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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed1976

Effect of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone treatment on circadian running in the rat.

Although adrenalectomy resulted in a marked decrease in total wheel running activity in male rats, the circadian rhythm of the running was not altered. Contrary to what has been previously observed in animals with intact adrenal glands, administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to adrenalectomized animals resulted in an immediate increase in the amount of running with no effect on the circadian distribution of running. It was concluded that the adrenal axis had an influence on an animal's ability to express running behavior, but the adrenal axis had no influence on the neural control of the circadian rhythm of running.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1983

Opiate-receptor blockade reduces voluntary running but not self-stimulation in hamsters.

Naltrexone HCl, a long-acting opiate receptor blocker was administered to female hamsters at two doses, 10 and 20 mg/kg, IP prior to 12 hr of nocturnal running or every 12 hr during access to hypothalamic self-stimulation to determine whether endogenous opiates played a role in either of these two motivated behaviors. Naltrexone suppressed total running activity and speed, and caused an increase in pause time but did not affect the rate of hypothalamic self-stimulation. Furthermore, weight gain was unaffected by four weeks of self-stimulation but was accelerated during two weeks of voluntary running. Thus stimulation of endogenous opiate receptors helps support high levels of voluntary running but is not involved in initiation of running or in maintenance of intracranial self-stimulation in female hamsters. Furthermore, the association of opiate receptor stimulation and increased somatic growth with voluntary running but not with self-stimulation suggests a possible facilitatory role for endogenous opiates in acceleration of growth by exercise.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

The role of adrenal corticosterone in schedule-induced wheel running.

In 3 experiments, the role of adrenal corticosterone in schedule-induced wheel running was investigated. Data from the first experiment showed that bilateral adrenalectomy significantly suppressed schedule-induced wheel running, but did not influence non-scheduled wheel running. Results from a second experiment, where bilateral adrenalectomy with and without replacement of corticosterone was used, showed that the suppressant effect of adrenalectomy on schedule-induced wheel running was completely reversed by replacement of corticosterone. In Experiment 3, plasma corticosterone levels of all experimental rats were determined at the completion of the last test session. The results showed that a circulating level of corticosterone was necessary for the occurrence of schedule-induced wheel running. These findings show that adrenal corticosterone is involved in the regulation of schedule-induced wheel running.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1990

Value of a run-in period in a drug trial during pregnancy.

The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity (VIP) Study included a clinical trial of the efficacy of erythromycin in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes. A prerandomization run-in period was part of the trial design. During this period, women were given 1 week's supply of placebo pills to test their compliance. Those who met certain criteria for compliance, were otherwise still eligible, and agreed to participate were then randomized to receive erythromycin or placebo for a maximum of 10 weeks. During 2 years of the VIP Study, 1476 (71%) of 2071 women who began the run-in period were randomized. Women at least 30 years of age, those not smoking during pregnancy or shortly before pregnancy, and those still working outside the home at the time of enrollment were more likely than other women to be randomized after the run-in. Calculations of relative efficiency, based on a standard sample-size formula, suggest that the VIP run-in procedure not only eliminated potentially noncompliant women before randomization but also increased the power of the trial. Similar calculations which incorporated costs suggest that the run-in also resulted in lower costs, compared to a trial with equivalent power but no run-in period.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The run-in period in clinical trials. The effect of misclassification on efficiency.

This article considers the effect of misclassification of potential participants during the run-in period preceding randomization in a clinical trial. We present a simple mathematical model of adherence that allows for misclassification. Simulations based on this model assess the impact of a run-in period on statistical power. The run-in period is most effective when there is a high proportion of poor adherers and a low rate of misclassification. In situations with either a high degree of adherence or substantial misclassification, the run-in period may reduce the efficiency of the trial, particularly when the cost of recruitment is high. We also discuss the early adherence in two recently conducted trials that had no run-in periods in order to estimate the extent of misclassification and consequent effect on power that would have been observed had a run-in occurred.

Aspirin↗

PubMed1994

Effect of a phase advance of the light/dark cycle on pineal function and circadian running activity in individual rats.

Circadian rhythms of urinary 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin excretion and spontaneous wheel-running activity were monitored in individual male Wistar albino and hooded rats entrained to a 12 h L:12 h D photoperiod, before and after an 8 h phase advance of the light cycle. The pigmented hooded strain commenced melatonin metabolite excretion 2 h after darkness, whereas the albino rats did not excrete detectable amounts until 4 h of darkness had elapsed (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the time of onset of spontaneous wheel-running activity and the onset of excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin under entrained conditions. When the photoperiod was advanced by 8 h, the albino rats took a median of 4 days (range 2-10 days) to establish a normal phase angle for the onset of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretion in contrast to the pigmented rats, which took in excess of 10 days to entrain. Albino rats reentrained running activity significantly earlier than pigmented rats (8 days: range 6-9 days), compared to 10 days (range 8 to > 12 days). There was no consistent relationship between the pineal and running rhythms with respect to the time taken to entrain following a lighting phase shift. All rats entrained the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythm by advancing the onset of excretion in contrast to the running rhythm where three rats reentrained by advancing, three by delaying, and in four, the direction of entrainment could not be accurately determined. In two of the animals (both albino), there was unequivocal evidence that the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythm and running reentrained in different directions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of access to a running wheel on food, water and ethanol intake in rats bred to accept ethanol.

Rats from the University of Indiana lines bred to accept ethanol (P rats) and not to accept ethanol (NP rats) were divided into two groups of 3 rats per group. The first group of P and NP rats was given free access to food, water and 5% (w/v) ethanol 24 h a day. After food, water and ethanol intake stabilized, a running wheel was introduced into the cage. Access to the running wheel decreased ethanol intake and increased water intake in P rats. When the running wheel was locked in place, ethanol intake by P rats increased, but when the wheel was unlocked again, no decrease in ethanol intake occurred. Access to the running wheel did not affect food, water or ethanol intake in NP rats. The decrease in ethanol intake when the running wheel was introduced was replicated in the second group of P rats exposed to 5% ethanol and later to 10% ethanol. The decreases in ethanol consumption produced by the introduction of a running wheel for this genetic model of alcohol consumption are similar to those previously reported using schedule-induced polydipsia to induce ethanol intake.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of distal run-off before femorodistal bypass.

The quality of distal run-off is one of the most important factors in determining outcome of femorodistal bypass. Accurate evaluation is important. Preoperative intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography and Doppler evaluation with pulse-generated augmentation of 90 patients who underwent femorodistal reconstruction were compared with postoperative angiography. Underestimation of distal run-off of the calf vessels occurred in 33% of cases by preoperative intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography. A below-knee pulse-generated run-off score of 3 or less was associated with a 12-month cumulative patency of 73% compared with 85% with a below-knee pulse-generated run-off score of 4 or more (P=0.079, log rank test; P =0.060, Wilcoxon signed rank test). The 12-month cumulative patency for grafts with a complete, incomplete and occluded arch as defined by pulse-generated run-off was 78, 90 and 38% respectively (P<0.0001 log rank and Wilcoxon signed rank tests). Preoperative evaluation of distal run-off before femorodistal bypass should not be based exclusively on intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Investigations of timing during the schedule and reinforcement intervals with wheel-running reinforcement.

Across two experiments, a peak procedure was used to assess the timing of the onset and offset of an opportunity to run as a reinforcer. The first experiment investigated the effect of reinforcer duration on temporal discrimination of the onset of the reinforcement interval. Three male Wistar rats were exposed to fixed-interval (FI) 30-s schedules of wheel-running reinforcement and the duration of the opportunity to run was varied across values of 15, 30, and 60s. Each session consisted of 50 reinforcers and 10 probe trials. Results showed that as reinforcer duration increased, the percentage of postreinforcement pauses longer than the 30-s schedule interval increased. On probe trials, peak response rates occurred near the time of reinforcer delivery and peak times varied with reinforcer duration. In a second experiment, seven female Long-Evans rats were exposed to FI 30-s schedules leading to 30-s opportunities to run. Timing of the onset and offset of the reinforcement period was assessed by probe trials during the schedule interval and during the reinforcement interval in separate conditions. The results provided evidence of timing of the onset, but not the offset of the wheel-running reinforcement period. Further research is required to assess if timing occurs during a wheel-running reinforcement period.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Acoustic analyses of sustained and running voices from patients with laryngeal pathologies.

In this paper, we investigated the acoustic characteristics of sustained and running vowels from normal subjects and patients with laryngeal pathologies. Perturbation methods (including jitter and shimmer), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and nonlinear dynamic methods (such as correlation dimension and second-order entropy) were used to analyze sustained and running vowels. We found that the sustained vowels and running voices from normal subjects and patients with laryngeal pathologies had low-dimensional dynamic characteristics. For sustained vowels, the analyses of jitter, shimmer, correlation dimension, and second-order entropy revealed significant differences between normal and pathological voices. For running voices, jitter and shimmer did not statistically discriminate between normal and pathological voices, but a significant difference was found for SNR, correlation dimension, and second-order entropy. The results suggest that nonlinear dynamic analysis and traditional SNR analysis may be valuable for the analysis of sustained and running vowels; perturbation analysis may be applicable for the analysis of sustained vowels but should be applied with caution for running voice analysis.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effects of ethanol intake and ethanol withdrawal on free-running circadian activity rhythms in rats.

Chronic alcohol intake and alcohol withdrawal are associated with dramatic disruptions of daily (circadian) biological rhythms in both human alcoholics and experimental animals. The extent to which these observations are due to pharmacological effects on the underlying circadian pacemaker is not known, however, since no human studies and very few animal studies have been conducted under free-running conditions. In the present study, free-running circadian activity (wheel-running) rhythms of rats were monitored before, during and after exposure to either 10% or 20% ethanol solution as the only drinking fluid. Across individuals, both lengthening and shortening of free-running period were observed during ethanol intake, and treatment termination led to either a return to baseline or to an exacerbation of the original ethanol effect. These variable effects appeared to be related to both ethanol concentration and to individual differences in baseline period, such that relatively short free-running period during baseline was associated with greater period-lengthening during ethanol exposure. These bidirectional affects of ethanol on free-running period are generally similar to effects seen previously with other psychoactive drugs, including antidepressants. The results of this study indicate that ethanol influences the circadian pacemaker, and that the chronobiological disruptions seen in human alcoholics may be due, in part, to alterations in circadian pacemaker regulation.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2002

Impact of roadside features on the frequency and severity of run-off-roadway accidents: an empirical analysis.

In the US, single-vehicle run-off-roadway accidents result in a million highway crashes with roadside features every year and account for approximately one third of all highway fatalities. Despite the number and severity of run-off-roadway accidents, quantification of the effect of possible countermeasures has been surprisingly limited due to the absence of data (particularly data on roadside features) needed to rigorously analyze factors affecting the frequency and severity of run-off-roadway accidents. This study provides some initial insight into this important problem by combining a number of databases, including a detailed database on roadside features, to analyze run-off-roadway accidents on a 96.6-km section of highway in Washington State. Using zero-inflated count models and nested logit models, statistical models of accident frequency and severity are estimated and the findings isolate a wide range of factors that significantly influence the frequency and severity of run-off-roadway accidents. The marginal effects of these factors are computed to provide an indication on the effectiveness of potential countermeasures. The findings show significant promise in applying new methodological approaches to run-off-roadway accident analysis.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1997

The psychophysical and heart rate relationship between treadmill and deep-water running.

The relationship between ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate attained during submaximal running tests on a treadmill and during deep-water running was investigated in 12 male subjects. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion scores analysed by analysis of covariance tested the equality of adjusted means and parallelism of the slope of this relationship. No significant difference existed between the slopes of the regression equations established for treadmill running and deep-water running. A paired t-test performed across the adjusted group mean heart rates revealed a significant difference between the two conditions. While the slope of the heart rate to rating of perceived exertion regression equations remained similar, the mean heart rate was 17 beats per minute lower in the deep-water running condition than during the treadmill run.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Wheel-running rhythms in Arvicanthis niloticus.

Wheel-running behaviour of the Nile grass rat, Arvicanthis niloticus, was studied under a variety of lighting conditions to characterize circadian rhythms in this species. A series of lighting schedules was used to determine the nature of entrainment, the rates of reentrainment after 6-h phase shifts, and the stability of free-running rhythms in constant light (LL) and constant dark (DD). All 15 individuals showed peaks of activity around dawn and dusk, 11 were more likely to run when lights were on and 4 were more likely to run when the lights were off. Three of the latter animals were completely crepuscular, but 1 showed a distinctly different and relatively nocturnal pattern, remaining active well into the dark phase. All 7 animals that were exposed to 6-h phase advances and delays reentrained to both shifts within 9 days. Stable and precise free-running rhythms were exhibited by all animals in LL and DD, and periods were longer in LL than DD. The ratio of the active to the inactive phase was significantly higher in LL than in DD or LD conditions. We conclude that A. niloticus exhibit predominantly diurnal running rhythms, with peaks of activity occurring around dawn and dusk, and that their rhythms are stable and precise and respond rapidly and predictably to changes in lighting conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Perceptual and biomechanical variables for running in identical shoe constructions with varying midsole hardness.

OBJECTIVE: Perceptual ratings of mechanical variables were compared with biomechanical variables that are related to running injuries. DESIGN: Eight identical running shoes with a relatively close range of midsole hardness were used. Ground reaction force (GRF), in-shoe pressure distribution and rearfoot motion were measured during running. Perceptual ratings were obtained after the running trials. BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported high correlations between cushioning perception and biomechanical variables for shoes that featured large differences in midsole hardness. METHODS: A 15-point categorical rating scale was used to judge impact severity, pressure magnitude and rearfoot motion in running. Rating scores were compared with biomechanical variables (GRF, pressure distribution and pronation values) using regression analyses. RESULTS: Regression analyses revealed high relations between different biomechanical variables and the perception scores. The best relation to perception was analysed for the median power frequency of the vertical GRF (r(2) = 0.97). A negative correlation (r(2) = 0.54) between the first impact of GRF and the perception of impact severity could be revealed. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the body's sensory system seems to differentiate well between impacts of different frequency content. Based on perceptual abilities, subjects adapt their running style to avoid high heel impacts.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land. 1. Nitrogen.

Research was conducted on nitrogen (N) surface run-off losses following organic manure applications to land, utilising a purpose-built facility on a sloping site in Herefordshire under arable tillage. Different rates and timing of cattle slurry, farmyard manure and inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertiliser were compared, over a 4-year period (1993-97). P losses from the same studies are reported in a separate paper. The application of cattle slurries to the silty clay loam soil increased the loss of solids and NH4(+)-N in surface water flow compared to control plots receiving inorganic fertiliser only, or no treatment, but had little effect on NO3(-)-N losses by this route. Results were consistent with other observations that rainfall events immediately after manure applications are particularly likely to be associated with nutrient run-off losses. Losses via subsurface flow (30 cm interflow) were consistently much lower than via surface water movement and were generally unaffected by treatment. Increasing slurry application rate and, in particular, slurry solids loading, increased solids and NH4(-)-N losses via surface run-off. The threshold, above which the risk of losses via surface run-off appeared to be greatly increased, was ca. 2.5-3.0 t/ha slurry solids, which approximates to the 50 m3/ha limit suggested for slurry within UK 'good agricultural practice'. Sealing of the soil surface by slurry solids appears to be a possible mechanism by which polluting surface run-off may occur following slurry application on susceptible soils. Total losses of NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N during the 4-year monitoring period were insignificant in agronomic terms, but average soluble N concentrations (NH4(+)-N + NO3(-)-N) in run-off, ranging from ca. 2.0 mg/l, up to 14.0 mg/l for the higher rate slurry treatments. Peak concentrations of NH4(+)-N > 30 mg/l, are such as to be of concern in sensitive catchments, in terms of the potential for contribution to accelerated eutrophication and adverse effects on freshwater biota.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2001

Nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land. 2. Phosphorus.

Phosphorus (P) surface run-off losses were studied following organic manure applications to land, utilising a purpose-built facility on a sloping site in Herefordshire under arable tillage. Different rates and timing of cattle slurry, farm yard manure (FYM) and inorganic nitrogen (N) and P fertiliser were compared, over a 4-year period (1993-97). N losses from the same studies are reported in a separate paper. The application of cattle FYM and, especially slurry, to the silty clay loam soil increased both particulate and soluble P loss in surface water flow. Losses via subsurface flow (30 cm interflow) were consistently much lower than via surface water movement and were generally unaffected by treatment. Increased application of slurry solids increased all forms of P loss via surface run-off; the results suggested that a threshold for greatly increased risk of P losses via this route, as for N, occurred at ca. 2.5-3.0 t/ha solids loading. This approximates to the 50 m3/ha application rate limit suggested for slurry within UK 'good agricultural practice'. The studies also provided circumstantial evidence of the sealing of the soil surface by slurry solids as the major mechanism by which polluting surface run-off may occur following slurry application on susceptible soils. Losses of total and soluble P, recorded for each of the 4 years of experiments, reached a maximum of only up to 2 kg/ha total P (TP), even after slurry applications initiating run-off. Whilst these losses are insignificant in agronomic terms, peak concentrations of P (up to 30,000 micrograms/l TP) in surface water during a run-off event, could be of considerable concern in sensitive catchments. Losses of slurry P via surface run-off could make a significant contribution to accelerated eutrophication on entry to enclosed waters, particularly when combined with high concentrations of NO3(-)-N. Restricting slurry application rates to those consistent with good agronomic practice, and within the limits specified in existing guidelines on good agricultural practice, offers the simplest and most effective control measure against this potentially important source of diffuse pollution.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2003

Multiple exposure to activity anorexia in rats: effects on eating, weight loss, and wheel running.

Animals were given five cycles of an activity anorexia (AA) procedure in order to determine the effect of additional experience on eating, running, and weight loss. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given a 1h meal and allowed access to a running wheel for the remainder of each day. Upon reaching 75% of free-feeding body weight, each animal was denied wheel access and given ad libitum food until it regained the lost weight. Then, food was again restricted and wheel access provided. Sedentary control animals were placed on the restricted feeding schedule for the median number of days experimental animals required to reach weight loss criterion. Experimental animals showed adaptation by increasing food consumption and decreasing the rate of weight loss despite an increase in running across cycles. Additionally, the distribution of running shifted gradually so that during the later cycles, much of the running occurred in the hours just before feeding. The results support the hypothesis that running interferes with adaptation to the restricted feeding schedule and also that the marked increase in anticipatory behavior during the later cycles is primarily responsible for the maintenance of AA.

Journal Article↗