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Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

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PubMed1990

Behavioral momentum in the treatment of escape-motivated stereotypy.

Descriptive and experimental analyses of stereotypy by a woman with severe mental retardation showed that the behavior was maintained by escape from demands. A sequence of high-probability requests issued immediately prior to a task-related request established a momentum of compliance that increased compliance with task-related demands. Increases in compliance were accompanied by collateral reductions in stereotypic behavior. A mechanism of response covariation, called functional incompatibility, and an animal analogue study for testing the validity of this mechanism are proposed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Time and dose influences on the behavioral effects of L-DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan after inhibition of extracerebral decarboxylase.

The influence of time and dose factors on the locomotor activity and gross behavioral effects of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were assessed a albino mice pretreated with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, MK-486, L-DOPA caused stereotyped behaviors and a decrease in orienting responses and locomotor activity, followed at the highest dose by increased locomotor activity. 5-HTP caused a dose-dependent increase in orienting responses and locomotor activity followed after 90 min by a dose-dependent decrease in locomotor activity. Administration of MK-486 and L-DOPA followed in the same animal by 5-HTP resulted in a diminution of the effects seen after either drug alone. This apparent antagonism may result from competition between the two amino acids at sites of membrane transport in the brain.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMed1985

Possible dissociation of central dopamine receptor antagonism and cataleptic behavior.

A new chemical, 2-[4-[4-(7,9-dioxo-6-thia-8-azaspiro[4,4] nonan-8-yl)-butyl]-1-piperazinyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile hydrochloride (MJ-13980-1), referred to in this report as MJ-13980, displaced in vitro [3H]spiperone binding, elevated serum prolactin concentrations, and decreased apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in male rats. These indicated that MJ-13980 acts as a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist. However, MJ-13980 (10 mg/kg) elicited only a very small amount of cataleptic behavior and antagonized that produced by haloperidol (HAL), a classical DA receptor blocker and potent inducer of cataleptic behavior. At a lower dose, MJ-13980 (1.0 mg/kg) produced no cataleptic behavior but against decreased that produced by HAL. These results suggest that the antagonistic interaction of MJ-13980 at central DA receptors is not associated with the production of cataleptic behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Two dissociable components of behavioral sensitization following repeated amphetamine administration.

The acute administration of moderate to high doses (greater than 2 mg/kg) of amphetamine (AMPH) to rats produces a multiphasic behavioral response consisting of an initial period of locomotor activity followed by episodes of intense stereotyped behavior, and a period of post-stereotype locomotion. Repeated administration of the drug results in a sensitization with two components: more rapid onset of stereotypy and enhancement of the post-stereotype locomotor activity. The studies presented below provide converging evidence that the two components of the sensitization are dissociable. 1. Rats from ten different strains or suppliers all exhibited more rapid onset of stereotypy following repeated AMPH pretreatment, whereas only five of these strains or supplier groups exhibited significantly enhanced poststereotypy locomotion. 2. The time course differed for the development of these two components of the sensitization. 3. The recovery from sensitization differed for these two components of the behavioral response. Following withdrawal of the drug, post-stereotypy motor activity diminished within 2 months while the more rapid onset of stereotypy persisted for at least 3 months. These observations have particular relevance to future studies directed at specifying the biochemical substrates of the sensitization.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Effects of age on behavioral responses to dopamine agonists in the rat.

This study served to examine the differential effects of age (rats aged 2 or 12 months) on behavioral responses induced by bromocriptine and apomorphine. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of bromocriptine or apomorphine produced a lower frequency of yawning responses, in 12-month-old rats than in 2-month-old rats. Apomorphine produced a more pronounced stereotyped behavior in 12-month-old rats than in 2-month-old rats. Apomorphine, at 0.1 mg/kg administered after bromocriptine (1.0-20 mg/kg) potentiated yawning behavior. The frequency of yawning in 2-month-old rats was pronounced at 2.5 mg/kg of bromocriptine but only at 5 mg/kg 12-month-old rats. Apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) did not produce perioral behavior in 2-month-old rats but did in 12-month-old rats. The apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg)-induced stereotypy was stimulated dose dependently by bromocriptine in 2-month-old-rats but not in 12-month-old rats. Bromocriptine did not produce this behavior when administered alone. Pretreatment of 2-month-old rats with reserpine, a catecholamine depletor, plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, inhibited the yawning induced by bromocriptine but potentiated that induced by apomorphine. Such treatment did not significantly alter either bromocriptine or apomorphine-induced yawning responses in 12-month-old rats. The apomorphine-induced stereotypy in 2-month-old rats was markedly potentiated by catecholamine depletion but was not affected in 12-month-old rats. These results suggest that the increasing effect on stereotypy and decreasing effects on yawning in the 12-month-old rats seem to result in an alteration of potency and of the ratio of D-2 versus D-1 receptor activity.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral effects of N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine, a product derived from smoking methamphetamine with tobacco, in mice and rats.

The stimulant effects of N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine (CMMA), a product derived from smoking methamphetamine (MA) mixed in tobacco, were studied by observing stereotyped behavior and measuring spontaneous motor activity in mice and rats over 180 min CMMA. 1.3 and 10 mg/kg IP, elicited strong stimulant-like effects which were almost equivalent to those produced by MA. Drug monitoring for 180 min in mouse and rat plasma revealed that the principal substances responsible for the stimulant effect of CMMA were MA and amphetamine (AP) which were metabolized from CMMA by the animal. There was a species difference in metabolism of CMMA between mice and rats. The major metabolites were MA and AP in mouse plasma, followed by N-formylmethamphetamine (FMA), whereas the major metabolite was FMA in rat plasma, followed by MA and AP. The differences in the stimulant effects of CMMA between mice and rats were discussed in relation to its metabolic fate in mice and rats.

Amphetamines↗

PubMed1985

Behavioral effects of D-amphetamine in developing cats.

The development of the behavioral effects of amphetamine was assessed in kittens of 1-53 days of age. Amphetamine-induced increases in locomotion occurred when animals were beyond 35 days of age. Stereotypic behavior was induced at all ages tested but the predominant type of stereotypy was age-related. From 1 to 14 days amphetamine induced licking. Pendular head movements occurred when animals were under 35 days. At 14 days of age darting, a response consisting of rapid pacing and turning began to occur. Tracking, a series of horizontal and vertical head movements also began to occur after 14 days. The adult response of vertical and horizontal head movements became most prominent after 35 days.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1978

A neuropharmacological analysis of central nervous system catecholamine systems in development protein malnutrition.

Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of developmental protein deprivation on the behavioral response of adult rats to treatments known to affect central nervous system catecholamine systems. Results showed no group differences between protein malnourished and control animals in locomotor responsiveness to d- or l-amphetamine, recovery from behavioral asymmetry produced by a unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra, or in the development of response patterns indicative of denervation supersensitivity. However, a dose-dependent diminution in the ability of apomorphine to produce stereotyped behavior was noted in the malnourished group, suggesting that a class of brain dopamine receptors may be impaired or may have undergone homeostatic modification as a result of the undernutrition procedure.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1980

Oxolinic acid and diazepam: their reciprocal antagonism in rodents.

The stimulant effects of oxolinic acid were investigated in rats and mice. This drug, given orally, consistantly induced, in doses ranging from 16 to 256 mg.kg-1, locomotor stimulation and stereotyped behavior. These effects were antagonized by pimozide (1 mg.kg-1), alpha-methyltyrosine (64 mg.kg-1) or reserpine (4 mg.kg-1, 24 h before testing) pretreatment, suggesting a facilitatory role of oxolinic acid on catecholaminergic processes. Diazepam (4-16 mg.kg-1) reduced the stimulant effects induced by oxolinic acid but not those induced by amphetamine; oxolinic acid (8 mg.kg-1) markedly reduced the antipunishment effect elicited in rats by diazepam (2 mg.kg-1). Since benzodiazepines have been reported to enhance GABA functioning, these data suggest that oxolinic acid may impair GABA transmission. However, neither muscimol (0.5-1 mg.kg-1) or gamma-acetylenic-GABA (16-64 mg.kg-1) selectively reduced the stimulant effects elicited by oxolinic acid. Therefore, the possible facilitation exerted by this drug on catecholaminergic systems may not derive from the release of an inhibitory GABAergic control.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effects of d,1-propranolol and haloperidol on aggressive behavior induced in mice by isolation and isolation plus amphetamine treatment.

We measured the aggressive behavior of isolated mice treated or not with d,1-amphetamine (6.0 mg/kg, ip) and injected with different doses of d,1-propranolol (10.0, 20.0 or 30.0 mg/kg, ip) or haloperidol (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg). d,1-Amphetamine (6.0 mg/kg, ip) decreased the aggressiveness of the isolated mice and induced stereotyped behavior. Haloperidol antagonized amphetamine-induced stereotypy, increased the latency to the 1st attack and decreased duration of fighting and frequency of attacks in mice treated or not with amphetamine. d,1-Propranolol did not change stereotypy but decreased aggressiveness in a dose-dependent way, being more effective against aggression induced by isolation per se. These results are discussed in terms of the interference of the drugs with the activity of either catecholaminergic neurons or midbrain reticular formation. The latter effect seems to be the most likely explanation for the observed anti-aggressive effects of haloperidol and d-1, propranolol.

Aggression↗

PubMed2003

D1-receptor drugs and cocaine-seeking behavior: investigation of receptor mediation and behavioral disruption in rats.

RATIONALE: Dopamine D1-receptor antagonists and agonists both attenuate cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., operant responding in the absence of cocaine reinforcement) elicited by a cocaine prime or cocaine-paired stimuli. It remains unclear whether these effects are D1-receptor mediated. OBJECTIVES: The present study tested whether a D1 antagonist (SCH-23390) would reverse the attenuating effects of a D1 agonist (SKF-81297) on cocaine-seeking behavior and whether behavioral disruption is involved in these effects. METHODS: Rats trained to press a lever for cocaine reinforcement with light and tone cues paired with each infusion underwent daily extinction sessions during which responding had no scheduled consequences (i.e., neither cocaine nor the cocaine-paired stimulus complex was available). After responding diminished, the effects of the D1 antagonist on the dose-response functions of the D1 agonist for reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior by response-contingent cue presentations or cocaine priming were examined. A separate experiment assessed the effects of the agonist on the dose-response function of the antagonist for cue reinstatement. Stereotyped behavior and activity were also measured during each test session. RESULTS: The attenuating effects of SKF-81297 on cocaine-seeking behavior during cocaine-primed reinstatement were reversed by co-administration of SCH-23390. However, no evidence for reversal of the attenuation during cue reinstatement was found even though agonist-induced stereotypy and antagonist-induced hypoactivity were reversed by co-administration of the two drugs during the same test session. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the attenuating effects of D1-receptor drugs on cocaine-seeking behavior during cocaine reinstatement are mediated by dopamine D1 receptors; however, it remains unclear whether the effects of these drugs on cocaine-seeking behavior during cue reinstatement are D1-receptor mediated. Nevertheless, it is evident that the attenuation of cocaine-seeking behavior by these drugs is not simply due to behavioral disruption.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

NE-100, a novel sigma receptor ligand: in vivo tests.

It has been suggested that sigma receptor antagonists may be useful as antipsychotic drugs. N, N-dipropyl-2-[4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl]-ethylamine monohydrochloride (NE-100) is a novel compound with high affinity for the sigma receptor (IC50 = 4.16 nM), but low affinity (IC50 > 10,000 nM) for D1, D2, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2 and phencyclidine (PCP) receptors. The head-weaving behavior induced by either (+)SKF10047 or PCP was dose-dependently antagonized by NE-100 with oral ED50 at 0.27 and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. NE-100 did not affect dopamine agonists-induced stereotyped behavior and/or hyperactivity. NE-100 failed to induce catalepsy in rats. These findings indicate that NE-100 may have antipsychotic activity without the liability of motor side effects typical of neuroleptics.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects of intrastriatal injections of the cholinergic neurotoxin AF64A on spontaneous nocturnal locomotor behavior in the rat.

Rats with bilateral striatal cholinergic lesions induced by the neurotoxin AF64A were found to have increased spontaneous nocturnal locomotor activity as measured in terms of the amount of time spent moving, the total distance traveled and the number of episodes and time of stereotypic behaviors. No significant differences between control and AF64A injected rats were found in the actual velocities between the two groups indicating that the rats were simply spending more time moving rather than moving with greater speed. Striatal activity of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) was significantly decreased in AF64A treated rats compared to controls, whereas the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) were not. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between groups in enzymatic activities of CAT and GAD in either the cortex or the hippocampus, indicating that the lesion was restricted to the striatum. The hyperactivity found in these rats after intrastriatal injection of AF64A supports a role for the striatal cholinergic system in locomotor behavior.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2002

Severe impairment of NMDA receptor function in mice carrying targeted point mutations in the glycine binding site results in drug-resistant nonhabituating hyperactivity.

NMDA receptor hypofunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and pharmacological and genetic approaches have been used to model such dysfunction. We previously have described two mouse lines carrying point mutations in the NMDA receptor glycine binding site, Grin1(D481N) and Grin1(K483Q), which exhibit 5- and 86-fold reductions in receptor glycine affinity, respectively. Grin1(D481N) animals exhibit a relatively mild phenotype compatible with a moderate reduction in NMDA receptor function, whereas Grin1(K483Q) animals die shortly after birth. In this study we have characterized compound heterozygote Grin1(D481N/K483Q) mice, which are viable and exhibited biphasic NMDA receptor glycine affinities compatible with the presence of each of the two mutated alleles. Grin1(D481N/K483Q) mice exhibited a marked NMDA receptor hypofunction revealed by deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation, which were rescued by the glycine site agonist d-serine, which also facilitated NMDA synaptic currents in mutant, but not in wild-type, mice. Analysis of striatal monoamine levels revealed an apparent dopaminergic and serotonergic hyperfunction. Behaviorally, Grin1(D481N/K483Q) mice were insensitive to acute dizocilpine pretreatment and exhibited increased startle response but normal prepulse inhibition. Most strikingly, mutant mice exhibited a sustained, nonhabituating hyperactivity and increased stereotyped behavior that were resistant to suppression by antipsychotics and the benzodiazepine site agonist Zolpidem. They also displayed a disruption of nest building behavior and were unable to perform a cued learning paradigm in the Morris water maze. We speculate that the severity of NMDA receptor hypofunction in these mice may account for their profound behavioral phenotype and insensitivity to antipsychotics.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Kicking, rocking, and waving: contextual analysis of rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants.

I analysed the triggering contexts of over 14,000 bouts of rhythmical stereotypies of the legs, arms, and whole torso observed in 20 normal infants during their first year. Infant stereotypies were elicited by a wide variety of contexts including non-alert states, interactions with the caregiver and other persons, feeding situations, object interest, and kinaesthetic changes. The frequency of stereotypy in all contexts was a function of age. Non-alert states and interactions with the caregiver were disproportionately associated with leg and torso stereotypies. The relationship between these human stereotypies and the function and control of stereotyped behavior in other species is discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1990

[Behavioral characteristics associated with acoustic stimulation and the neurochemical alterations of monoaminergic systems in rat brain at the steady state of repeated methamphetamine administration].

Behavioral characteristics associated with acoustic stimulation and the neurochemical alterations of monoaminergic systems in rat brain at the steady state of repeated methamphetamine administration were investigated. We confirmed that reverse tolerance in stereotyped behavior was constructed up to the 28th day after repeated intermittent pretreatment with increasing doses of MAP (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/kg x 3 and 10 mg/kg x 2, every other day). During acoustic stimulation, locomotor activity in the saline group was significantly increased, but the activity after the stimulation was completely suppressed. In contrast to the saline group, locomotor activity was not influenced by the acoustic stimulation in the MAP group, suggesting that behavioral hyporesponsiveness to acoustic stimulation was induced by MAP treatment. Two days after the last injection, the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebral cortex, midbrain + thalamus, hypothalamus and striatum were significantly decreased. These changes were maintained up to the 28th day after the drug withdrawal in the cerebral cortex and the midbrain + thalamus. From these results, the persistence of behavioral hyporesponsiveness to acoustic stimulation might be associated with long-lasting reduction of 5-HT synthesis.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of fenazepam and phenobarbital administered prenatally and in the early postnatal period on the behavioral reactions of rat progeny].

Phenazepam, 10 mg/kg/day, or phenobarbital, 30 mg/kg/day, administered to female rats during the entire pregnancy and 5 days after delivery during lactation induced behavioral changes in their offsprings at early (1.5-2 months) and later (4 months) ages. Phenobarbital produced a more marked effect on the central nervous system than phenazepam by causing impairments of extrapolatory reflexes and behavioral stereotype in a conflict situation or open field.

Aging↗

PubMed1987

Behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine in the rat: an ontogenic study.

The behavioral effect of repeated methamphetamine (MAP) treatment was observed in young rat to establish the ontogenetic period crucial to methamphetamine sensitization. Animals were treated with MAP (2 mg/kg, SC) once daily for 5 days (Group 1: postnatal days 2-6, G-2: 7-11, G-3: 12-16, G-4: 17-21, G-5: 22-26, G-6: 27-31). Control animals were similarly treated with an equal volume of saline. On the 35th postnatal day, all rats were challenged with MAP (2 mg/kg, IP). Behavioral sensitization to MAP was not found in G-1, G-2, G-3 or G-4, although responsiveness to MAP was observed in rats after the 2nd postnatal day. The animals in G-5 and G-6 showed hypersensitivity to MAP in locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior. These findings indicate that the period crucial to behavioral sensitization to MAP corresponds to the period of presynaptic dopamine autoreceptor formation in the rat brain.

Aging↗