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PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting adolescents' intake of fruits and vegetables.

OBJECTIVE: To explore potential predictors of adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake by expanding on current theory and drawing from other adolescent research. DESIGN: This research reports on baseline and interim data from a school-based intervention study. Data were collected through surveys administered to students at the beginning and end of their 7th grade year. SETTING: The students attended 16 public schools in Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected on 3878 students; approximately half were female and 67% were white. All students in the 7th grade cohort were invited to participate in the surveys and over 94% completed both surveys. VARIABLES MEASURED: Our dependent variable, fruit and vegetable intake, was assessed by a validated fruit and vegetable food frequency scale. Predictive factors assessed included parenting style, spirituality/religiosity, depressive symptoms, and other commonly assessed predictors. ANALYSIS: Generalized linear mixed model regression. Omnibus test of association using P <.05 is reported. RESULTS: Subjective norms, barriers, knowledge, usual food choice, parenting style, spirituality/religiosity, and depressive symptoms were statistically significant predictors of intake. The model explained about 31% of the variance in fruit and vegetable consumption. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: To better understand adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake, we must explore novel predictors. Our results need to be replicated, and more exploratory research in this field is needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Parents are accurate reporters of their preschoolers' fruit and vegetable consumption under limited conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of parents as reporters of both their own and their 2- to 5-year-old children's fruit and vegetable intake. DESIGN: Observational study with a 1-meal intake assessment by an independent observer, followed by a telephone survey to determine the previous day's consumption using a 29-item fruit, juice, and vegetable food frequency questionnaire. SETTING: Two separate meal assessments in community-based settings. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 61 parent-child dyads from Eastern Missouri was recruited from a school health fair and the Parents as Teachers program. The mean age of the parents was 31.1 years, and 91% were female. The mean age for children was 39.0 months, and 60% were female. VARIABLES MEASURED: Parent and child fruit and vegetable intake. ANALYSIS: Interobserver agreement using a kappa statistic. RESULTS: Parents accurately reported their children's intake on most fruits and vegetables (kappa=0.59-0.61). Parents were the least accurate in recalling the consumption of raisins from oatmeal cookies (kappa=0.05) and 100% juice (kappa=0.17). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Parents can serve as accurate proxies to report fruit and vegetable consumption by their preschoolers on a food frequency questionnaire used to determine intake for the previous day. This can be a helpful evaluation method for research involving young children.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Seasonal consumption of salad vegetables and fresh fruit in relation to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective association between seasonality of consumption of fresh fruit or salad vegetables and cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. DESIGN AND SETTING: Face-to-face interviews, including a food frequency questionnaire, were conducted on 1489 men and 1900 women, aged 35-75 years, who were respondents in the British Health and Lifestyle Survey 1984/85 (HALS1). CVD and cancer morbidity and mortality were determined from the 1991/92 British Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS2) and by NHS Register 'flagging'. RESULTS: Risk was assessed by odds ratio (OR) for trend per frequency category. In men, frequent winter salad vegetable consumption was more closely protective than that in summer for cancer (winter OR=0.79 [0.62-0.99], P=0.045, summer OR=0.83 [0.69-1.01], NS) and CVD (winter OR=0.85 [0.72-1.00], P=0.049, summer OR=0.95 [0.82-1.10], NS). Fresh fruit consumption showed no significant protection. In women, frequent salad vegetable consumption at any season was significantly protective of CVD (winter OR=0.76 [0.65-0.89], P<0.001, summer OR=0.76 [0.65-0.89], P<0.001), although not of cancer. Frequent fresh fruit consumption in women was significantly protective of CVD (winter OR=0.84 [0.74-0.94], P=0.004, summer OR=0.85 [0.74-0.97], P=0.014) but not quite significant, and only in winter, for cancer (winter OR=0.87 [0.76-1.00], P=0.052, summer OR=0.88 [0.75-1.02], P=0.097). Maintenance of salad vegetable consumption from summer to winter, to within one frequency category, was associated with further protection for cancer in men (P=0.050) and CVD in women (P=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Diets high in fresh fruit and salad vegetables appear protective against cancer and CVD. It is important to take into account the seasonality of consumption in estimating and establishing significance of risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: We quantified the public health benefit of fruits and vegetables on the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), using currently available human data. DESIGN: We reviewed over 250 observational studies on cancer and CVD. Relative risks (RRs) for high versus low intake of fruits and vegetables were obtained. The preventable proportion of chronic diseases, i.e. the per cent of cases attributable to low consumption of fruits and vegetables, was estimated using three scenarios: best guess, optimistic (using stronger RRs) and conservative (using weaker RRs and eliminating the contribution of smoking and/or drinking). The preventable proportion was calculated for increasing average intake from the current 250 g day(-1) to the recommended 400 g day(-1) among the general Dutch population. RESULTS: It is estimated that in the Netherlands cancer incidence could be reduced by 19% (12,000 cases annually, best guess), ranging from 6% (conservative) to 28% (optimistic). Cardiovascular deaths could be reduced by 16% (8000 deaths annually, best guess), ranging from 6% to 22%. Evidence is most abundant for gastrointestinal cancers, followed by hormone-related cancers, but limited for other sites and CVD. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables carries a large public health potential. Population trials and biological mechanisms should eventually provide scientific proof of their efficacy. The available evidence is sufficient to justify public health education and promotion aimed at a substantial increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2007

Fruit and vegetable consumption and self-reported functional health in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk): a population-based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and self-reported physical and mental functional health measured by an anglicised short-form 36-item questionnaire (UK SF-36). DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: General community in Norfolk, UK. SUBJECTS: A total of 16,792 men and women aged 40-79 years recruited from general practice population registers as part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk study, who completed food-frequency questionnaires in 1993-1997 and Health and Life Experiences Questionnaires 18 months later, were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Mean SF-36 physical component summary scores increased significantly with increasing total fruit and vegetable consumption in both men and women (P < 0.0001 for trend). Men and women in the top quartile of consumption compared with the bottom quartile had a significantly higher likelihood of reporting good physical health (defined as a score > or = 55); odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.53 for men and OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.48 for women, after controlling for age, body mass index, smoking, education, social class, prevalent illness and total energy intake. Exclusion of current smokers and people with prevalent illness did not alter the associations. CONCLUSION: Higher fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with better self-reported physical functional health within a general population. Increasing daily intake by two portions of fruit and vegetables was associated with an 11% higher likelihood of good functional health. Since the current average consumption of fruit and vegetables in the UK is about three portions, the recommended 'five a day' strategy may have additional benefit for functional as well as other health outcomes in the population.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin, China.

Samples of eight types of vegetables, the rhizosphere soils, and bulk soils were collected from two sites (A and B) in Tianjin, China for the determination of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDXs). The average concentrations of total HCHs and DDXs in the bulk soils were 3.6 and 80.1 ng/g for site A and 102 and 235 ng/g for site B, respectively. Relative accumulations of HCHs and DDXs in the rhizosphere soil from site A but not site B were demonstrated. The concentrations of total HCHs and DDXs in vegetable roots were 3.6-60 and 4.2-73 ng/g for site A and 15-152 and 7.1-136 ng/g for site B, respectively. Difference in bioaccumulation among various vegetables, especially between tuber and fibrous vegetables was significant. DDXs in spinach and cauliflower from site B and lindane (gamma-HCH) in cauliflower from both sites and violet from site B exceeded the maximum residual limits. Linear correlation of log-transformed HCHs and DDXs contents between the vegetable roots and the rhizosphere soils suggests the direct uptake of HCHs and DDXs.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

Antiradical activity of water soluble components in common diet vegetables.

The antiradical activity of water-soluble components contained in mushrooms (Psalliota campestris), onions (Allium cepa), white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. alba), and yellow bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) against hydroxyl radicals was tested in a chemical and biological system. The vegetable juices were obtained by centrifugation of a vegetable homogenate processed at 2 degrees C or heated at 102 degrees C. The chemical system consisted of a buffered reaction mixture composed of Fe(III)-EDTA, 2-deoxy-D-ribose, ascorbic acid, and H(2)O(2) generating the hydroxyl radical. The antiradical activity was expressed as an inhibition of deoxyribose degradation. The biological system consisted of IMR32 neuroblastoma cells exposed to H(2)O(2) in the presence or absence of the vegetable juices. Cells were pretreated for either 24 h or 1 h with the vegetable juices, and reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was used as a cell viability assay. All vegetable juices inhibited the degradation of deoxyribose and increased the viability of H(2)O(2) treated cells. Raw mushroom juice proved to be the most active in both cases. Boiling significantly affected the activity of mushroom juice, but did not change significantly the effect on onions and yellow bell peppers, and partially increased the activity of white cabbage juice. Mushroom antiradical activity was also confirmed by a cytofluorimetric analysis.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2005

Inhibitory effect of yuzu essential oil on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in vegetables.

The inhibitory effect of yuzu (Citrus junos Tanaka) essential oil on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the presence of vegetables (31 species) or saliva was investigated by HPLC. Most vegetable extracts enhanced the formation of NDMA. However, the formation ratio of NDMA in vegetable extracts was decreased by yuzu oil in the range of 59 to 22%. In the presence of yuzu oil and saliva, its ratio ranged between 62 and 24%. These results indicated that yuzu oil inhibited the formation of NDMA even in vegetables and saliva. The contents of ascorbic acid, nitrate, and nitrite in the 31 vegetable species were 0.3-65 mg/100 g, 3-581 mg/100 g, and 10-750 microg/100 g, respectively. Ascorbic acid and nitrite had little effect on the inhibition or formation of NDMA at their intact levels. Nitrate accelerated the formation of NDMA, and the addition of saliva further enhanced it. The mechanism of inhibition of NDMA formation by alpha-terpinene was studied. It was assumed from the results of LC-MS that a new compound formed by the reaction of alpha-terpinene with nitrite would be a derivative of alpha-terpinene with dinitroso groups. The molecular weight of this compound was 194. It is suggested that terpene hydrocarbons in citrus essential oils would contribute to the decrease of NDMA formation.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2005

Impact of food disinfection on beneficial biothiol contents in vegetables.

In this work we investigated the impact of food disinfection on the beneficial biothiol contents in a suite of vegetables consumed daily, including spinach, green bean, asparagus, cucumber, and red pepper. Four disinfection technologies commonly studied and/or used in food processing and preservation, including hydrogen peroxide, free chlorine, and gaseous- and aqueous-phase ozone, were examined with common dosages and contact times. Results indicate that the common disinfection technologies may result in significant loss of beneficial biothiols in vegetables which are essentially important to human health. For example, as much as 70% of biothiols were lost when spinach was treated with hydrogen peroxide (5.0 wt %) for 30 min. Approximately 48-54% of biothiols were destroyed by free chlorine and gaseous- and aqueous-phase ozone under typical contacting conditions. In red pepper, about 60-71% of reduced glutathione was oxidized by the disinfectants. The potential decrease in biothiols during disinfection was dependent upon the biothiol type, the disinfectant, and the vegetable. The effectiveness of total bacterial inactivation by the four disinfection technologies was concurrently evaluated. Results show that free chlorine is most effective, achieving disinfection efficiencies of greater than 4 log for all study vegetables. This study may provide important information for the food industry to design optimum contacting methods for vegetables to simultaneously achieve sufficient bacterial disinfection while minimizing loss of beneficial biothiols.

Disinfection↗

PubMed2003

Dietary carotenoids, vegetables, and lung cancer risk in women: the Missouri women's health study (United States).

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of specific dietary carotenoids and their primary plant food sources on lung cancer risk in a population-based case-control study of women. METHODS: Data were available for 587 incident primary lung cancer cases and 624 controls frequency matched to cases based on age. A modified version of the 100-item NCI-Block food-frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information concerning usual diet 2-3 years prior to interview. RESULTS: In models adjusted for age, total calorie intake, pack-years of smoking, and education, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, and total carotenoid intake were each associated with a significantly lower risk of lung cancer. Several vegetable groups were predictive of lower lung cancer risk, particularly the frequency of total vegetable intake. Individual and total carotenoids were no longer significantly associated with lower lung cancer risk in models adjusted for total vegetable intake. However, total vegetable intake remained significantly inversely associated with risk in models adjusted for total carotenoids. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that consumption of a wide variety of vegetables has a greater bearing on lung cancer risk in a population of smoking and nonsmoking women than intake of any specific carotenoid or total carotenoids.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Free use of fruits and vegetables in phenylketonuria.

This study aimed to evaluate systematically the effect of the free use of fruits and vegetables containing an intermediate amount of phenylalanine (51-100 mg/100 g) on the biochemical control in children with phenylketonuria (PKU). Fifteen subjects with PKU, with a median age of 6 years (range 1-24 years) were studied. In a three-part prospective 15-week study, subjects sequentially ate fruits and vegetables containing phenylalanine 0-50 mg/100 g for weeks 1 to 3; 51-75 mg/100 g for weeks 4 to 8; and 76-100 mg/100 g for weeks 9 to 15. Plasma phenylalanine concentrations were measured twice daily for three consecutive days in weeks 1, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13 and 15. A standard menu was followed on the blood sampling days. Daily dietary records of fruits and vegetables under study were kept throughout the trial. Control of phenylalanine concentrations was not adversely affected by the free use of fruits and vegetables containing 51-100 mg/100 g. Pre-breakfast median plasma concentrations were: weeks 1 to 3, 260 micromol/L (range 90-890); weeks 4 to 8, 255 micromol/L (range 130-920); and weeks 9 to 15, 278 micromol/L (range 30-880). Pre-evening meal median plasma phenylalanine concentrations were: weeks 1 to 3, 240 micromol/L (range 30-820); weeks 4 to 8, 210 micromol/L (40-880); and weeks 9 to 15, 238 micromol/L (range 20-880). These data suggest that free use of fruits and vegetables containing 51-75 mg/100 g poses no problem for children with PKU.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Vegetables, high nitrate foods, increased breath nitrous oxide.

We have demonstrated nitrous oxide (N2O), a metabolite of the reduction of nitrate (NO(3)-) by microflora, in exhaled air. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of ingesting vegetables, which contain high levels of NO(3)-, on breath N2O levels. We measured breath N2O in six healthy subjects aged 20-41 years at 15-min intervals after the following: (1) no ingestion; (2) ingestion of 180 g of vegetable juice; and (3) ingestion of 50 g of lettuce. N2O levels were measured with an infrared-photoacoustic (IR-PAS) analyzer. N2O was detectable in all subjects regardless of treatment protocol. Lettuce and vegetable juice significantly increased breath N2O levels. Total excretions in breath N2O were significantly higher in the lettuce group (P = 0.028) and the vegetable juice group (P = 0.046) than controls. Breath N2O increases after vegetable ingestion, probably due to denitrification of NO(3)- by normal microflora in the intestinal tract.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Fruit and vegetables consumption in relation to health and diet of medical students in Crete, Greece.

In Greece, prevalence of cardiovascular disease has been increasing during the last few decades. From a public health point of view, it is important to identify lifestyle practices associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors. As part of the Clinical Nutrition course at the University of Crete School of Medicine, 507 medical students (292 men, 215 women) were examined during the period 1995-2001. Individual 24-hour dietary recalls were taken, lifestyle questionnaires were completed, and anthropometric and serum lipid measurements were performed. Fruits and vegetables were consumed by 90% of men (370 +/- 275 g/day) and 94% of women (354 +/- 283 g/day). Among non/ex-smokers who ate fruit and vegetables, 41% consumed > or = 400 g/day, compared to 31% of current smokers (p = 0.05). The risk for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 35 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 130 mg/dL, and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (TC:HDL-C) > or = 5 decreased with increasing quartile of fruit and vegetables consumption (trend p < 0.01). Fruit and vegetable intake was favorably related to intake of dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, folate, and vitamins C, E, A, B1 and B6, and inversely related to saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol. Prospective studies should be performed within the general young adult population to assess the long-term effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on chronic disease risk development.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Social-cognitive predictors of fruit and vegetable intake in children.

Social-cognitive theory (SCT) was used to explain the fruit and vegetable intake of 1,398 3rd graders. SCT variables assessed included self-efficacy, outcome expectations, preferences, social norms, asking skills, and knowledge. Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed with 7-day records. Bivariate correlations with fruit and vegetable intake ranged from .17 for asking skills to .29 for fruit and vegetable preferences. In analyses controlling for school-level clustering, only preferences and positive outcome expectations remained significantly associated with fruit and vegetable intake, accounting for approximately 10%-11% of the variance. Limitations in the conceptualization, scope, and measurement of the variables assessed may have contributed to the weak associations observed. Models incorporating factors other than individual-level social-cognitive variables may be required to more fully explain children's dietary behavior.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to ovarian cancer incidence: the Swedish Mammography Cohort.

We prospectively examined the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer and its subtypes in relation to baseline fruit and vegetable consumption in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, a population-based cohort study of 61 084 women aged 38-76 years in 1987-1990. During an average follow-up of 13.5 years, 266 incident cases of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer were diagnosed. After adjustment for potential confounders, we observed a statistically significant inverse association between consumption of vegetables and ovarian cancer risk (P-value for trend=0.01); the multivariate rate ratio (RR) for the comparison of three or more servings of vegetables per day with one or fewer servings per day was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38-0.97). For fruit consumption a modest, not statistically significant, positive association was found (P-value for trend=0.07); the multivariate RR for the highest compared with the lowest category of consumption being 1.37 (95% CI, 0.90-2.06). The associations with fruit and vegetable consumption did not vary by subtype of ovarian cancer. These findings suggest that high consumption of vegetables, but not of fruits, may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Dietary intake of vegetables and fruits among adults in five regions of Spain. EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the consumption of vegetables and fruits (V&F) in adults from five regions in Spain according to sex, age and educational level. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study within the members of the EPIC cohort in Spain. SETTING: Three regions of the north of Spain (Asturias, Guipúzcoa and Navarra) and two regions of the south of Spain (Granada and Murcia). SUBJECTS: 41448 healthy volunteers (15365 men, 25813 women), aged 29-69 y. INTERVENTIONS: Information on habitual diet during the previous year was collected by means of a computerised version of a diet history questionnaire. RESULTS: Among men, the mean daily consumption of vegetables and of fruits was 273.7 g (3.4 servings) and 348.3 g (4.4 servings) respectively. Among women, the corresponding vegetables and fruit intakes per day were 244.4g (3.1 servings) and 349.4g (4.4 servings). The total V&F intake tended to increase with age and educational level. Overall, 74% of subjects consumed 400 g/d (5 servings) of vegetables and fruit. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of vegetables and fruits in healthy adults in Spain is considerably higher than in most European countries and the United States; this complies with what is considered to be the Mediterranean diet. Despite some regional differences, there were no clearly differentiated patterns of V&F intake between southern and northern regions within Spain.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular risk profile: a diet controlled intervention study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of fruit and vegetables consumption on markers of risk for cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: Randomised, diet controlled, parallel study. SUBJECTS: Forty-eight apparently healthy (40--60 y) volunteers with a low usual consumption of fruit and vegetables. Forty-seven of them completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: During 4 weeks 24 volunteers consumed a standardised meal, consisting of 500 g/day fruit and vegetables and 200 ml/day fruit juice ('high' group) and 23 volunteers consumed 100 g/day fruit and vegetables ('low' group) with an energy and fat controlled diet. RESULTS: Final total cholesterol was 0.2 (95% CI -0.5--0.03) mmol/l lower in the high group than in the low group (P>0.05). Final fibrinogen and systolic blood pressure were 0.1 (-0.1--0.4) g/l and 2.8 (-2.6--8.1) mmHg higher in the high group than in the low group (P>0.05), respectively. Also, other final serum lipid concentrations, diastolic blood pressure and other haemostatic factors did not differ between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This was a small randomised well-controlled dietary intervention trial of short duration with a considerable contrast in fruit and vegetable consumption. No effects on serum lipids, blood pressure and haemostatic variables were observed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Validity and reproducibility of self-reported intake of fruit and vegetable among 6th graders.

OBJECTIVE: Reproducible and valid methods for measuring fruit and vegetable consumption among young school children are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to test the reproducibility and the validity of a newly developed questionnaire on the intake of fruit and vegetable among Norwegian 6th graders. The questionnaire consisted of a 24-h recall part and a food frequency part. DESIGN: A total of 114 pupils completed the questionnaire two times 14 days apart, and another 85 pupils completed the questionnaire and 7-day food diaries. SUBJECTS: Pupils of 6th grade with a mean age of 11.9 y. RESULTS: Spearman correlation coefficients between the frequency part of the questionnaire administered two times varied from 0.62 for fruit to 0.83 for potato, and no difference was seen between the average intakes from the two 24-h recalls. The 24-h recall part of the questionnaire gave higher estimates for the average intake of fruit and juice compared to the 7-day record, while no difference was observed for vegetable intake. Spearman correlation coefficients between the frequency part and the records varied from 0.21 for fruit and potato to 0.32 for the total intake of fruit and vegetable. CONCLUSION: Both the 24-h recall and the frequency part gave a consistent response on separate occasions over the test-retest study period. The 6th graders were capable of recording yesterday's intake of vegetable, but overestimated the intake of fruit and juice. The ability to rank subjects based on the frequency part was rather low.

Child↗