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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Are life patents ethical? Conflict between Catholic social teaching and agricultural biotechnology's patent regime.

Patents for genetic material in the industrialized North have expanded significantly over the past twenty years, playing a crucial role in the current configuration of the agricultural biotechnology industries, and raising significant ethical issues. Patents have been claimed for genes, gene sequences, engineered crop species, and the technical processes to engineer them. Most critics have addressed the human and ecosystem health implications of genetically engineered crops, but these broad patents raise economic issues as well. The Catholic social teaching tradition offers guidelines for critiquing the economic implications of this new patent regime. The Catholic principle of the universal destination of goods implies that genes, gene sequences, and engineered crop varieties are ineligible for patent protection, although the processes to engineer these should be eligible. Religious leaders are likely to make a more substantive contribution to debates about agricultural biotechnology by addressing these life patents than by speculating that genetic engineering is "playing God."

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

The arrogant physician--a Judaic perspective.

Arrogance among physicians is all too common. This is in sharp contrast with medicine's sacred religious origins. The author presents a concise historical review of the Judaic perspective on the role of the physician, his position in the community, and the attitudes/values that should characterize his healing pursuit.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Toward a more natural medicine.

Modern science and culture attempt to dominate and control nature. Unfortunately contemporary medicine has followed this lead. Traditionally religion has recognized the order and goodness in the natural order and has encouraged followers to comply with the rules of nature. Medicine, from Hippocratic times, has viewed the physician as an assistant to nature. Contemporary medicine, while employing modern science, would be well advised to also recognize the healing effects of religion's admonition to acknowledge and respect the wisdom of nature.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed2002

Equity and resource allocation in health care: dialogue between Islam and Christianity.

Inequities in health and health care are one of the greatest challenges facing the international community today. This problem raises serious questions for health care planners, politicians and ethicists alike. The major world religions can play an important role in this discussion. Therefore, interreligious dialogue on this topic between ethicists and health care professionals is of increasing relevance and urgency. This article gives an overview on the positions of Islam and Christianity on equity and the distribution of resources in health care. It has been written in close collaboration and constant dialogue between the two authors coming from the two religions. Although there is no specific concept for the modern term equity in either of the two religions, several areas of agreement have been identified: All human beings share the same values and status, which constitutes the basis for an equitable distribution of rights and benefits. Special provisions need to be made for the most needy and disadvantaged. The obligation to provide equitable health services extends beyond national and religious boundaries. Several areas require intensified research and further dialogue: the relationship between the individual and the community in terms of rights and responsibilities, how to operationalize the moral duty to decrease global inequalities in health, and the understanding and interpretation of human rights in regard to social services.

Christianity↗
PubMed2002

Gender selection: cultural and religious perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current developments in the field of preconceptual sex selection and to discuss the cultural and religious perspectives as that accompany the scientific progress. DESIGN: A survey of the major publications in Judaism, Christianity and Islam regarding the issue of gender selection. Examination of current methods of preconceptual gender selection revealed that in vivo methods such as timing of intercourse, the use of ovulation induction medications, and artificial insemination do not appear to affect the sex ratio to a clinically significant degree. In vitro separation of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa by gradient techniques have been reported to alter significantly the sex ratio at birth. However, these trials were not controlled, and molecular biological techniques could not validate that these methods indeed change the Y- to X bearing spermatozoa ratio sufficiently for clinical use. Nevertheless recent scientific advances have made highly reliable preconceptual sex selection possible by using preimplantation diagnosis (PGD) or sperm separation by flow cytometry combined with AIH or IVF. At present, these methods have been used to avoid sex-linked disorders. Both involve the invasive procedure of IVF and thus are held by most as inappropriate for nonmedical indications. However, improvement in flow cytometry output of sexed spermatozoa might provide in the near future sufficient sorted gametes for artificial insemination. It may be that in the near future, an improvement in flow cytometry output of sexed spermatozoa will provide sufficient sorted gametes for artificial insemination. In such a case, the medical community will be forced to take a stand, whether this reliable noninvasive method of sexing will be allowed for social purposes and even if the practice of PGD should be allowed for nonmedical indications. CONCLUSION: The requirement for a man to procreate by having a minimum of two children-a boy and a girl-is obligatory according to Jewish law. According to both schools, Beit Shamai and Beit Hillel, in order to fulfill the obligation of procreation at least one son is required. Therefore the application of sex preselection for nonmedical indications may by of practical importance using the method of sperm separation or sex selection of pre-embryo by PGD. According to Christian view, especially the one of the Catholic Church, gender preselection even for medical indications is forbidden. Islamic legal viewpoint is that fetal sex selection is lawful when it is practiced on an individual basis, to fulfill the wish of a married couple to have a boy or a girl through available medical means.

Christianity↗