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PubMed2003

Acute, chronic and sublethal effects of the herbicide propanil on Daphnia magna.

Acute and chronic toxicity tests with propanil were conducted on Daphnia magna. The 24 and 48 h LC50 were 43.74 and 5.01 mg/l respectively. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out using sublethal propanil concentrations (0.07, 0.10, 0.21 and 0.55 mg/l) during 21 days. The effect of propanil on survival, reproduction and growth of D. magna organisms was monitored. The parameters used to evaluate herbicide effect on reproduction were: mean total young ones per female, mean brood size, time to first reproduction, mean number broods per female and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). Survival and growth (body length) were also determined after 21 days of exposure to the herbicide. Reproduction was significantly reduced when propanil concentration increased in the medium. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased with increasing concentrations of propanil especially in those animals exposed to 0.55 mg/l. However, growth as well as survival of the exposed organisms only decreased in daphnids exposed to the highest propanil concentration tested. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated for D. magna exposed to the herbicide using as parameter of evaluation the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). The interpolation of these results gave MATC values of 0.08 mg/l herbicide. We have derived the EC50 values for some selected parameters on D. magna exposed to propanil. EC50 values indicated that reproductive parameters were very sensitive of the effect of propanil on daphnids. Finally, the daphnids were exposed to the same sublethal herbicide concentrations as in the chronic study and the effect of the toxicant on filtration and ingestion rates was determined. Feeding rates of D. magna declined with increasing propanil concentrations. The effective propanil concentrations at which feeding rates were reduced to 50% of that in controls (EC50) were also calculated.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recent advances in clinical/molecular andrology.

During the last decade there were extensive investigations in clinical and molecular andrology with emphasis on assisted reproduction, micromanipulation techniques of gametes, sperm/egg interaction, male contraception, diabetes mellitus, varicocele, andropause versus menopause, sexual dysfunction, associated hypertension/stress, prostatic carcinoma and molecular parameters of male reproduction. Sperm hyperactivation is a required step in capacitation sequence. Sperm motility is measured by videotape to evaluate the Straight Line Velocity (microm/s) (VSLI). Fertilization/embryonic development results from single sperm transfer (S-MIST) and multiple sperm transfer. Fertilization/embryo development is achieved by injection of immotile sperm into the perivitelline space. To assess sperm viability, a supravital stain suitable for use in combination with immunofluorescent assay, Hoeschst 33258, is used. The dye fluoresces with an intense blue when bound to DNA. To assess sperm plasma membrane integrity, a hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) is performed, using fluoresceinated D-mannose enriched albumin (FITC-DMA). The ability of sperm to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions indicates an intact membrane. A human protein, C-peptide, thought to be a useless byproduct of insulin may protect against devastating heart and nerve damage that diabetes causes. Human diabetics may benefit from the substance. Over 15 million Americans have diabetes, in which blood sugar levels rise out of control. There are two types of diabetics: Type I diabetics produce no insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar. Type II diabetics are unable to use their insulin properly. Diabetics are at great risk of heart disease and nerve damage, as arteries throughout the body leak and nerve-cell impulses fail. C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin production; it can be produced by the body or synthetically. Production of this protein is not induced by insulin, so diabetics who take insulin do not get C-peptide with it. Varicocele occurs unilaterally on the left side in 78% to 93% of men. Typically the presence of a varicocele is associated with an abnormal semen analysis (sperm density and morphology) and a decreased testicular volume on the affected side. Impaired sperm motility occurs in 89.5% of all varicocele patients. Varicocele ligation improves semen parameters in two thirds of patients. A few studies on andropause included sexual dysfunction, hormonal changes, medical/psychological correlates of impotence, ostenopenia/osteoporosis and bone loss; indices of bone remodeling, testosterone supplementation, androgen, negative feedback and hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis. Prostatic cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death for men between the ages of 60 and 80. Early detection involves a simple blood test for prostate specific antigen (PSA). Regular screening and early detection are essential. This is an important test because a high antigen count can be the only symptom. Since no screening is 100% accurate, physicians recommend both a PSA blood test and a physical examination. Although heredity plays a major role in whether a man will develop prostate cancer, men who lead healthy lives can dramatically reduce their chances of cancer: low-fat diet, eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and not smoking. Recent advances in molecular andrology include peptide hormone binding proteins; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists/antagonists analog; gonadotropins/their receptors; growth factors/reproduction; peptides as intratesticular regulators; molecular cloning of reproductive proteins/peptides. Gene cloning is applied for characterization/expression of genes coding. The interaction of gp120 with CD4 receptor plays a role in syncytium formation, apoptosis and CD4 cell deletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The recombinant V3 peptide of fragment 307-330 of HIV-1 can induce sperm head agglutination. The generation process of react

Contraception↗

PubMed2002

Effects of perinatal octylphenol on ultrasound vocalization, behavior and reproductive physiology in rats.

A rodent diet containing paraffin wax was designed to administer the environmental estrogen octylphenol (OP) to nonpregnant, pregnant and lactating rats. The estrogenic activity of OP via this diet was first confirmed in ovariectomized adult animals: 20 mg OP/kg/day increased the mitoses in the vaginal epithelium, and 60 mg OP/kg/day stimulated mitoses in the uterine luminal epithelium. The effects on a variety of reproductive and nonreproductive parameters were then investigated in the offspring of dams fed OP (100-250 mg/kg/day during gestation and lactation). A number of modest reproductive and morphological effects observed in the offspring including decreased body weights in adults of both sexes, disrupted vaginal cyclicity and decreases in seminiferous tubule diameter and testis, kidney, spleen and ovary weights. Behavioral effects included increased sexual arousal in males, increased sexual motivation in females towards a female teaser and increased motor activity by females. Ultrasonic vocalizations by pups at Postnatal Day (PND) 7 were reduced in number and duration in both sexes. There were no effects of perinatal OP on ano-genital distance, prepuce separation, aggressive behavior or adult ultrasound vocalization. These observations confirm that the dietary intake of estrogenic amounts of OP during pregnancy and lactation can have a wide variety of effects in the offspring.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Reproductive and neurobehavioural toxicity study of Ponceau 4R administered to mice in the diet.

Ponceau 4R was given to mice in the diet at levels of 0 (control), 0.12%, 0.24%, and 0.48% from 5 weeks of age of the F(0) generation to 9 weeks of age of the F(1) generation, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters were measured. There was no adverse effect of Ponceau 4R on litter size, litter weight or sex ratio at birth. The average body weight of male and female offspring was increased significantly in the high-dose group at postnatal days (PNDs) 0, 4 and 21. In behavioural developmental parameters, surface righting at PND 4 was affected significantly in the high-dose group in male offspring. Other variables measured showed no consistently significant adverse effect on either sex in the lactation period. In multiple water T-maze performance in the F(1) generation, the time taken was significantly longer than the control in the middle-dose and high-dose groups in males, and those effects were significantly dose-related (P<0.01). The dose level of Ponceau 4R in the present study produced no adverse effect on reproduction, and a few adverse effects on neurobehavioural parameters in mice. The non-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was presumed to be 0.12% in the diet (approximately 205mg/kg per day) for maze learning by males in the F(1) generation. Nevertheless, the middle-dose and high-dose levels were in excess of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of Ponceau 4R (0-4.0mg/kg body weight), and the actual dietary intake of Ponceau 4R in humans is presumed to be much lower. It would appear, therefore, that the level of dietary intake of Ponceau 4R is unlikely to produce any adverse reproductive or neurobehavioural effect in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Reproductive decision-making in the Upper Ramu District, Papua New Guinea: cognitive aspects of adaptive problem-solving.

This paper identifies specific interrelationships between political-economic, ecological, health and cultural parameters that shape reproductive choice in rural lowland families of the Usino region, Upper Ramu District, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Additionally, it compares their reproductive choices and strategies with those of upland groups in the same district. Lowland and upland cultural groups occupy distinct technological niches and follow distinct adaptive reproductive strategies consistent with their different perceptions of the value of children. In both cases, reproductive decisions are largely outcomes of economically rational cost-benefit analyses founded on divergent definitions of ecological, political, economic and technological conditions. This paper examines how reproductive decision-making reflects and is structured by Usino perceptions of the value of children, relative economic opportunity and health status; it elucidates the social levels at which these decisions are made and the adaptive rationality of those decisions; and it suggests both blind and intentional mechanisms of cultural selection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Two inbred strains of mice with high and low mammary tumor potentials established from the same basal stock of Swiss albino (SHN and SLN): history of mammary tumorigenesis and reproduction after the 30th generation of full-sib mating.

We established SHN and SLN strains of mice with a high and a low mammary tumor potentials from the same basal stock of Swiss albino. The selection history of females (mothers) for subsequent generations, mammary tumorigenesis and reproduction up to recent generations are presented and compared with the results up to F30 published in 1979. The changes with generation of each parameter varied in both strains except the conditions of female (mother) selection for subsequent generations, which were generally constant. However, the fluctuations in parameters up to F30 became generally smaller with advancing generations. Based on the fluctuations from generation to generation of mammary tumorigenic and reproductive parameters, an interdependency between mammary tumor potential and reproductivity is suggested in SLN, but less so in SHN. The pup growth rate was increased and associated with selection for mammary tumorigenesis in SHN; this parameter is usually used as an indicator of mother lactational performance in mice. The significance of selection for mammary tumor potential in association with reproductivity was further discussed.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive performance of female rats treated with cyclophosphamide and/or LHRH agonist.

Previous studies addressing the ovarian protective effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa) against adverse effects of chemotherapy have examined histologic and/or hormonal parameters without evaluating reproductive performance. In this report, we initially established a model for chronic treatment of female rats with cyclophosphamide (CTX) that allowed long term survival. In a second experiment, thirty seven female cycling rats (age: 70 days) were divided into 4 treatment groups. They were given either CTX (4 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week) for a total of 76 days (217 mg/kg) and/or the LHRHa leuprolide (Lupron) 5 micrograms/day by subcutaneous minipump (Alza) for 98 days. LHRHa was started 10 days before CTX and ended 12 days after the last CTX injection. All LHRHa-treated rats entered persistent diestrus. At the end of treatment, most rats treated with CTX only were in persistent estrus. Breeding was started at 218 days of age. A laparotomy to count implantation sites was performed 15 to 16 days after vaginal plug/sperm was demonstrated. All nonpregnant rats were remated. Chi square and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. The data presented demonstrate that: 1. LHRHa given before and after CTX increased the pregnancy rate/mating (from 4/11 to 9/10; P < 0.05), the number of implantations/mated rat (from 2.5 +/- 1.4 to 13.7 +/- 1.7; P < 0.01), and reduced the need for remating (from 7/11 to 1/10; P < 0.05); 2. LHRHa-treated rats performed better than controls. We conclude that LHRHa protects against chemotherapy-induced fertility reduction in female rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Growth rate, population entropy, and perturbation theory.

This paper is concerned with the connection between two classes of population variables: measures of population growth rate--the Malthusian parameter, the net reproduction rate, the gross reproduction rate, and the mean life expectancy; and measures of demographic heterogeneity--population entropy. It is shown that the entropy functions predict the response of the growth rate parameters to perturbations in the age-specific fecundity and mortality schedule. These results are invoked to introduce the notion of environmental intensity. The intensity function, expressed in terms of the entropy parameters, is applied to give a comparative study of the effect of environmental factors on the dynamics of Swedish and French populations.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Intraspecific contact and egg production in the massive coral Goniastrea aspera in Okinawa, subtropical Japan.

The effect of intraspecific contact (Contact) on egg production was examined in the massive coral Goniastrea aspera in Okinawa, subtropical Japan. The contact was non-aggressive without damaging soft tissues each other. Within Contact colonies, polyp volume, polyp fertility (%polyps with gonad), and NE/PV (number of eggs per polyp volume) were significantly smaller in marginal (Mg) polyps without direct intraspecific contact than other polyps, but no difference was found between non-marginal and Mg-Contact (marginal with direct intraspecific contact) polyps. Comparisons of non-marginal polyps (non-marginal and Mg-Contact polyps were combined in Contact colonies) between Non-Contact and Contact colonies showed that fertility and NE/PV were significantly larger in Contact colonies than in Non-Contact colonies, but polyp volume were not different significantly. Further analyses dividing colonies at Non-Contact maturation colony size (60 polyps) revealed that fertility and NE/PV were significantly larger in Contact colonies than in Non-Contact colonies only in the small colonies (<60 polyps), indicating that the intraspecific contact promoted sexual maturation at smaller colony size; one polyped Contact coral was also reproductive. The lack of correlation between polyp volume and NE/PV in the small Contact colonies, and the similarity of NE/PV in non-marginal and Mg-Contact polyps within a colony, suggest that the maturation at smaller size in Contact colonies is realized by reproductive integration of polyps at the colony level. The present results show that size-structured populations such as colonial corals may show phenotypic diversity in key demographic parameters, such as reproductive output, dependent on ecological conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Reproductive development of northern and southern strains of plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Laboratory-reared southern and field-collected northern strains of plum curculio, Conotrachelles nenuphar (Herbst), were sampled to examine the relationship between degree-day (DD) accumulation and female reproductive development, as measured by mating status, oocyte size, and number of oocytes. The overall goal was to generate an objective degree-day model for predicting damage potential that could be applied to various host commodities rather than relying on separate biofix models for each crop. Adult beetles were dissected to measure mating status, maximum oocyte size, and number of oocytes. Southern strain beetles reared at 25 degrees C initiated mating 9 d after eclosion and did not require mating to induce oocyte development. By 20 d posteclosion, unmated females had significantly higher egg loads compared with mated females of the same age. Logistic regression analysis suggests that southern and northern strain beetles had a stable maximum oocyte length of 62 and 72 microm, respectively. Northern strain females mated after overwintering; with approximately 95% of the female population mated after 134 DD (base 10 degrees C), which is before fruit set in many host crops. Oocyte size was the only measured parameter of field reproductive progress that could be linked with confidence to degree-day accumulation. The other two parameters do not share an exclusive relationship with degree-days. Rapid assessment of field-caught female reproductive status could assist in determining the potential for plum curculio damage in high-value commodities and allow for more informed control decisions.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Infectious disease persistence when transmission varies seasonally.

The generation reproduction number, R0, is the fundamental parameter of population biology. Communicable disease epidemiology has adopted R0 as the threshold parameter, called the basic case reproduction number (or ratio). In deterministic models, R0 must be greater than 1 for a pathogen to persist in its host population. Some standard methods of estimating R0 for an endemic disease require measures of incidence, and the theory underpinning these estimators assumes that incidence is constant through time. When transmission varies periodically (e.g., seasonally), as it does for most pathogens, it should be possible to express the criterion for long-term persistence in terms of some average transmission (and hence incidence) rate. A priori, there are reasons to believe that either the arithmetic mean or the geometric mean transmission rate may be correct. By considering the problem in terms of the real-time growth rate of the population, we are able to demonstrate formally that, to a very good approximation, the arithmetic mean transmission rate gives the correct answer for a general class of infection functions. The geometric mean applies only to a highly restricted set of cases. The appropriate threshold parameter can be calculated from the average transmission rate, and we discuss ways of doing so in the context of an endemic vector-borne disease, canine leishmaniasis.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Parasite alteration of host shape: a quantitative approach to gigantism helps elucidate evolutionary advantages.

This investigation quantifies some aspects of the parasite-host relationship between the digenean Microphallus piriformes and its intermediate host Littorina saxatilis, the rough periwinkle. M. piriformes has an abridged life-cycle with no free-living stages, metacercariae remain within host viscera. Noticeable differences in shell shape of parasitized and uninfected periwinkles were investigated. These differences in shell shape were defined by growth parameters of height, diameter and beta angle. The relationship between these parameters was examined together with their impact on parasite reproduction. All 3 shape parameters were altered in periwinkles infected by M. piriformes. The alteration in beta angle and height increased the available volume for parasites in the shell spire by about 12%. As metacercarial production per sporocyst has been shown to depend on host size, the increased volume enables considerable additional life-time reproduction by the parasite, of approximately 550-850 additional metacercariae in hosts of the usual size range. The form of gigantism found in this study is discussed in relation to previous concepts. It is suggested that gigantism in permanently castrated hosts is adaptive parasite manipulation of host physiology, favoured in parasites with abbreviated life-cycles, when host viability increases parasite transmission, and when an initially small host individual is infected.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Additive genetic parameter estimates for heifer pregnancy and subsequent reproduction in Angus females.

A primary objective of this study was to determine whether the binary traits heifer pregnancy (HP) and subsequent rebreeding (SR) were heritable in an experimental population of Angus cattle. A second objective was to determine the nature of the additive genetic relationships among HP, SR, and stayability (S(5/1)) in the same population. Heifer pregnancy was defined as the observation of a heifer conceiving and remaining pregnant to palpation at 120 d, given exposure during the breeding season. Subsequent rebreeding was defined as the observation of a 2-yr-old conceiving and remaining pregnant to palpation at 105 d, given pregnancy as a yearling and exposure during the breeding season. Stayability was defined as the probability of a female having at least five calves, given she becomes a dam as a 2 yr old. Data were analyzed using a maximum a posteriori probit threshold model to predict breeding values on the liability scale and Method R procedures to estimate variance components in the determination of heritability (h2). Additive genetic groups were used in determining the additive genetic relationships among these fertility traits. Additive genetic groups were formed on one trait's breeding values and used in the prediction of another trait's breeding values. Analyses yielded h2 estimates that were out of the parameter space 8.5 and 46.3% for HP and SR, respectively, and 5.9% for the reestimation of S(5/1). The majority of point estimates outside the parameter space for SR converged toward 0, whereas those for HP and S(5/1) primarily converged toward 1. From the subsamples producing h2 estimates within the parameter space, average h2 for HP, SR, and S(5/1) were .21, .19, and .15, with standard deviations of .12, .14, and .08, respectively. The estimates of h2 indicate that HP and S(5/1) were heritable and should respond favorably to selection; however, SR did not appear heritable due to the large number of subsamples producing h2 estimates out of the parameter space. Fixed effect estimates for age of dam were significant for HP. From the analyses using additive genetic groups, the relationship among HP and S(5/1) appeared to be nonlinear. This potential nonlinear relationship seen between HP and S(5/1) indicates that selection for improved female fertility would be most effective by having predictions on both traits.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Regional differences in semen qualities in the Baltic region.

Recent prospective studies of male reproductive health have shown differences between several European countries. Our objective was to evaluate the current situation in the two Baltic States Estonia and Lithuania. In 1997-99 we investigated semen parameters, levels of reproductive hormones and general health factors of 196 men from the general population in Lithuania; from Estonia, 79 men from the general population and 118 soldiers were investigated. Adjusted for interlaboratory differences and abstinence period, sperm concentration of Lithuanian and Estonian men from the general populations were shown to be 55 and 67 million/mL, respectively. The Estonian soldiers had the highest sperm concentration, 82 million/mL. The frequencies of morphologically normal spermatozoa were 6.2, 7.7 and 9.6%, respectively. In contrast to the semen qualities, highest Inhibin B levels were detected in the Lithuanians (233 pg/mL) followed by Estonian men from the general population (220 pg/mL) and Estonian soldiers (185 pg/mL). The soldiers had also the lowest level of testosterone and oestradiol. The sperm counts of the Estonian and Lithuanian men investigated here are higher than recently shown for Norwegian, Danish, Estonian and Finnish men. Comparisons should be cautiously drawn as the groups are not completely comparable. Still, even within the Baltic region, geographically close and sharing common recent social history, differences in semen quality and levels of reproductive hormones are apparent.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Are sperm parameters the best indicator of 2,5-hexanedione reproductive toxicity in male rats?

In this study on 40 male Wistar rats of approximately 3-weeks-old, the effects of 2,5-hexanedione on sperm principal parameters were examined by subcutaneously administering 100, 200 and 400 mg/(kgday) for 12 weeks. Other indicators of 2,5-hexanedione intoxication were examined: testes, epididymides, body weight, limb paralysis and histology. The sperm motility was adversely affected in all of the three treatment groups. No sperm motility at all was observed in the 200 and 400 mg/(kgday) treatment groups and rapid progressive motility was significantly reduced in the 100 mg/(kgday) group (P<0.05). The sperm concentration and morphology, testes, epididymides and body weight were significantly affected in the 200 and 400 mg/(kgday) groups but not in the 100 mg/(kgday) group (P<0.05). All the rats in the 400 mg/(kgday) group could not move due to leg paralysis, whereas only 50% of the rats in the 200mg/(kgday) group and none in the 100 mg/(kgday) were affected. Histological examination of the testes in the 400, 200 and 100 mg/(kgday) groups revealed Sertoli cell-only syndrome in 70, 30 and 0% of the rats, respectively. In conclusion, this study has shown that sperm motility was the most significantly sensitive indicator of 2,5-hexanedione intoxication in all the treatment groups.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Multigenerational study of the effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, on mink. 1. Effects on mink reproduction, kit growth and survival, and selected biological parameters.

This study was conducted to determine the multigenerational effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) on mink (Mustela vison) reproduction and health and to examine selected biomarkers as potential indicators of polyhalogenated hydrocarbon toxicity in mink. The mink were fed diets formulated to provide 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through substitution of Saginaw Bay carp for ocean fish in the diets. To determine whether the effects of PCB exposure were permanent, half of the parental (P1) animals were switched from their respective treatment diets to the control diet after whelping the first of two F1 generations. Effects of in utero and lactational exposure to PCBs on subsequent reproductive performance of the F1 animals were examined by switching half of the first-year F1 offspring (kits) to the control diet at weaning, while the other half was continued on their parental diet (continuous exposure). Continuous exposure to 0.25 ppm, or more, of PCBs delayed the onset of estrus (as determined by vulvar swelling and time of mating) and lessened the whelping rate. Litters whelped by females continually exposed to 0.5 ppm, or more, of PCBs had greater mortality and lesser body weights than controls. Continuous exposure to 1.0 ppm PCBs had a variable effect on serum T4 and T3 concentrations. Compared to the controls, there were significant differences in kidney, liver, brain, spleen, heart, and thyroid gland weights of the mink continually exposed to 1.0 ppm PCBs. There was an increase in the incidence of periportal and diffuse vacuolar hepatocellular lipidosis in the P1 mink with continuous exposure to increasing concentrations of PCBs. Plasma and liver PCB concentrations of the adult and kit mink were, in general, directly related to the dietary concentration of PCBs and the duration and time of exposure. Short-term parental exposure to PCBs had detrimental effects on survival of subsequent generations of mink conceived months after the parents were placed on "clean" feed. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for dietary PCBs in this study was 0.25 ppm.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Spread of mutations in an inhomogeneous environment with respect to migration. III. A closed model of population dynamics with a arbitrary type of mutation and analysis of the effect of selection mechanisms and "death-reproduction"].

A closed mathematical model of population dynamics for an arbitrary mutant type was developed based on results obtained previously. The model considers the number of individuals with different genotypes, their random and constrained movements across the range, mechanisms of selection and Death-reproduction, and different conditions of the process at range boundaries. The influence of mechanisms of selection and Death-reproduction on integral parameters of the studied process was analyzed.

Death↗

PubMed1992

Effects of piperonyl butoxide on F1 generation mice.

Piperonyl butoxide (PB), used in Japan as a pesticide synergist and food additive, was administered to mice from 5 weeks of age in the F0 generation to 9 weeks of age in the F1 generation, in the diet at levels of 0 (control), 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60%, and some reproductive, developmental and behavioral parameters were measured. Some parameters of open field activity were reduced in the treatment groups; in particular, ambulation and rearing were significantly reduced in F0 generation male mice and in 3-week-old F1 generation male mice. The weight of the pups was significantly reduced and litter weight tended to be reduced in the treatment groups. Body weight of dosed pups was reduced in the lactation period. Of the developmental parameters, olfactory orientation was significantly reduced as compared to controls. The dose levels of PB in this study, therefore, had an effect on some reproductive, developmental and behavioral parameters in mice.

Animals↗