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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Altered coordination patterns in parkinsonian patients during trunk-assisted prehension.

We examined whether coordination between movement components during trunk-assisted prehension was compromised in PD patients in response to varying constraints (experiment 1: reach speed, object size, movement amplitude; experiment 2: movement sequence). In general, both PD patients and controls responded similarly to the changes in these three variables. PD patients, however, demonstrated less synchronized movements in terms of timing between onsets and offsets of aperture formation, endpoint motion and trunk motion. In addition, PD patients used a pattern different from that of controls in specifying the relative contribution of trunk and arm to the endpoint motion. A significant group difference was observed in that controls tended to synchronize the involved movement components together, whereas PD patients did not show such a trend. These data suggest that PD patients have intact parameterization capabilities, although they have a reduced capability to coordinate multiple neuromotor synergies as a single unit.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Cephalic duodenopancreatectomy with preservation of pancreaticoduodenal arcades in coeliac trunk occlusion].

In the case of complete occlusion of the coeliac trunk, the hepatic and splenic arterial blood supply is ensured by the superior mesenteric artery. Interruption of this collateral circulation by pancreaticoduodenectomy carries a risk of hepatic ischaemia and anastomotic leaks. In addition to the various techniques of coeliac trunk revascularization, preservation of the gastroduodenal artery and pancreaticoduodenal arcades may help to preserve the arterial blood supply. The authors report the case of a 58-year-old female with a benign tumour of the pancreatic head and partially corrected coeliac trunk occlusion. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed with preservation of the pancreaticoduodenal arcades and gastroduodenal artery.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗

PubMed2000

Back and hip extensor activities during trunk flexion/extension: effects of low back pain and rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare lumbar paraspinal, gluteus maximus, and biceps femoris muscle function during sagittal trunk flexion and extension in patients with chronic low back pain and healthy control subjects, and to assess the influence of rehabilitation in the back pain patients. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comparing chronic low back pain patients and healthy controls, and a prospective follow-up in back pain patients during rehabilitation. SETTING: Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. SUBJECTS: Nineteen women with chronic low back pain, and 19 women without pain (controls). INTERVENTION: Five-week active outpatient rehabilitation (1 hour three times a week) guided by a physiotherapist, followed by 5-week self-motivated exercise at home. OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects performed sagittal trunk flexion and extension while surface electromyogram was bilaterally recorded of paraspinal (L1-L2 level), gluteus maximus, and biceps femoris muscles. The muscle activity was assessed from the average electromyogram and the relative muscle activation onsets and their duration were calculated. RESULTS: During early flexion, lumbar paraspinal and biceps femoris were activated simultaneously before gluteus maximus. At the end of flexion and during extension all investigated muscles were activated and relaxed in order. Lumbar paraspinal and biceps femoris muscles were activated in a similar order in low back pain patients and healthy controls during flexion and extension. However, the duration of gluteus maximus activity was shorter in the back pain patients than in controls during the trunk flexion (p<.05), and it ended earlier during extension. Active rehabilitation did not change the muscle activities of lumbar paraspinal and biceps femoris in the back pain patients, but in the measurements after rehabilitation the onset of gluteus maximus activity occurred later in flexion and earlier in extension. CONCLUSIONS: The activity of the gluteus maximus muscle during the flexion-extension cycle was reduced in patients with chronic low back pain. The gluteal muscles should be taken into consideration in the rehabilitation of these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Concentric and eccentric strength of trunk muscles: influence of test postures on strength and characteristics of patients with chronic low-back pain.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of test postures on trunk muscle strength, and to clarify the difference between concentric and eccentric strength of healthy subjects and patients with chronic low-back pain (CLBP). Volunteered and controlled trials took place at a university hospital, which is a referral center and is also open to the general community. The patients were selected from the outpatient care in the university hospital. Fifty healthy subjects (25 men and 25 women; average age 25.7 years, ranging from 23 to 34 years) and 48 patients with CLBP (26 men and 22 women; average age 33.5 years, ranging from 26 to 39 years) volunteered for this study. The main outcome measures were flexor and extensor peak torque/body weight, and flexor/extensor peak torque ratio during concentric and eccentric contractions; Eccentric/concentric peak torque ratio in flexor and extensor. Trunk-muscle strength was significantly greater in the sitting posture when measured with the subjects' feet against the floor (p < .05). Some patients complained of a slight low-back pain during testing, although the pain was not aggravated in any patients. In both concentric and eccentric contraction modes, the patients with CLBP had greater flexor/extensor ratios than the healthy subjects (p < .01). This implies that extensors are more affected in these patients. However, a great imbalance between concentric and eccentric strength of the patients was found, not only in extensors, but also in flexors (p < .01). The current study shows that one should consider the test posture carefully when measuring trunk-muscle strength.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Three-dimensional kinematics and trunk muscle myoelectric activity in the young lumbar spine: a database.

OBJECTIVE: To document the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of the lumbar spine and the myoelectric activity of trunk muscles throughout the range of motion in selected tasks performed by healthy subjects. DESIGN: A survey of a single population. SETTING: A research laboratory in a university setting. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four men and women, university-age, with no history of chronic lower back pain volunteered for this study. INTERVENTIONS: The selected tasks consisted of lateral bend and axial twists to the right and left plus four different flexion-extension tasks that varied a hand-held weight (10kg and 0kg), and flexion-extension velocity (free-paced and 20 degrees/sec). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: 3D lumbar spine kinematics and normalized, linear enveloped electromyogram (EMG) of trunk muscles. RESULTS: The motion time histories were illustrated graphically. Consistent spinal kinematics and EMG activation patterns during each task across subjects were seen. Peak displacement values between tasks, using one-way analysis of variance, showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION: A database of healthy spine kinematics and normalized linear enveloped trunk muscle activation patterns were developed for future comparison of elderly and pathological subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Altered trunk muscle recruitment in people with low back pain with upper limb movement at different speeds.

OBJECTIVE: To compare trunk muscle coordination in people with and without low back pain with varying speeds of limb movement. STUDY DESIGN: Abdominal and back extensor muscle activity in association with upper limb movement was compared among three speeds of movement and between people with and without low back pain. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen subjects with a history of recurrent low back pain and a group of age- and sex-matched control subjects. MEASURES: The onsets of electromyographic activity of the trunk and limb muscles, frequency of trunk muscle responses, and angular velocity of arm movements. RESULTS: Early activation of transversus abdominis (TrA) and obliquus internus abdominis (OI) occurred in the majority of trials, with movement at both the fast and intermediate speeds for the control group. In contrast, subjects with low back pain failed to recruit TrA or OI in advance of limb movement with fast movement, and no activity of the abdominal muscles was recorded in the majority of intermediate speed trials. There was no difference between groups for slow movement. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the mechanism of preparatory spinal control is altered in people with lower back pain for movement at a variety of speeds.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed2002

Fourier analysis of trunk displacements: a method to identify the lame limb in trotting horses.

The aim of this paper is to present a method allowing the identification of the lame limb in trotting horses. Using a 3-D kinematic analysis system, 13 sound and 25 lame horses fitted with 4 skin markers placed on the dorsal midline of their trunk were recorded while trotting on a track in the conditions of the routine lameness examination. The vertical displacements of the trunk markers underwent Fourier analysis. Results indicated that these displacements could be represented using only the first and second harmonics. From these two harmonics, indices were then developed. The sensitivity of these indices to the different types of experimental errors was also studied. Results showed that the values of the indices of the lame horses were relatively unaffected by the experimental errors. In lame horses, these indices allowed the quantification of the degree of the lameness, the identification of lame limb with a reliability > 95% and the characterisation of the type of trunk movements. These indices could be easily implemented in a computer program to provide objective information to the clinician or to be used as a first step in the development of an expert system. Moreover, these clinical tools may also be extended to other quadrupedal or bipedal locomotions.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1999

Sensitivity of single-equivalent trunk extensor muscle models to anatomical and functional assumptions.

Single-equivalent muscle models are often used to estimate loads on the lumbosacral joint after net extension moments have been calculated by means of inverse dynamics. These models usually ignore the effects trunk flexion has on the extensor lever arm. In addition, no systematic analysis of the sensitivity to the anatomical and functional assumptions made in these models is available. In the present study a series of single-equivalent models incorporating trunk flexion dependence was derived from a detailed description of the trunk musculature. Each model was based on different anatomical and functional assumptions. The differences of estimates of compression and shear forces on the lumbosacral disc during a lifting movement resulting from these models were analysed. The results show that these load estimates heavily depend on assumptions regarding anthropometry, lumbar curvature and coactivity of abdominal muscles and only moderately on assumptions regarding force sharing between extensor muscles. Fairly simple single-equivalent models with the net moment and thorax orientation as input can be used to predict lumbosacral compression and shear.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1999

Total trunk muscle force and spinal compression are lower in asymmetric moments as compared to pure extension moments.

The aim of the present study was to test the assumption that asymmetric trunk loading requires a higher total muscle force and consequently entails a higher compression forces on the spine as compared to symmetric loading. When the trunk musculature is modelled in sufficient detail, optimisation shows that there is no mechanical necessity for an increase in total muscle force (or compression force) with task asymmetry. A physiologically based optimisation does also not predict an increase in total muscle force or spinal loading with asymmetry. EMG data on 14 trunk muscles collected in eight subjects showed antagonistic coactivity to be present in both conditions. However, estimates of total muscle force based on the EMG were lower when producing an asymmetric moment. In conclusion, producing an asymmetric moment appears to cause slightly lower forces on the lumbosacral joint as compared to a symmetric moment. Only lateral shear forces increase with asymmetry but these remain well below failure levels.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1986

Measurement of trunk flexibility in normal subjects: reproducibility of three clinical methods.

Although measurements of trunk flexibility are an important part of a clinical examination, subjective methods are usually used to assess spinal mobility. We studied three easily performed objective techniques for determining trunk flexibility (the common "fingertip-to-floor" test, the modified Schober and Moll tests, and the Loebl inclinometer method) and their interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility. On 3 different days, each of 25 normal subjects was tested by the same investigator. In 25 other subjects, the studies were performed by a different examiner (one of three) on each of 3 days. We recorded the following mean coefficients of variation for interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility of results, respectively: fingertip-to-floor, 83% and 76.4%; flexion (Schober), 6.3% and 6.6%; right lateral flexion (Moll), 11.9% and 8.9%; left lateral flexion (Moll), 10.2% and 9.5%; extension (Moll), 9.5% and 7.3%; lumbar flexion (Loebl), 9.6% and 13.4%; and lumbar extension (Loebl), 65.4% and 50.7%. Although the reproducibility of the "fingertip-to-floor" test and the Loebl extension test was poor, all other tests studied had good reproducibility. The consistency of results with repeated testing should be considered in the application of various trunk flexibility tests to clinical and research data.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Eye, head and trunk control: the foundation for manual development.

Mastery of reaching and manipulation relies on adequate postural control. The trunk must be balanced relative to a base of support to allow free movements of the arms and hands. Moreover, the head must be supported flexibly by the trunk so that gaze can be directed toward the target to provide a spatial frame of reference for reaching. For fine manipulation it is also crucial to avoid retinal slips which would introduce blur. Stabilizing gaze is generally accomplished through adjustments of both eye and head position. Until gaze is stabilized, it is difficult to establish a frame of reference between the target and the self. Thus, a nested hierarchy of support involving the eyes, head, and trunk forms an important foundation for manual activity.

Child↗

PubMed1998

P9 in median nerve SEPs is a junctional potential generated by the change of the volume conductor size between trunk and neck.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the origin of P9 in median SEPs by applying the junctional potential theory. METHODS: We studied the distribution over the body surface with contralateral shoulder reference in 4 normal subjects. RESULTS: A stationary potential field P9/tN9 (=truncal N9) was recorded: P9 over head and neck (the smaller part), tN9 over trunk (the larger part), the boundary being located between trunk and neck. This polarity agreed with that expected from simulation studies. CONCLUSIONS: P9 is a junctional potential generated by the change of the volume conductor size between trunk and neck.

Body Surface Potential Mapping↗

PubMed1995

Vascularized pedicle graft of the lower trunk for reconstruction of the branchial plexus.

The middle trunk of an injured brachial plexus was reconstructed using a vascularized graft of the lower trunk, which was expendable because of irreparable damage to the C8 and T1 nerve roots. The graft was transferred on a vascular pedicle of mesoneurium. Useful recovery was achieved at 3 years. This technique helps to overcome the problems of limited supply and secondary sensory deficit of grafts from peripheral nerves, but is possible only if the plexus is explored early, before mobilization and transfer of nerve trunks is precluded by scarring.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

A triaxial dynamometer to monitor lateral bending and axial rotation moments during static trunk extension efforts.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to describe a new static triaxial dynamometer designed to monitor the lateral bending and axial rotation moments during trunk extension efforts. BACKGROUND: Most studies on back muscle function using electromyographic spectral analysis have not controlled moments produced about the three orthopaedic axes during trunk extension efforts. Criteria to control lateral bending and axial rotation moments during extension efforts have not been proposed in the literature. METHODS: Fourteen healthy subjects performed three trunk extension ramp contractions (0-100% of the maximal voluntary contraction). Triaxial L5/S1 moments at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the maximal voluntary contraction in extension were extracted. RESULTS: During the extension efforts, the lateral bending and axial rotation moments at L5/S1 increased significantly across the force levels and reached 6.2 Nm (SD: 6.6) and 6.1 Nm (SD: 4.5), respectively, at 80% of the maximal voluntary contraction. Tolerance limits were proposed to control these associated efforts in the context of the electromyographic analysis of back muscles. Relevance. Simultaneous measurement of lateral bending and axial rotation moments at L5/S1 during extension efforts might help to explain and control load sharing between back muscles during extension efforts.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of center of pressure and trunk center of mass optimization methods on the analysis of whole body lifting mechanics.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates methods to optimize the trunk center of mass position, the center of pressure position, or both to minimize the difference between horizontal location of the whole body center of mass estimated by the model and center of pressure measured during static postures. DESIGN: Within subjects repeated measures. BACKGROUND: Methods to optimize the trunk center of mass position have been proposed in the past, but have not been fully evaluated nor have accounted for errors in the location of the center of pressure. Accurately determining these locations affects the understanding of the control of balance. METHODS: Six methods were compared using kinematic and force plate data from 22 subjects. Static postures resembling both leg and back lifting techniques were used to optimize the center of mass. A typical lifting movement was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods in reducing the difference between external moment and time derivative of the angular momentum. RESULTS: Optimization of the center of pressure had a statistically significant effect on reducing errors (P<0.05), whereas optimization of the trunk center of mass alone had not (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Optimizing the center of pressure was simple and compensated for systematic errors introduced from the model and instrumentation. The addition of the center of mass optimization improved some results but added much complexity to the experimental procedures. RELEVANCE: Reducing errors in determining the relative position of the center of pressure and center of mass enhances the understanding of balance control as this relationship reflects the dynamic stability of the system.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Trunk movements and load support strategy in simulated handling tasks carried out by workers with and without musculoskeletal symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two groups of worker with and without upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms when simulating handling tasks, regarding trunk movements and load support. DESIGN: Simultaneous lumbar movements and load support were quantified by a flexible electrogoniometer and load cell, respectively. BACKGROUND: Workers can adopt different motor strategies to perform similar tasks, possibly resulting in different physical demands. No previous studies on different movement patterns as a possible strategy for coping with physical demands by injured workers are available. METHODS: 9 asymptomatic and 10 symptomatic industrial workers, carried a device for measuring contact between load and trunk during simulated tasks. An ANOVA was performed to compare results between symptomatic and asymptomatic workers. RESULTS: Most of the symptomatic workers supported the load on their trunk, whilst most of the asymptomatic workers did not. Higher values of lumbar flexion occurred for the symptomatic workers (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Apparently, differences in movement and load support were adopted by injured workers as a possible strategy to share upper limb overload with other body regions. RELEVANCE: Workers suffering from work-related musculoskeletal disorders may adopt different motor strategies to cope with their job physical demands. An effort should be made to reallocate injured workers if major cost is to be avoided.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Cerebral hemodynamics in patients with moyamoya disease and in patients with atherosclerotic occlusion of the major cerebral arterial trunks.

To determine the difference in cerebral hemodynamics between Moyamoya disease and atherosclerotic occlusion of the major cerebral arterial trunks, we measured local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and local CO2 reactivity (CO2R) by xenon-enhanced computed tomography (CT). A total of 11 adult patients with Moyamoya disease (mean age, 39.6 +/- 7.8 years) and eight patients with atherosclerotic occlusion of the major arterial trunks (mean age, 62.4 +/- 15.4 years) were studied. Regions of interest were frontal, temporal and occipital cortex, caudate, putamen and thalamus in each hemisphere. In patients with Moyamoya disease, local CBF values in the internal carotid artery territory (frontal and temporal cortex, caudate, putamen) were significantly higher than those in the occluded side of patients with atherosclerotic occlusion. Local CO2R values in the caudate and putamen were significantly higher than those in the occluded side of patients with atherosclerotic occlusion. These results suggest that the cerebral hemodynamics of Moyamoya disease differ from those of atherosclerotic occlusion of the major cerebral arterial trunks, and may be a result of the abundant collateral circulation through basal 'Moyamoya' vessels.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Global brain ischemia produced by clamping left subclavian artery and bicarotid trunk in the rabbit.

Thirty-five rabbits were divided randomly into 5 groups: sham operation, 10 minutes clamping bicarotid trunk (partial ischemia, PI), and 3 groups of 5, 7, and 10 minutes clamping left subclavian artery and bicarotid trunk (global ischemia, GI). Systolic arterial pressure increased slightly in the PI group, but doubled in the GI groups during clamping. Heart rate did not change in the PI group, but decreased transiently in the GI groups during clamping. Brain temperature decreased gradually in the GI groups during clamping, but did not change in the PI group. Necrotic changes were present 96 hours later in approximately 50% of the hippocampal CA1 cells in the GI groups, but in none of the cells in the PI and sham operation groups. The present results may indicate that clamping left subclavian artery and bicarotid trunk in the rabbit brings about global brain ischemia.

Animals↗