group who had their clothes treated with the preparation tested was significant in comparison with the control group at p < 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01.

Aedes↗

PubMed1999

Current treatments for scabies and pediculosis.

Scabies and lice have afflicted man since ancient times. Permethrin is generally the treatment of choice for head lice and scabies, because of its residual effect. Toxicity and absorption are minimal. Ivermectin should be reserved for cases where permethrin fails.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Susceptibility of sand flies to selected insecticides in North Africa and the Middle East.

The purpose of this study was to determine the baseline susceptibility of 4 species of phlebotomine sand flies from North Africa and the Middle East to various insecticides. Susceptibility was determined using the World Health Organization test kits for measuring resistance in mosquitoes exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers. Fifty, 90, and 99% lethal doses were calculated for bendiocarb, cyfluthrin, DDT, malathion, permethrin, and resmethrin on Phlebotomus bergeroti, P. langeroni, P. papatasi. and P. sergenti. The least toxic insecticide to all species was DDT, followed by malathion and permethrin in order of increasing toxicity. Cyfluthrin was the most toxic to P. langeroni and P. papatasi, followed by resmethrin and bendiocarb in order of decreasing toxicity. Resmethrin exhibited the highest toxicity to P. bergeroti followed by cyfluthrin and bendiocarb, whereas bendiocarb was most toxic to P. sergenti, followed by cyfluthrin and resmethrin in order of decreasing toxicity. An attempt was made to obtain data for deltamethrin, but close response data were insufficient to determine regression lines for this insecticide on these species. However, analysis of preliminary data indicated that deltamethrin is highly toxic to these sand flies.

Africa, Northern↗

PubMed2002

Testing insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Italy.

A study was undertaken to establish the susceptibility of two recently colonized sand fly species, Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. papatasi to some insecticides. A laboratory colony of P. papatasi, unexposed to insecticides for a period of ten years, was used as reference strain. Bioassay tests were carried out according to the WHO standard protocols based on the mortality rates recorded at different exposure times. Serial (from 1 to 60 min) exposures to DDT 2%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.06% and permethrin 0.2% were tested on groups of 30 adult sugar-fed female sand flies, for a total of 7,470 specimens. Data were subjected to probit analysis and the susceptibility was calculated at LT50 and LT95 by comparison with the laboratory reference strain. The LT50 values for P. perniciosus were 19.9, 3.2 and 6.9 min, and for P. papatasi 18.0, 7.4 and 11.0 min, using DDT, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin, respectively. The results showed that two Italian populations of P. perniciosus and P. papatasi from Campania region and from Rome, respectively, are susceptible to the insecticides tested as compared with the reference strain used.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Dynamics of the pyrethroid knockdown resistance allele in western Kenyan populations of Anopheles gambiae in response to insecticide-treated bed net trials.

Permethrin and DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. associated with a leucine-serine knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was discovered recently in western Kenya where a large scale permethrin-impregnated bed net (ITN) program has been implemented. Collections of An. gambiae s.l. were made from intervention and control villages prior to and after onset of the program. The kdr genotypes were determined using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction diagnostic tests. In An. gambiae s.s., the frequency of the kdr mutation prior to ITN introduction was approximately 3-4% in western Kenya and zero in samples from the coast. After ITN introduction, the kdr mutation increased in ITN and neighboring villages from approximately 4% to approximately 8%, but remained unchanged in villages at least 20 km distant and was not detected in coastal Kenya. The identical leucine-serine mutation was found in a single An. arabiensis individual among 658 tested. The leucine-phenylalanine kdr mutation common in west African An. gambiae populations was not detected in An. gambiae s.l. from Kenya. Implications for the population structure and control of An. gambiae are discussed.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

[Recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and DDT of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus in the central Highlands of Madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in An. arabiensis].

Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of Madagascar. These two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. The survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. This paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroids (deltamethrin 0.50%, permethrin 0.250%, alpha-cypermethrin 0.025%, cyfluthrin 0.150%) and DDT 4% on An. arabiensis collected from December 2002 to May 2003 in three villages on the district of Tsiroanomandidy and in Alasora, a rural area near the capital, Antananarivo. --the susceptibility tests of An. funestus realised in Morafeno, against cyfluthrin 0.150%, deltaméthrin 0.050%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.050% and DDT 4%. --the preliminary study of the kdr gene mutation, which might account for the pyrethrinoid and DDT resistance, of An. arabiensis in Alasora. The data indicate a decrease in the efficiency of alpha-cypermethrin 0.025% (Tkd99 = 21 mn) and of DDT 4% (Tkd99 = 191.5 mn) on An. arabiensis in Analamiranga. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of permethrin 0.250% has been notified. In Soanierana, alpha-cypermethrin 0.025% was effective against An. arabiensis, whilst the ineffectiveness of the DDT 4% (Tkd99 = 116 mn) in Andranonahoatra was observed. In Alasora, a fall in the effectiveness of alpha-cypermethrin 0.025% (Tkd99 = 21 mn) and the resistance to DDT 4% (Tkd99 = 6894 mn) was noted. No kdr mutation was detected on the kd gene of An. arabiensis resistant to the alpha-cypermethrin 0.025% and to DDT 4%, collected in Alasora. An. funestus collected in the district of Miandrivazo is susceptible to pyrethroids and to DDT. To conclude, in the Malagasy Central Highlands, An. arabiensis is ordinary sensitive to pyrethroid and poorly sensitive, or even resistant to DDT (as observed in Antananarivo plain). However, An. funestus remains sensitive to all tested insecticides; this observation is crucial because this anopheles vector is the first target of the campaigns of indoor spraying insecticides.

Altitude↗

PubMed2005

Human exposure to mosquito-control pesticides--Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, 2002 and 2003.

Public health officials weigh the risk for mosquito-borne diseases against the risk for human exposure to pesticides sprayed to control mosquitoes. Response to outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases has focused on vector control through habitat reduction and application of pesticides that kill mosquito larvae. However, in certain situations, public health officials control adult mosquito populations by spraying ultra-low volume (ULV) (<3 fluid ounces per acre [oz/acre]) mosquito-control (MC) pesticides, such as naled, permethrin, and d-phenothrin. These ULV applications generate aerosols of fine droplets of pesticides that stay aloft and kill mosquitoes on contact while minimizing the risk for exposure to persons, wildlife, and the environment. This report summarizes the results of studies in Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia that assessed human exposure to ULV naled, permethrin, and d-phenothrin used in emergency, large-scale MC activities. The findings indicated ULV application in MC activities did not result in substantial pesticide exposure to humans; however, public health interventions should focus on the reduction of home and workplace exposure to pesticides.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1992

Prevention of Lyme disease.

Lyme disease and the use of tick repellents and physical protective measures to prevent the disease are discussed. Lyme disease is a multiple-organ-system, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder transmitted by the bites of ixodid ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. An individual is at greatest risk for infection when a tick has been attached to the skin for more than 24 hours. Lyme disease occurs in three stages and may affect the skin, nervous system, cardiac system, and joints. Antimicrobials used in management consist primarily of penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and erythromycin. Tick repellents are divided into those applied to the skin and those applied to clothing. Skin repellents include N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, and dimethyl phthalate. Permethrin is by far the most effective clothing repellent. DEET plus a permethrin-containing clothing repellent offers the best overall protection. The adverse effects of repellents are minimal, but cases of hypersensitivity have been reported, especially in children. Physical measures to prevent tick bites include avoiding tick-infested areas, wearing light-colored clothing for easy identification of crawling ticks, regularly checking the body and pets for ticks, wearing protective garments and closed-toed shoes, and removing attached ticks promptly by using tweezers or forceps to apply a steady upward pull. A vaccine for the active immunization of humans against Lyme disease remains to be developed. Although antimicrobial therapy is available for persons with Lyme disease, the best approach for those who may be exposed to infected ticks is to apply topical skin or clothing repellents and to practice common-sense measures of physical protection.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Tests of Olyset nets by bioassay and in experimental huts.

BACKGROUND: Olyset nets are a type of long-lasting insecticidal net made of polyethylene fibre with permethrin incorporated into it and with a 4 mm mesh size. BIOASSAYS: Olyset netting was wrapped around a wire frame and the mosquitoes were released inside for bioassays. There was significantly faster knockdown and higher percent mortality than bioassays with the netting attached to a WHO cone with a piece of cardboard on the other side of the net to prevent escapes through the large mesh. It is suggested that with the latter method some mosquitoes place their tarsae through the mesh on to the cardboard, thus avoiding insecticide contact. TRIALS IN EXPERIMENTAL HUTS: Four mm mesh nets were compared with conventional 1.5 mm mesh nets treated with permethrin. In further trials in huts Olyset nets which were either unwashed or five times washed, with or without subsequent heating, and a Olyset net which had been in domestic use for four years or a new Olyset net were compared with a net treated with bifenthrin. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: In all cases Anopheles biting on sleepers under the nets was reduced and Anopheles mortality was increased by the use of the insecticidal nets. No significant impact of washing or heating was detected and an Olyset net was as good as new after four years use, but did not cause as much mosquito mortality as bifenthrin treated nets.

Animals↗