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PubMed1995

Human type VI collagen: purification from human subcutaneous fat tissue and an immunohistochemical study of morphea and systemic sclerosis.

Collagen was isolated from human placenta by pepsin digestion and salt precipitation. This collagen was similar in its electrophoretic mobility and immunological reactivity with monoclonal antibody to form B of type VI collagen in the literature (Trueb B, Schreier T, Bruckner P and Winterhalter K. 1987. Eur. J. Biochem. 166: 699-703). We prepared polyclonal rabbit antiserum against alpha 2 chain of type VI collagen and performed an immunohistochemical study using this polyclonal antibody. It reacted in fat tissue and around vessels and peripheral nerves in normal human skin. To confirm the presence of type VI collagen in fat tissue, we isolated collagen from human subcutaneous tissue. This collagen showed a similar pattern in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with that from human placenta and cross-reacted with monoclonal or polyclonal antibody against type VI collagen. By immunohistochemical staining, abundant type VI collagen was observed in the septum of subcutaneous fat tissue in morphea or systemic sclerosis. In the mild hyalinizing areas or after treatment with 6M urea or hyaluronidase in highly hyalinized areas, the staining of type VI collagen increased. These data suggest that the amount of type VI collagen in subcutaneous tissue is involved in the early phases of these fibrosing disorders and that type VI collagen accumulates even more in hyalinizing tissue in late phases of these diseases.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Blood flow in skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in the forearm of normal man during an oral glucose load.

Blood flow to the forearm, and the subcutaneous tissue and skin in the forearm were measured by strain gauge plethysmography, 133Xe-elimination and Laser Doppler flowmetry during an oral glucose load (I g glucose kg-1 lean body mass) and during control conditions. The forearm blood flow remained constant during both experiments. Glucose induced a two-fold vasodilatation in subcutaneous tissue. In skin, glucose induced a relative vasodilatation and later a relative vasoconstriction compared with control experiments. When estimated from forearm blood flow and subcutaneous and skin blood flows, muscle blood flow decreased about 20-30% during both experiments. Proximal nervous blockade did not abolish the glucose-induced vasodilatation in subcutaneous tissue. In the glucose experiment, arterial glucose concentration increased to 7.8 +/- 1.17 mmol l-1 30 min after the load was given and then decreased to 4.5 +/- 0.34 mmol l-1 at the end of the experiment. In the control experiments glucose concentration was constant. Arterial noradrenaline concentration increased significantly from 1.0 +/- 0.13 to about 1.5 +/- 0.3 nmol l-1 120 min after glucose and remained at this level during the experiment. Similarly adrenaline increased from 0.16 +/- 0.11 to about 0.4 +/- 0.16 nmol l-1 180 min after glucose. It is hypothesized that the vasodilating effect of glucose in subcutaneous tissue is secondary to metabolic events connected to glucose uptake and energy deposition in adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Quantitation of retroviral gp70 antigen, autoantibodies, and immune complexes in extravascular space in arthritic MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Use of a subcutaneously implanted tissue cage model.

MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/l) mice spontaneously develop a disease that is characterized by glomerulonephritis, diffuse vasculitis, and arthritis associated with high levels of autoantibodies that include IgG rheumatoid factor (RF). To define the immunopathogenic mechanisms that lead to the development of extravascular lesions such as arthritis, we implanted a tissue cage subcutaneously in arthritic MRL/l mice and compared components of the tissue cage fluid, which resembles the extravascular fluid, with those of sera. When compared with those of sera, tissue cage fluids from arthritic MRL/l mice had similar levels of RF and one-third the amount of C1q immune complexes. In contrast, anti-DNA activities in tissue cage fluids corresponded to only 10% of the serum activities and, most strikingly, nephritogenic retroviral gp70-anti-gp70 immune complexes were almost undetectable in tissue cage fluids. This was also the case for another strain of autoimmune mice, (New Zealand black X New Zealand white)F1 mice, although they did not produce RF. The absence of gp70 immune complexes in tissue cage fluids could be due to markedly limited diffusion of gp70 antigen in these fluids. These results strongly suggest that serum proteins, including autoantigen and autoantibodies, appear in extravascular fluid in a selective manner, depending on their size and charge. Their specific properties in sera or extravascular fluid could partly account for the different manifestations of vascular and extravascular lesions observed in autoimmune mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Three-dimensional analysis and classification of arteries in the skin and subcutaneous adipofascial tissue by computer graphics imaging.

To develop new types of surgical flaps that utilize portions of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (e.g., a thin flap or an adipofascial flap), three-dimensional investigation of the vasculature in the skin and subcutaneous tissue has been anticipated. In the present study, total-body arterial injection and three-dimensional imaging of the arteries by computer graphics were performed. The full-thickness skin and subcutaneous adipofascial tissue samples, which were obtained from fresh human cadavers injected with radio-opaque medium, were divided into three distinct layers. Angiograms of each layer were introduced into a personal computer to construct three-dimensional images. On a computer monitor, each artery was shown color-coded according to the three portions: the deep adipofascial layer, superficial adipofascial layer, and dermis. Three-dimensional computerized images of each artery in the skin and subcutaneous tissue revealed the components of each vascular plexus and permitted their classification into six types. The distribution of types in the body correlated with the tissue mobility of each area. Clinically, appreciation of the three-dimensional structure of the arteries allowed the development of several new kinds of flaps.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

[Does subcutaneous cellular tissue exist?].

BACKGROUND: The definition of the "subcutaneous cellular tissue" is still debated. METHODS: In order to establish the localisation and composition of this tissue, or, merely its existence, we interviewed French dermatologists and conducted a bibliographic study on the historical definitions of the so-called "subcutaneous cellular tissue". A questionnaire was sent to French professors of dermatology to assess their definition of the "subcutaneous cellular tissue". They were also asked to make a simple cartoon showing the anatomy of the skin and "subcutaneous cellular tissue". RESULTS: We obtained 37 answers which could be classified in three main categories: 1) "subcutaneous cellular tissue" and hypodermis are synonymous, 2) "subcutaneous cellular tissue" is an autonomous tissue which separates the hypodermis from the tissues below and 3) "subcutaneous cellular tissue" designates all structures located below the hypodermis. In an historic perspective, the "cellular system" was a macroscopic concept described in the eighteenth century as whitish fibrils delimitating "cells". It was renamed loose connective tissue in the twentieth century and thus "cellular" became obsolete. The definition of skin, and of "subcutaneous cellular tissue" in particular, has greatly changed over time. In the eighteenth century, only epidermis and dermis were considered as belonging to the skin, although some included the tela subcutanea. In the twentieth century, the "subcutaneous cellular tissue" is considered either as a part of the hypodermis, or as the hypodermis itself or as a tissue located between the hypodermis and the fascia. DISCUSSION: The difficulty in defining "subcutaneous cellular tissue" is the result of a French semantic problem. The "cellular tissue" became loose connective tissue. For French dermatologists, the skin is composed of epidermis, dermis and hypodermis and the hypodermis can therefore not be subcutaneous. In order to check whether an autonomous tissue could be evidenced under the skin, we conducted an histologic study, which is presented in a second article.

Connective Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Influence of blood flow on fatty acid mobilization form lipolytically active adipose tissue.

Subcutaneous, ingvinal adipose tissue from dogs was perfused with blood to which had been added isoprenaline and theophyllamine in order to stimulate lipolysis. The supply of free fatty acid (FFA) carrier to the tissue was varied either by variations in the rate of blood flow or by changes in the albumin concentration of the perfusing blood at constant flow rate. The net production of FFA from the tissue was found to depend on the supply of carrier over a range from 0.1 -- 12 mumoles of albumin x 100 g tissue-1 x min-1. The corresponding molar FFA/albumin ratios in adipose venous blood varied between 12.1 and 1.2. The changes in FFA production appeared to be due to varying degrees of reesterification rather than changes in the rate of lipolysis. The findings suggest that the increase in adipose tissue blood flow demonstrated during various lipolytic conditions is of physiological importance by facilitating the removal of FFA from adipose tissue. Equilibration experiments showed the FFA binding capacity of both dog serum and human plasma to be above than calculated from the association constants of purified human albumin, suggesting the binding of FFA to other plasma carriers than albumin.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Cytology of subcutaneous glandular tissues.

This article deals with the cytologic appearance of various glandular tissues located in the subcutaneous tissues. Normal cytologic features are described. In addition, inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, and hyperplastic changes are discussed. Most of these features are depicted in the 60+ photomicrographs that are distributed throughout the article. Many of the changes are similar in the glands, and it is usually possible to differentiate the gland of origin based on cytologic appearances. Subcutaneous neoplasms that are not associated with a subcutaneous gland, and lymph node cytology are not covered in this article but are addressed elsewhere.

Anal Sacs↗
PubMed2005

Loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in HIV-associated lipodystrophy is not due to accelerated apoptosis.

HIV-associated lipodystrophy is characterized by a loss of adipose tissue from the subcutaneous compartment. Previously reported data suggested that this loss of adipose tissue was the result of an increased rate of apoptosis in subcutaneous adipose tissue. The present study examined the rate of apoptosis in subcutaneous adipose tissue with a sensitive ligase-mediated polymerase chain reaction technique to amplify DNA ladders. Individuals with HIV lipodystrophy were compared with HIV-infected subjects without lipodystrophy and subjects without HIV disease. Although apoptosis was observed in subjects with HIV lipodystrophy, there was no difference in the frequency of individuals with apoptosis among those with HIV lipodystrophy (10/22), those with HIV but no lipodystrophy (13/25), and subjects without HIV disease (13/27).

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1986

Ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in man.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SCATT) has for many years been measured using skinfold calipers, but calipers have several disadvantages, not least that they compress the skinfold. Measuring SCATT using ultrasound was validated by comparing thicknesses at 12 sites with soft-tissue radiographs in 24 adults and with depth gauge measurements on a cadaver. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.87 to 0.99, and the regression statistics showed no significant difference between ultrasound and the other procedures. The standard errors of estimate of body density from SCATT measured by calipers and ultrasound in 63 young men was +/- 7.8 and 7.3 kg X m-3, respectively. Although problems in the identification of the adipose tissue-muscle interface can arise, ultrasound is a viable alternative to skinfold calipers and is to be preferred when measuring uncompressed SCATT.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Late inflammatory swelling by carrageenan in rat's subcutaneous neck tissue.

When injected subcutaneously in the dorsum of neck in albino rats, carrageenan produced inflammatory swelling which reached peak after about 16 hr. The occurrence of the peak inflammatory swelling was delayed but not significantly reduced in severity by aspirin or indomethacin which were administered repeatedly. Phenylbutazone significantly reduced and dexamethasone almost completely inhibited it. In rat hind paw model, subplantar carrageenan injection produced peak inflammatory swelling after about 4 hr which was significantly reduced by all anti-inflammatory drugs mentioned above. It is interesting that an inflammagen when injected at different sites in the same species elicits responses which differ in the time course and drug responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Sonographic determination of cutaneous and subcutaneous fibrosis after accidental exposure to ionising radiation in the course of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident.

Chronic cutaneous lesions in eight of 15 survivors of the Chernobyl nuclear energy plant accident presenting with clinical features of cutaneous radiation fibrosis were examined 6 years after exposure using high-frequency ultrasound. In all patients, lesional skin was examined using both the B- and A-modes. Similar phenomena were found in all patients. The corium was increased in thickness as well as density compared to normal skin. The increase in density was seen not only in the medium strata but also particularly at the border between corium and subcutaneous tissue. Within the subcutaneous tissue proper, isles of echo-rich spots were prominent. The number and width of echo signals in the subcutaneous tissue were increased, representing the sonographic correlate of subcutaneous fibrotic trabeculae. The thickness of epidermis plus corium was increased by more than 50% and was even doubled in some cases. According to the present findings obtained from patients with very severe exposure to ionising radiation, ultrasound analysis of cutaneous and subcutaneous radiation fibrosis shows a characteristic picture. Moreover, it was demonstrated that quantitative assessment of skin thickness is possible. As the method is simple and noninvasive, repeated examinations are possible. This provides the basis for monitoring possible treatment effects and efficient follow-up in these chronically progressive clinical conditions after exposure to ionising radiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Role of pre- and postjunctional inhibition by prostaglandin E2 of lipolysis induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation in dog subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ.

1. Canine subcutaneous adipose tissue was isolated and autoperfused in situ after labelling of the noradrenaline stores by (3)H-(-)noradrenaline.2. Prostaglandin E(2) (10-200 ng/ml) increased blood flow and glucose uptake, and caused a dose-dependent inhibition of lipolysis induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 Hz). The actions of exogenous prostaglandin E(2) are therefore similar to those of prostaglandin E(1) in this tissue. There were no consistent effects of prostaglandin E(2) on the vasoconstriction or on the (3)H-noradrenaline overflow induced by nerve stimulation.3. Phenoxybenzamine (1.5-2 mg i.a.) caused a 5-fold increase in (3)H-noradrenaline overflow and a 95% reduction of the vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation. The lipolytic response was similar to that of the control. Prostaglandin E(2) (100-200 ng/ml) administered after phenoxybenzamine caused a 90% inhibition of lipolysis, while the vasoconstrictor response was enhanced to about 50% of control. Prostaglandin E(2) inhibited (3)H-noradrenaline overflow by about 50% but it was still larger than that of the control.4. It is suggested that exogenous prostaglandin E(2) inhibits lipolysis induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation mainly by a postjunctional action in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Epinephrine infusion increases adipose interleukin-6 gene expression and systemic levels in humans.

Exercise increases IL-6 mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue; however, the immediate signal for the IL-6 induction is unknown. We, therefore, explored the possible role of epinephrine in the induction of IL-6 in adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies and blood samples were obtained from eight healthy men (mean age 27 yr, mean height 184 cm, mean weight 83 kg) in response to epinephrine infusion or in response to saline infusion. The rate of epinephrine infusion was such that circulating epinephrine concentrations mimicked that typically seen during exercise. The level of IL-6 mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue increased 26-fold (95% confidence interval, 9- to 166-fold) at 3 h of epinephrine infusion compared with controls (P=0.028). In addition, plasma levels of IL-6 increased in response to epinephrine infusion (P <0.001). However, epinephrine did not affect the IL-6 receptor mRNA. In conclusion, epinephrine acutely increases IL-6 mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as circulating IL-6 levels in healthy men.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Chronic loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in HIV-associated lipodystrophy may not be associated with accelerated apoptosis.

HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIV-LD) is characterized by a loss of adipose tissue from the subcutaneous compartment. Previously reported data suggested that this loss of adipose tissue was the result of an increased rate of apoptosis in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). The present study examined the rate of apoptosis in SAT with a sensitive ligase-mediated polymerase chain reaction technique to amplify DNA ladders. Individuals with HIV-LD were compared with HIV-infected subjects without LD and subjects without HIV disease. Although apoptosis was observed in subjects with HIV-LD, there was no difference in the incidence of individuals with apoptosis among those with HIV-LD (10 of 22 subjects), those with HIV but no LD (13 of 25 subjects), and those without HIV disease (13 of 27 subjects). These data suggest that HIV-related chronic loss of SAT may not always be associated with increased frequency of adipocyte apoptosis.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1973

Cellularity of bovine adipose tissue.

Subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue from bovine animals that had different fat deposition patterns were characterized in terms of the weight of the adipose tissue organ and adipose cell number and mean cell size as determined by electronic counting of osmium-fixed adipose cells. Similar parameters were also measured in the interfascicular adipose tissue dissected from four muscles. Adipose tissue from animals of the leaner Holstein breed contained smaller cells than the respective tissues from the fatter Hereford x Angus animals. The small subcutaneous deposit in the Holstein animals was due to a small number of adipose cells that were small in size. During growth of the bovine animal, an increase in adipose tissue mass was accompanied by cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia. However, by 14 months of life hyperplasia was complete in all but the interfascicular adipose tissue. In the 14-month-old Hereford x Angus steers, interfascicular adipose tissue had an appreciable number of small cells and a bimodal distribution for cell diameter. The results of this study suggest that interfascicular adipose tissue is a late developing depot and that hyperplasia is still an active process in this depot at 14 months of life, whereas hyperplasia appears to be nearly complete in the subcutaneous and perirenal depots of bovine animals by about 8 months of life or shortly thereafter. Correlation coefficients indicated that intramuscular lipid content was positively related to the number of interfascicular adipose cells per 100 g of muscle in four different muscles. However, average cell diameter and volume were significantly correlated to intramuscular lipid content in only one of the four muscles studied.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Lipoprotein lipase activity/mass ratio is higher in omental than in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is important for lipid deposition in adipose tissue (AT) and responds rapidly to changes in the nutritional state. Animal experiments indicate that short-term regulation of LPL is mainly post-translational. Different processing of LPL in different AT depots may play a role in the distribution of lipids in the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lipoprotein lipase mRNA, mass and activity were measured in pieces of omental adipose tissue (OAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from 15 subjects undergoing gastrointestinal surgery (four male and 11 female subjects, mean age 54 +/- 5 years, BMI 28 +/- 2 kg m(-2)). RESULTS: Lipoprotein lipase activity was higher in OAT than in SAT (18 +/- 2.1 compared with 12 +/- 1.6 mU g(-1), P < 0.01), whereas LPL mass was lower in OAT than in SAT (100 +/- 9 compared with 137 +/- 16 mU g(-1), P < 0.05). Consequently, the specific LPL activity (ratio of activity over mass) was approximately twofold greater in OAT compared with SAT. There was correlation between LPL mRNA and LPL activity in SAT (P < 0.05) and a similar tendency in OAT (P = 0.08). There were strong correlations (P < 0.01) for mRNA abundance as well as for LPL activity between the two depots. In contrast there was no correlation between the LPL mass and LPL mRNA or activity in any of the depots. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that long-term regulation, as reflected in the mRNA abundance, is similar in the two types of adipose tissue. The displayed activity reflects the mRNA abundance and the fraction of newly synthesized LPL molecules which the post-translational mechanism allows to become/remain active. This fraction was on average twofold greater in OAT compared with SAT.

Abdomen↗