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PubMed2003

Misconceptions about colds and predictors of health service utilization.

OBJECTIVE: Colds accounted for 1.6 million emergency department (ED) visits and 25 million ambulatory visits by children and adults in 1998. Although most colds are caused by viruses and do not require medical intervention, many families seek health care for the treatment of colds. Parental misconceptions about the cause and appropriate treatment of colds may contribute to unnecessary health service utilization. The objective of this study was to determine predictors of reported ED use and ambulatory care use for colds among families with young children. METHODS: This study was an observational, prospective cohort study to determine attack rates for respiratory illnesses within families that have at least 1 child who is 6 months to 5 years of age and enrolled in out-of-home child care. Families were randomly selected from 5 pediatric practices in Massachusetts and were considered eligible when the child was enrolled in child care with at least 5 other children for >or=10 hours per week. Enrolled families were asked to complete a survey that assessed knowledge about colds, antibiotic indications, and frequency of health service utilization. Predictors of self-reported use of health care services were assessed in multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 261 families enrolled in the study, 197 families (75%) returned completed surveys. Although 93% of parents understood that viruses caused colds, 66% of parents also believed that colds were caused by bacteria. Fifty-three percent believed that antibiotics were needed to treat colds. Parents reported that they would visit the ED (23%) or their doctor's office (60%) when their child had a cold. Predictors of ED use on multivariate analysis included Medicaid insurance (odds ratio [OR]: 17.6 [2.2-139.3]), history of wheezing (OR: 18.3 [4.4-75.8]), and belief that antibiotics treat colds (OR: 4.2 [1.4-12.9]). Predictors of ambulatory care use included parent younger than 30 years (OR: 10.0 [1.6-64.3]), history of wheezing (OR: 5.6 [1.1-29.7]), and belief that antibiotics treat colds (OR: 3.8 [1.7-8.5]). CONCLUSIONS: Misconceptions about the appropriate treatment of colds are predictive of increased health service utilization. Targeted educational interventions for families may reduce inappropriate antibiotic-seeking behavior and unnecessary health service utilization for colds.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Perinatal predictors of atopic dermatitis occurring in the first six months of life.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies of predictors of atopic dermatitis have had limited sample size, small numbers of variables, or retrospective data collection. The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate several perinatal predictors of atopic dermatitis occurring in the first 6 months of life. DESIGN: We report findings from 1005 mothers and their infants participating in Project Viva, a US cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring. The main outcome measure was maternal report of a provider's diagnosis of eczema or atopic dermatitis in the first 6 months of life. We used multiple logistic regression models to assess the associations between several simultaneous predictors and incidence of atopic dermatitis. RESULTS: Cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis in the first 6 months of life was 17.1%. Compared with infants born to white mothers, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for risk of atopic dermatitis among infants born to black mothers was 2.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47, 3.94) and was 2.58 among infants born to Asian mothers (95% CI: 1.27, 5.24). Male infants had an OR of 1.76 (95% CI: 1.24, 2.51). Increased gestational age at birth was a predictor (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.27, for each 1-week increment), but birth weight for gestational age was not. Infants born to mothers with a history of eczema had an OR of 2.67 (95% CI: 1.74, 4.10); paternal history of eczema also was predictive, although maternal atopic history was more predictive than paternal history. Several other perinatal, social, feeding, and environmental variables were not related to risk of atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Black and Asian race/ethnicity, male gender, higher gestational age at birth, and family history of atopy, particularly maternal history of eczema, were associated with increased risk of atopic dermatitis in the first 6 months of life. These findings suggest that genetic and pre- and perinatal influences are important in the early presentation of this condition.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed2001

[Socioeconomic strata as a predictor factor for constant condom use among adolescents].

INTRODUCTION: Socioeconomic level plays an important role in health inequalities. In Mexico, the highest prevalence of AIDS cases is among individuals of lower socioeconomic level. The purpose of the study was to describe the socioeconomic level (adjusted for psychosocial, situational and demographic variables) as a predictor factor for the consistent condom use among adolescents of Guadalajara, Mexico. METHODS: A sample of 1,410 adolescents, aged 15 to 19 years, drawn from a previous survey stratified by age, gender and socioeconomic strata was included in the study. Analysis was performed in 251 adolescents who reported sexual activity. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The frequency of consistent condom use was 30.7% and there was a prevalence of irregular use. The highest social level was the main predictor (OR= 11.1, CI 95%=2.6-47.6). Others significant predictors were male gender, peer support and better knowledge about HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic level is an important predictor factor for consistent condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2005

[Predictors of choledocholithiasis in patients sustaining acute biliary pancreatitis].

BACKGROUND: To assess the role of alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamil-glutamyltransferase (gammaGT) and abdominal ultrasound (US) as predictors of choledocholithiasis in patients sustaining acute biliary pancreatitis. METHODS: Data was prospectively collected during a period of 31 months. Forty patients were included, 30 were female and the mean age was 49 +/- 16. All patients sustaining acute biliary pancreatitis were enrolled. Patients with clinical jaundice and severe pancreatitis were excluded. Serum content of AP and gGT as well as US were assessed at admission and 48 hours before cholecistectomy. All patients underwent intra-operative cholangiography (IOC) or pre-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP), which was indicated based on the odds of choledocholithiasis. In order to identify the predictors of choledocholithiasis, variables were compared between patients sustaining or not such alteration in cholangiography. Student t, Fisher and chi square tests were used for statistical analysis, considering p<0.05 as significant. Positive (PPV) and negative predictor values (NPV) were calculated for each variable. RESULTS: Upon admission, 15 (37%) patients sustained biliary tract dilatation and 5 (12%) choledocholithiasis at the US. Forty eight hours before the operation, 34 (85%) patients had altered levels of gGT and 16 (40%) of AP. Pre-operative US showed biliary tract dilatation in nine patients and choledocholithiasis in three. ERCP was performed in 15 (37%) cases. Higher PPV (55%) was attributed to pre-operative US, which had also a NPV of 96%. CONCLUSION: The best predictor of choledocholithiasis in patients sustaining mild acute pancreatitis was the biliary tract dilatation in pre-operative US.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2005

Ethnic differences in predictors of hearing protection behavior between Black and White workers.

The purpose of the study is to determine whether there are ethnic differences in predictors of hearing protection behavior between Black and White workers. The Predictors of Use of Hearing Protection Model (PUHPM) derived from Pender's Health Promotion Model (Pender, 1987) was used as a conceptual model. A total of 2,119 (297 Blacks, 1,822 Whites) were included in the analysis. Internal consistency of instrument items was assessed using theta reliability estimates. Significant predictors of the use of hearing protective devices (HPDs) for Black and White workers and differences in predictors between the two groups were examined using multiple regression with interaction terms. Ethnic differences in scale or individual item scores were assessed using chi-square and t-test analyses. Different factors influenced hearing protection behavior among Black and White workers. The model was much less predictive of Blacks' hearing protection behavior than Whites' (R2 = .12 vs. .36). Since the PUHPM was not as effective in predicting hearing protection behavior for Blacks as for Whites, future studies are needed to expand the PUHPM through qualitative study and to develop culturally appropriate models to identify factors that better predict hearing protection behavior as a basis for developing effective interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Predictors of functional outcome two years following revision hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about factors that might predict functional outcome following revision hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of pain and physical function at two years following revision total hip arthroplasty and to evaluate whether the time that the patient waited for the surgery and whether the patient had complications were significant predictors of outcome. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six patients (126 hips) were entered prospectively into the study when their name was placed on the waiting list for surgery. Baseline measures included demographic factors, comorbidities, and the responses to the Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) questionnaires. Follow-up was carried out at six-month intervals while the patient was waiting for the surgery; within one week prior to the surgery; and at six, twelve, and twenty-four months after the surgery. Patient age and gender, the preoperative WOMAC pain and function scores, the physical and mental component scores of the SF-36, comorbidities, the number of revisions, bilateral joint replacement, and the severity of the revision were evaluated as possible predictors of ultimate pain and function as measured with the WOMAC instrument. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 68.6 years. Improvement in WOMAC pain and function scores plateaued at six months. The mean pain score (and standard deviation) improved from 9.4 +/- 4.1 points preoperatively to 3.9 +/- 3.9 points at six months postoperatively, and the mean function score improved from 35.4 +/- 14.1 to 19.1 +/- 13.2 points. Preoperative pain (p = 0.002) and comorbidity (p = 0.02) were significant predictors of pain at two years. There was a trend toward preoperative function predicting function at twenty-four months (p = 0.07). There was no significant deterioration in the WOMAC pain or function score while the patients waited for surgery. Twenty-eight patients had complications. When the time that the patient waited for the surgery and complications were added to the models, only complications were found to be predictive of outcome (p = 0.04 for pain and p = 0.05 for function). Four patients required repeat revision during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with better preoperative pain scores and fewer comorbidities have better outcomes following revision total hip arthroplasty. Although the time that the patient waited for the revision was not predictive of the ultimate WOMAC pain and function scores, we believe that performing revision arthroplasty before the patient has substantial functional compromise potentially improves the outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Predictors of early and late outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention in octogenarians.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short and long-term results of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients aged 80 years or older and to identify predictors of event-free survival. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical and angiographic data from all patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in our institution are prospectively collected and stored in a computerized database. The clinical and angiographic characteristics of all patients aged 80 years or older undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention between January 1994 and December 1999 were analysed retrospectively. Follow-up was obtained by interview or through the referring physician. One hundred and fifty-eight patients aged 80 years or older (median: 83.4; range: 80.2-92.2) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in our institution during the study period. The initial angiographic success rate was 92%. In-hospital mortality was 8.2% and procedural success 84.8%. One-year and two-year survival were 81% and 72.2% respectively, while event free survival at 1 year and 2 years was 65.8% and 57%. Using the Cox proportional hazards method, we identified incomplete revascularization and low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as predictors of death at 2 years. Complete revascularization and stenting were independent predictors of 2-year event-free survival. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous coronary intervention can be performed safely in octogenarians. Complete revascularization, stenting and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction were independent predictors of better outcome in this population.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Lean body mass as a predictor of drug dosage. Implications for drug therapy.

There is mounting evidence to suggest that lean body mass (LBM) may be a better predictor of drug dosage than either total bodyweight (TBW) or body surface area (BSA), although the rationale for this is not clear. LBM, which is similar but not identical to fat-free mass, can be determined by many different methods. A simple equation based on TBW and height, or determination by bioelectrical impedance are probably the most suitable for use in drug disposition studies. Volume of distribution of relatively hydrophilic drugs correlates very well with LBM, with correlation coefficients of up to 0.9. LBM can be used to accurately predict the loading dose required for these drugs to attain a target peak plasma concentration. For lipophilic drugs, volume of distribution correlates better with TBW than with LBM. Investigation of the relationship between renal drug clearance and LBM has received little attention, probably because creatinine clearance is a useful and readily available marker of renal function. However, limited data suggest that creatinine clearance and LBM together may account function. However, limited data suggest that creatinine clearance and LBM together may account for more variability in renal clearance than creatinine clearance alone. For many drugs eliminated predominantly by the liver, there is a good correlation between systemic clearance and LBM. Such a correlation could be due to a correlation between systemic clearance and liver size or liver blood flow, which has been demonstrated for a few drugs, and a correlation between LBM and liver size and blood flow. The presence of a relationship between LBM and organ size and blood flow has, however, not been investigated to date. A good correlation between drug clearance and LBM indicates that LBM may be an accurate predictor of maintenance dosage, especially in obese patients, in whom there is a large discrepancy between LBM and TBW. BSA is an accurate predictor of drug dosage in infants and children, but whether LBM is superior to BSA in this population remains to be determined. In most studies in adults in which dosage based on LBM has been evaluated prospectively, LBM has been shown to be superior to other measures of body size as a predictor of drug dosage.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Cost of illness and its predictors for Parkinson's disease in Germany.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the health economic burden of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) in Germany over a 6-month observation period and to identify the predictors of these costs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Direct and indirect costs were evaluated in 145 patients with PD (mean age 67.3 +/- 9.6 years). PD patients were recruited from an outpatient department for movement disorders, a specialised PD clinic, two office-based neurologists and general practitioners, all located in Germany, and were enrolled between January and June 2000. Relevant economic data were documented in a patient diary over the 6-month period. Clinical evaluations (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS]) were performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. Costs were derived from various German medical economic resources. Costs were calculated from the perspective of healthcare and transfer payment providers and the individual patient. Indirect costs for lost productivity were also calculated. Costs are presented as means +/- standard deviation (SD). Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify independent cost predictors. Costs are in year 2000-02 values. RESULTS: We estimated average per patient direct, indirect and total costs for the 6-month observation period. The costs from the perspective of statutory health insurance (Gesetzliche Krankenkversicherung [GKV]) consisted of direct medical costs 1370 euro +/- 3240 euro, including rehabilitation (420 euro +/- 1630 euro), hospitalisation (710 euro +/-2520 euro), outpatient treatment (40 euro +/- 30 euro), ancillary treatment (190 euro +/- 280 euro) and ambulatory diagnostic procedures (10 euro +/-30 euro). In addition, parkinsonian drug costs were 1520 euro +/-euro1250. Non-medical direct costs calculated from the GKV perspective were estimated to be euro480 +/-euro1710, which included transportation (10 euro+/- 20 euro), special equipment (420 euro +/- 1640 euro), social/home-help services (10 euro +/-110 euro) and sickness benefit (40 euro +/- 540 euro). The total medical (including drug costs) and non-medical direct costs for the GKV were 3380 euro +/- 4230 euro. Univariate predictors for GKV direct costs included occurrence of motor complications and falls, disease severity, nightmares and dementia. However, multivariate analyses only suggested disease severity and health-related quality of life as significant predictors. For nursing insurance, payments of 1330 euro +/- 2890 euro were calculated. For retirement insurance, payments were 650 euro +/- 1510 euro and there were patient (or caregiver) costs of 1490 euro +/- 2730 euro. Total indirect costs amounted to 3180 euro +/-6480 euro. CONCLUSION: According to our study, PD puts a high financial burden on society and underscores the need for further economic and medical research to optimise treatment for PD.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Predictors of conversion to dementia of probable Alzheimer type in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Mild Cognitive Impairment is a common condition defined as transitional state between normality and dementia of Alzheimer type. Clinically is characterized by subjective and objective memory loss beyond the expected for age and educational level, although a broad range of cognitive inefficiencies may appear, with preservation of daily living activities. Approximately half the patients convert to dementia within 3 years. Since no all patients convert to dementia it is essential to find reliable predictors so as to start the appropriate treatment as soon as possible. METHOD: Extensive Medline-based search for articles dealing with predictors of conversion to dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). RESULTS: There is a substantial body of literature dealing with predictors of dementia in patients with MCI. These predictors range from a simple delayed recall task on Mini-Mental to sophisticated radiological techniques and CSF biomarkers. Comprehensive neuropsychological tests rarely surpass 70% sensitivity and specificity. The presence of the APOE epsilon 4 allele has been associated with increased risk of conversion but the sensitivity is quite low. CSF biochemical markers are being developed with encouraging results. beta-amyloid 42 protein is usually lower in converters than in people with stable cognitive status and tau protein is higher. The sensitivity is substantial but specificity is so far low. An epitope of tau protein (P231) looks more specific of Alzheimer's disease and therefore a promising biomarker. In the blood, high beta-amyloid protein levels indicate risk of conversion but only a few studies have been published. Hippocampal or entorhinal atrophy on MRI is one of the most used radiological markers of conversion but quantification of atrophy is not simple as it is subject to artifacts and anatomic variations. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are emerging as the most promising predictive tools. The highest degree of accuracy (>90%) has been achieved by means of PET plus either memory performance or APOE4 genotype. However, the samples of the published studies are mostly small, and these instruments are not widely available. CONCLUSIONS: There is no enough evidence to recommend specific techniques for predictions. Until an accurate marker is developed, a combined use of cognitive tests, APOE genotype, and a neuroradiological technique is probably the best option for prediction purposes depending on availability and experience.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2004

Predictors of the incident metabolic syndrome in adults: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively investigate predictors of the incident metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This analysis included 714 white, black, and Hispanic participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) who were free of the metabolic syndrome at baseline; 139 of these developed the metabolic syndrome in the subsequent 5 years. We examined measures of glucose (fasting and 2 h), insulin (fasting and 2 h, acute insulin response, insulin sensitivity [Si], and proinsulin), lipids (HDL and triglycerides), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), waist circumference, and baseline physical activity (total energy expenditure) as predictors of the metabolic syndrome. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, study site, ethnicity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Signal detection analysis was used to identify the characteristics of the highest risk group. RESULTS: The best predictors of incident metabolic syndrome were waist circumference (odds ratio [OR] 1.7 [1.3-2.0] per 11 cm), HDL cholesterol (0.6 [0.4-0.7] per 15 mg/dl), and proinsulin (1.7 [1.4-2.0] per 3.3 pmol/l). Signal detection analysis identified waist circumference (>89 cm in women, >102 cm in men) as the optimal predictor. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that obesity may precede the development of other metabolic syndrome components. Interventions that address obesity and reduce waist circumference may reduce the incidence of the metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic adults.

Arteriosclerosis↗

PubMed2004

Mortality and predictors of mortality in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate mortality rates and predictors of mortality in Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective follow-up study was carried out with 471 type 2 diabetic outpatients. Primary end points were all-cause, diabetes-related, and cardiovascular deaths. Excess mortality in this cohort was evaluated by calculating standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in relation to those of the Rio de Janeiro population. Predictors of mortality were assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves and by uni- and multivariate Cox survival analyses. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 57 months (range 2-84 months), 121 (25.7%) patients died, 91 (75.2%) from diabetes-related causes and 44 (36.4%) from cardiovascular diseases. After adjusting for age and sex, the all-cause SMR was 3.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.81-4.02) and the cardiovascular SMR was 3.28 (CI 2.44-4.41). In the Cox multivariate analysis, the predictors of mortality were older age, increased 24-h proteinuria, preexisting vascular disease, presence of frequent ventricular premature contractions and prolonged maximum heart rate-corrected QT interval on baseline electrocardiogram, and decreased serum HDL cholesterol. The use of beta-blockers was a protective factor. In Kaplan-Meier curves, these variables were capable of distinguishing subgroups of patients with significantly different prognoses. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients had a more than threefold excess mortality than the general population, largely because of increased cardiovascular mortality risk. Several clinical, laboratory, and electrocardiographic predictors of mortality were identified that could possibly be modified to decrease the mortality burden of type 2 diabetes in Brazil.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Wire-bending test as a predictor of preclinical performance by dental students.

Traditional Dental Aptitude Test and academic grade point average have been shown to be poor predictors of clinical performance by dental students. To refine predictors of psychomotor skills, a wire-bending test was given to 105 freshmen at the beginning of their dental education. Grades from seven restorative preclinical courses in their freshman and sophomore years were compared to scores on wire bending and the three traditional predictors: GPA, academic aptitude, and perceptual aptitude scores. Wire-bending scores correlated significantly with six out of seven preclinical restorative courses. The predictive power for preclinical performance was doubled when wire bending was added to traditional predictors in stepwise multiple regression analysis. Wire-bending scores identified students of low performance. These preliminary results suggest that the wire-bending test shows some potential as a screening test for identifying students who may hae psychomotor difficulties, early in their dental education.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Subjective and objective measures of quality of life have different predictors for people with schizophrenia.

This study investigated the relationship between subjective and objective quality of life and assessed predictors in people with schizophrenia. The study population consisted of 99 stabilized outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) who had been regularly receiving outpatient treatment at the Department of Psychiatry, The Tokushima University Hospital. Subjective and objective quality of life were estimated using the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale and the Quality of Life Scale, respectively. Psychiatric symptoms were also measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. Scores on the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Motivation and Energy scales significantly correlated with the Quality of Life Scale total scores -.40 (p <.001), and with the scores on Interpersonal Relations subscale -.42 (p <.001), Instrumental Role subscale -.28 (p = .005), Intrapsychic Foundations subscale -.39 (p<.001), and Common Objects and Activities subscale -.25 (p =.014). The Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Psychosocial scale significantly correlated with only the Quality of Life Scale total score -.20 (p =.05), and there was no significant correlation between the scores on the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Symptoms and Side-effects scales and the Quality of Life Scale. Stepwise regression analyses showed that the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia score was the most important predictor of each scale of the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Negative Symptoms score was the most important predictor of the Quality of Life Scale total score and each subscale. These results suggest that subjective and objective quality of life have different predictors and should be considered as separate and complementary outcome variables.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Predictors of psychiatric hospitalization for adults with co-occurring substance and mental disorders as compared to adults with mental illness only.

Predictors of psychiatric hospitalization, predisposing, enabling and need, of adults with co-occurring mental and substance disorders were compared to predictors for adults with a mental illness only. Research participants were 1613 users of crisis intervention services. Findings using Cox regression show that dually-diagnosed individuals were more likely to be hospitalized. Enabling and need factors were important predictors for both groups. Disruptive behavior was a predictor for dually-diagnosed clients but not for clients with mental illness only. Findings suggest that outpatient mental health services are less well equipped to address a psychiatric crisis when it was accompanied by substance use issues.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Proximal alveolar bone loss in a longitudinal radiographic investigation. III. Some predictors with a possible influence on the progress in an unselected material.

The difference in proximal alveolar bone height between 1970 and 1980, the 'ABD index', has been measured longitudinally in radiographs from an unselected material. The group constitutes 406 individuals born in 1904-1952 in the county of Stockholm. Thirteen of 18 predictors determined in 1970 were significantly related to the ABD index in the simple correlation analyses. The predictor 'the alveolar bone loss 1970' ('ABL index 1970') had the strongest correlation to the ABD index. In the stepwise multiple regression analysis the predictor ABL index 1970 and three other predictors reached significant levels. These were age, number of lost teeth, and Russell's Periodontal Index.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Radiographic quantification of alveolar bone level changes. Predictors of longitudinal bone loss.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative importance of a set of predictors for the radiographic change in alveolar bone level over 2 years in a group of 180 subjects and to assess the fit of the applied multivariate model. The included predictors were age, sex, initial bone level, type of initial lesion, tooth type, proximal tooth surface, calculus, and the presence of metal crowns or proximal fillings. The multivariate method of choice was multiple classification analysis. The results indicated that in descending order tooth type, initial bone level, and age were the most important predictors. Sex, calculus, and crown and filling margins also showed significant direct effects (beta) on longitudinal bone loss (p less than 0.05). However, their relative importance was far less than that of tooth type, initial bone level, and age. Proximal side showed no significant direct effect. Using seven predictors, the applied multivariate model explained 20% of the variance in longitudinal bone loss.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Personal, health, academic, and environmental predictors of stress for residence hall students.

The authors studied contributors to stress among undergraduate residence hall students at a midwestern, land grant university using a 76-item survey consisting of personal, health, academic, and environmental questions and 1 qualitative question asking what thing stressed them the most. Of 964 students selected at random, 462 (48%) responded to the survey. The authors weighted data to reflect the overall university-wide undergraduate population (55% men, 12% minority or international, and 25% freshmen). Women and US citizens experienced greater stress than did men and non-US citizens, respectively. Frequency of experiencing chronic illness, depression, anxiety disorder, seasonal affective disorder, mononucleosis, and sleep difficulties were significant stress predictors. Although alcohol use was a positive predictor, drug use was a negative predictor of stress. Both a conflict and a satisfactory relationship with a roommate, as well as a conflict with a faculty or staff member, were also significant predictors of stress.

Ethnicity↗