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PubMed2006

Practical challenges of systems thinking and modeling in public health.

OBJECTIVES: Awareness of and support for systems thinking and modeling in the public health field are growing, yet there are many practical challenges to implementation. We sought to identify and describe these challenges from the perspectives of practicing public health professionals. METHODS: A systems-based methodology, concept mapping, was used in a study of 133 participants from 2 systems-based public health initiatives (the Initiative for the Study and Implementation of Systems and the Syndemics Prevention Network). This method identified 100 key challenges to implementation of systems thinking and modeling in public health work. RESULTS: The project resulted in a map identifying 8 categories of challenges and the dynamic interactions among them. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation by public health professionals of the 8 simple rules we derived from the clusters in the map identified here will help to address challenges and improve the organization of systems that protect the public's health.

Humans↗

PubMed1977

Concrete and verbal reinforcement in creative thinking of disadvantaged cildren.

The effects of verbal and concrete reinforcement on creative thinking were investigated in disadvantaged Israeli seventh-graders (N = 90) in a baseline-treatment design. When compared to a no-incentive condition, both concrete (giving a piece of candy for each response) and verbal reinforcement (giving verbal praise to each response) raised the level of ideational fluency on the abbreviated Wallach and Kogan creativity battery by 114% and 61%, respectively. The high correlations between baseline and incentive creativity scores were interpreted as supporting either cognition or motivation but not exclusively the former as the source of individual differences in creative thinking among these disadvantaged children.

Child↗

PubMed1978

Creative thinking and interests of eleven- and twelve-year-olds.

Scores on What I Like To Do were not shown practical for predicting creative thinking in 100 11- and 12-year-olds from low-income backgrounds. Interests did account for a significant proportion of the variance (36%) in common with Torrance's total creative thinking score in the 50 girls. Suggestions for research are offered.

Aptitude Tests↗

PubMed1997

Externally oriented thinking of obese men and women.

This study examined the association of scores on alexithymia and obesity. The obese group (n = 47) reported significantly higher total scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale than the nonobese group (n = 190). Of the four factors of alexithymia, although significant differences were not found in the statistical analysis with a Bonferroni correction, scores on externally-oriented thinking (so-called "pensée operatoire") were higher for the obese group than the nonobese group. The results suggest that persons with simple obesity are prone to alexithymia, in particular externally-oriented thinking.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Private self-consciousness factors: relationships with need for cognition, locus of control, and obsessive thinking in Iran and the United States.

The authors measured Internal State Awareness (ISA) and Self-Reflectiveness (SR) factors from the Private Self-Consciousness Scale in Iranian (N = 325) and U.S. (N = 401) university students. In both societies, positive correlations with Need for Cognition and Internal Control and negative correlations with external control and obsessive thinking confirmed ISA as an adaptive form of self-consciousness. In partial correlations in which the authors controlled for ISA, SR was associated cross-culturally with greater Obsessive Thinking. This outcome conformed with the authors' expectations that SR would have negative mental health implications, but other data revealed complexities in the SR association with adjustment. Differences between samples failed to yield any simple support for F. Fukuyama's (1992) suggestion that Iranians might be more "alienated" (pp. 236-237) in their psychological functioning. The present study most importantly offered cross-cultural evidence in favor of the claim that better measures of an introspective self-awareness need to be developed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical thinking in neurosurgery].

The paper proposes the clinical thinking of a physician to be defined as his/her ability to cover, analyze, and synthesize all available data on a patient, concurrently to compare with early history data, to have knowledge gained from books, to have intuition (experience) to make a diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment policy. It also considers the relationship of clinical thinking to present-day diagnosis, prediction, and surgical and medical management policy in neurosurgical patients by presenting specific illustrations.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2002

[The thinking about modern biological technology].

The way of life and mode of thinking of mankind is being changed by modern biological technology. It may be come true again that coexist and evolution of man and nature because the development of modern biological technology, but it also cannot avoid produce some new problem which made people have a think deeply to biological warfare, ethics and morals, law, society, food safety, production of industry and agriculture, energy resources, environment.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2000

Summary of the eighth Immune Restoration Think Tank.

Project Inform hosted the eighth meeting of the Immune Restoration Think Tank: The Dobson Project (IRTT), October 8-10, 1999 in Chicago. Researchers from around the world, in partnership with community activists, a convened to review data from ongoing projects, previously inspired through the Think Tank effort, and discuss new strategies and areas of focus for immune reconstitution research in people with advanced stage AIDS.

CD4 Lymphocyte Count↗

PubMed1992

Helping patients to think better: cognitive therapy for individuals and couples.

A system of psychotherapy called cognitive therapy, emphasising that mood disorders are affected by distortions in thinking about self, the future and the world, has been found useful in the treatment of diverse neurotic disorders. Helping the patient restructure his thinking by examining such distortions and correcting them would be a vital process in the prevention or recovery of mood disturbances. Applications of cognitive therapy in depression, panic disorder, hypochondriasis and marital distress are described in this article.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗

PubMed2004

The HOCS paradigm shift from disciplinary knowledge (LOCS)--to interdisciplinary evaluative, system thinking (HOCS): what should it take in science-technology-environment-society oriented courses, curricula and assessment?

Given the current world state of affairs, striving for sustainability and the consequent paradigm shift: growth-to-sustainable development, correction-to-prevention and options selection-to-options generation: the corresponding paradigm shift in science-technology-environment-society (STES) education is unavoidable. Accordingly, the essence of the current reform in STES education, worldwide, is a purposed effort to develop students' higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) capability; i.e., question-asking, critical system thinking, decision making and problem solving, at the expense of the "delivery" of lower-order cognitive skills (LOCS)-oriented knowledge. This means a paradigm shift from the contemporary prevalent LOCS algorithmic teaching to HOCS evaluative learning and HOCS-promoting courses, curricula, teaching strategies and assessment methodologies, leading, hopefully to evaluative thinking and transfer. Following the formulation of selected relevant axioms, major paradigm shift in STES research and education for sustainability have been identified. The consequent shift, in the STES context, from disciplinary to inter- and transdisciplinary learning, in science technology and environmental engineering education is discussed, followed by selected examples of successfully implemented HOCS-promoting courses, and assessment methodologies. It is argued, that transferable "HOCS learning" for sustainability can and should be done.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2004

Five principles can encourage organizations to 'think lean'.

Five principles can encourage organizations to think lean. With global competitive pressures increasing, more and more manufacturers are using the principles of "lean thinking" to trim waste and improve quality in their operations. Health care organizations that want to improve performance can borrow these principles, which are readily adaptable to the hospital or physician practice setting.

Cost Control↗

PubMed2005

[Critical thinking on "home visits" through the case method using the teaching material, "the twelfth child birth"].

OBJECTIVE: To use case method seminars in order to critically assess "home visits" for public health nursing practice. METHOD: "The twelfth childbirth" was developed for use as material for the case method in 2002. This case story involves the dilemma of a public health nurse as to whether or not she should intervene in the "private affairs" of a married couple. Case teaching was performed in two seminars during the period from July 2002 to February 2003. Participants in the first seminar were 18 health professionals (13 public health nurses and five supervisors) in Japan, and nine health professionals (8 midwives and one physician) from Cambodia took part in the second. RESULTS: For the problems from the case, the participants in the two seminars made their decisions analytically. Decision making was informative and took different directions. The public health nurses in Japan advocated a collaborative intervention with other health professionals. On the other hand, the midwives from Cambodia selected an approach involving heavy commitments to family planning undertaken by individual midwives. From the discussion in the seminars, this case story was satisfied through the following: (1) the participants used the information in the case to address the problem; (2) the participants thought analytically in order to evaluate potential solutions; and (3) the participants had sufficient information for analysis in the case. CONCLUSION: Both seminars provided good opportunities to enhance critical thinking on "home visits" as a tool for intervention and to develop thinking skills needed for public health nursing practice.

Cambodia↗

PubMed2005

How strategists really think. Tapping the power of analogy.

Leaders tend to be so immersed in the specifics of strategy that they rarely stop to think how much of their reasoning is done by analogy. As a result, they miss useful insights that psychologists and other scientists have generated about analogies' pitfalls. Managers who pay attention to their own analogical thinking will make better strategic decisions and fewer mistakes. Charles Lazarus was inspired by the supermarket when he founded Toys R Us; Intel promoted its low-end chips to avoid becoming like U.S. Steel; and Circuit City created CarMax because it saw the used-car market as analogous to the consumer-electronics market. Each example displays the core elements of analogical reasoning: a novel problem or a new opportunity, a specific prior context that managers deem to be similar in its essentials, and a solution that managers can transfer from its original setting to the new one. Analogical reasoning is a powerful tool for sparking breakthrough ideas. But dangers arise when analogies are built on surface similarities (headlong diversification based on loose analogies played a role in Enron's collapse, for instance). Psychologists have discovered that it's all too easy to overlook the superficiality of analogies. The situation is further complicated by people's tendency to hang on to beliefs even after contrary evidence comes along (a phenomenon known as anchoring) and their tendency to seek only the data that confirm their beliefs (an effect known as the confirmation bias). Four straightforward steps can improve a management team's odds of using an analogy well: Recognize the analogy and identify its purpose; thoroughly understand its source; determine whether the resemblance is more than superficial; and decide whether the original strategy, properly translated, will work in the target industry.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed2005

[Study on thinking of clinical scientific research of acupuncture and moxibustion].

Under guiding of correct thinking of scientific research, development of clinical scientific research of acupuncture and moxibustion is of important significance for promoting academic progresses of acupuncture and moxibustion, increasing clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion. This paper probes thinking of clinical scientific research of acupuncture and moxibustion and puts forward the guiding principles, i.e. testing and verifying therapeutic effect, searching for laws, expounding mechanisms and guiding clinical practice.

Acupuncture↗

PubMed1997

Critical thinking in undergraduate athletic training education.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were (a) to determine whether or not undergraduate athletic training educators are writing learning objectives that foster critical thinking (CT) skills, and (b) to determine if their written assignments and written examinations are measuring the extent to which students have developed CT skills. DESIGN AND SETTING: Thirty institutions seeking accreditation for their athletic training programs from the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Educational Programs in the 1994-95 academic year were asked to provide their curriculum materials (course syllabus, two to three examinations, or both from each athletic training-specific course). SUBJECTS: Thirteen curriculum directors (43%) provided materials. MEASUREMENTS: Each learning objective, examination question, and written assignment was classified as either CT or non-critical thinking (NCT) using Bloom's taxonomy. RESULTS: From 64 usable syllabi, a total of 678 learning objectives were classified as either CT (52%) or NCT (48%). From 81 written examinations, 3215 questions were classified as either CT (14%) or NCT (86%). In addition, a total of 143 written assignments were all classified as CT. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that educators fostered more CT in their learning objectives and written assignments than in their written exams. Valid educational instruments (eg, Bloom's taxonomy) may help educators design learning objectives, assignments, and examinations.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Thinking broadly about costs and benefits in ecological management.

Decisions regarding both human and natural systems often involve either explicit or implicit consideration of relative costs and benefits. These costs and benefits, however, go well beyond those captured in conventional economic cost-benefit analysis. It is not so much the mere consideration of costs and benefits that hampers cost-benefit analysis but, rather, the narrowness and incompleteness of the subset of costs and benefits that are usually considered. To use cost-benefit analysis for social decision making, one needs to think very broadly about which categories of costs and benefits need to be addressed (including effects on built, human, social, and natural capital as well as sustainable well-being) and deal with the inherent uncertainty and imprecision attached to many of the more important categories. One needs to consider the full range of possible values and valuation methods, to shift the burden of proof to the parties that stand to gain from the decision, to deal with the distributional consequences of decisions, and to be clear about the social goals being served by the decision. Failure to think broadly enough about costs and benefits leads to decisions that serve only narrow special interests, not the sustainable well-being of society as a whole.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed2006

[Comparison of the English titles of articles in Chinese and foreign academic journals: influences of difference between China and the foreign in thinking and psychology].

By analyzing the East-West difference in psychology and thinking patterns, the author compared the frequency of conventional words applied and the usage of subtitle, as well as the selection of sentence structure in title of articles, and thus advocated that the differences of attention psychology and thinking patterns, linear in the West and spiral in China, were the primary causes for different expressions of articles' title.

China↗

PubMed1989

"Think nerve" in upper extremity reconstruction.

Upper extremity reconstruction may be greatly facilitated by "thinking nerve" in the initial evaluation. Frequently, the obvious soft tissue deformity or bone or joint pathology distracts the reconstructive surgeon from an underlying nerve problem. When pain is a portion of the presenting complaints, thinking nerve becomes more obvious. This article attempts to direct the reconstructive surgeon approaching the upper extremity to look for underlying nerve injury in the region of a damaged wrist capsule, neuromas of the cutaneous nerve, and sites of nerve entrapment.

Arm Injuries↗