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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by bronchopulmonary washings: role of bacteria.

The synergistic effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on the incidence of upper respiratory cancer may be linked to their common ability to produce acetaldehyde, an irritant and potential mutagen. Since alcohol consumption in most individuals results in very low concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood, we determined whether bronchopulmonary cellular components are capable of oxidizing ethanol to acetaldehyde. We found that significant production of acetaldehyde occurred in vitro after incubation of human bronchopulmonary washings with 25 mM ethanol. Acetaldehyde production was increased in active smokers and related to microorganisms in the bronchopulmonary tract. It was abolished by preincubation of the washings with antibiotics and was reproduced in vitro with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Normal pulmonary cells in bronchopulmonary washings did not produce acetaldehyde from ethanol.

Acetaldehyde↗

PubMed1995

The importance of surface charge and hydrophobicity for the flocculation of chain-forming brewing yeast strains and resistance of these parameters to acid washing.

The cell surface charge and hydrophobicity of the brewing yeast cell surface influences flocculation. Physiological stress, such as starvation, affects the capacity of some strains to flocculate due to the reorganisation of the cell wall and the modification of the surface physical properties. On completion of a brewery fermentation, yeast is removed from the beer, stored and inoculated (repitched) into a subsequent fermentation. Prior to repitching, brewing yeast slurries may be acid washed to remove any contaminating bacteria. This treatment has been shown to cause yeast cell surface "blistering". Acid washing treatment was used to examine the susceptibility of the physical properties of two chain-forming brewing yeast strains to stress. Although acid-washing affected the cell surface charge and hydrophobicity in both strains, the flocculation response was strain dependant. It is suggested that surface charge and the non-separation of progeny from mother cells rather than hydrophobicity influences the flocculation of chain-forming brewing yeast.

Acids↗

PubMed1985

Possible adverse reactions to an enzyme-containing washing powder.

Following the launch of an enzyme (alcalase) containing washing powder, the manufacturers received numerous complaints from domestic users suggesting that it was responsible either for the precipitation of a rash or the exacerbation of a pre-existing rash. The 255 individuals living in London postal districts who complained to the manufacturers were contacted: 80 of them agreed to be investigated by patch and prick testing, and to a user test involving the double blind wearing of vests washed with the product. The results failed to substantiate that the enzyme containing washing powder was responsible for any dermatological problem.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Computer-mediated instructional video: a randomised controlled trial comparing a sequential and a segmented instructional video in surgical hand wash.

BACKGROUND: Video-based instructions for clinical procedures have been used frequently during the preceding decades. AIM: To investigate in a randomised controlled trial the learning effectiveness of fragmented videos vs. the complete sequential video and to analyse the attitudes of the user towards video as a learning aid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An instructional video on surgical hand wash was produced. The video was available in two different forms in two separate web pages: one as a sequential video and one fragmented into eight short clips. Twenty-eight dental students in the second semester were randomised into an experimental (n = 15) and a control group (n = 13). The experimental group used the fragmented form of the video and the control group watched the complete one. The use of the videos was logged and the students were video taped whilst undertaking a test hand wash. The videos were analysed systematically and blindly by two independent clinicians. The students also performed a written test concerning learning outcome from the videos as well as they answered an attitude questionnaire. RESULTS: The students in the experimental group watched the video significantly longer than the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to the ratings and scores when performing the hand wash. The experimental group had significantly better results in the written test compared with those of the control group. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to attitudes towards the use of video for learning, as measured by the Visual Analogue Scales. Most students in both groups expressed satisfaction with the use of video for learning. CONCLUSION: The students demonstrated positive attitudes and acceptable learning outcome from viewing CAL videos as a part of their pre-clinical training. Videos that are part of computer-based learning settings would ideally be presented to the students both as a segmented and as a whole video to give the students the option to choose the form of video which suits the individual student's learning style.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1994

Reduced number of Langerhans cells in oral mucosal washings from HIV-1 seropositives.

In order to elucidate mucosal immunity in HIV-1 seropositive individuals, we investigated oral mucosa washings from 20 HIV-1 seropositive patients for the presence of Langerhans cells (LC) and HIV-1 antigen-positive cells, and compared the results with those obtained from 20 HIV-1 seronegative healthy individuals. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD1a, HLA-DR, CD3, and p24 were used to identify LC, T cells and HIV-1 core-antigens, respectively. In oral mucosa washings from HIV-1 seropositive patients there was a significant reduction in the number of CD1a+ cells as compared with the healthy subjects. HIV-1 antigen-positive cells were not detected. The reduction of LC in oral mucosa washings from HIV-1 seropositive patients is probably associated with HIV-1 infection. The frequent occurrence of oral mucosal disorders in HIV-1 infected patients may in part be caused by a reduced LC-number and/or function.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1992

Exogenous GTP increases cyclic GMP and inhibits thrombin-induced aggregation of washed human platelets: comparison with ATP, adenosine and guanosine.

The effects of exogenous guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), guanosine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine on platelet aggregation, serotonin secretion and cyclic nucleotide accumulation were studied using thrombin-stimulated washed human platelets. GTP (10 microM-1 mM) dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation and serotonin secretion. The inhibition of aggregation was accompanied by an increase in platelet cyclic GMP. GTP did not affect cyclic AMP concentration. Adenosine (1 microM-1 mM) dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation and serotonin secretion, and increased cyclic AMP. ATP at high concentrations (100 microM-1 mM) inhibited aggregation and serotonin secretion, and 1 mM ATP increased cyclic AMP. Guanosine was relatively ineffective in preventing aggregation and serotonin secretion and did not affect cyclic GMP. The rank order of inhibition of thrombin-induced aggregation of washed human platelets was adenosine > GTP > ATP > guanosine. In conclusion, exogenous GTP inhibits thrombin-induced aggregation and serotonin secretion of washed human platelets by increasing cyclic GMP. The results raise the possibility of a cell membrane site of action for GTP in platelets which mediates the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase suggesting that GTP may have a local antithrombotic effect also in vivo.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1980

Semiquantitative cytologic analysis of fluid washed through the lacrimal passage.

A quantitative cytologic analysis of the sediment of 5 ml of saline (0.9%) washed through the lacrimal drainage system of 25 normal and 84 diseased eyes revealed that the cytological picture reflects the conditions in the lacrimal passages and not in the conjunctiva. Neutrophilia was seen to become increasingly frequent with slowing down of the flow through the lacrimal passage, estimated on the basis of dye dilution in the lacrimal river and dye dilution in the fluid washed through the lacrimal drainage system, and also by the spontaneous passing of the dye to the nasopharynx. Neutrophilia was present in no more than 8% of normal eyes, as against 69% of eyes with epiphora, 83% with infectious conjunctivitis, 40% with conjunctivitis sicca, and 50% with chronic simple conjunctivitis. Neither lymphocytosis nor eosinophilia was seen in any normal eyes. Erythrocytes were admixed artificially by washing through and probing. Granules were absent in normal eyes, but present in 5% of the diseased eyes, while hairs were found in 4 and 14%, respectively, and the fungus Alternaria in 4 and 1%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Bold fusion: transtracheal wash from a Jersey calf.

A 10-week-old, female, Jersey calf was referred to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center for evaluation of difficult breathing and inappetence of 18-hours duration. Cytologic examination of a transtracheal wash specimen revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation, with increased numbers of multinucleated cells. Differential diagnoses included established bacterial infection, viral infection, fungal infection, and foreign body reaction. Immunocytochemical staining was done on a direct smear of the transtracheal wash using a cocktail of 4 mouse monoclonal antibodies against 3 human respiratory syncytial virus proteins. Strong intracytoplasmic staining within mononuclear cells was observed and a diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection was made. Immunocytochemistry may be used as a rapid, inexpensive, adjunctive diagnostic tool for the antemortem diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on transtracheal wash specimens.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Transtracheal wash from a puppy with respiratory disease.

A 4-month-old, intact male Boxer puppy was presented to the Animal Emergency and Critical Care Services of South Florida because of nasal discharge, dehydration, dyspnea, and coughing. The dog had been diagnosed with intestinal parasites and kennel cough approximately 10 days before presentation. Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs of the thorax revealed an increased bronchointerstitial pattern throughout the lungs. A transtracheal wash was performed. On cytologic examination of direct, Wright-Giemsa-stained smears, small basophilic coccoid structures (0.3-0.9 microm in diameter) were observed in low to moderate numbers within neutrophils and adherent to epithelial cells. The small size of the organisms raised suspicion for Mycoplasma. Culture of the transtracheal wash fluid resulted in growth of a Mycoplasma sp. The patient was treated with enrofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and made a full recovery. Recognizing Mycoplasma in transtracheal washes could aid in recommending the appropriate culture media or immunologic techniques, which could result in an accurate diagnosis of mycoplasmosis.

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination↗

PubMed1988

Opsonins in uterine washings influencing in vitro activity of equine neutrophils.

Uterine washings were found to promote neutrophil mediated killing of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Depletion of complement and/or specific antibody from the washings significantly reduced bactericidal activity. Phagocytosis of yeast by uterine washings was complement dependent. Inhibition of the classical pathway significantly reduced opsonic activity indicating that, in addition to direct activation via the alternate pathway, antibody may also be involved in yeast phagocytosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Bacterial contamination of hair washing liquids].

To determine the extent of contamination by bacteria of hair-washing shampoo and rinse used professionally at barber shops and hair-dressing saloons, quantitative isolation of bacteria were performed by using a total of 39 samples of shampoo and rinse fluid obtained from 17 facilities. It was found that a maximal number of 1 x 10(7)/ml colony forming units/ml of bacteria were isolated from 60.7% (17 out of 28 samples) of the shampoo and 45.5% (5 out of 11) of the rinse. Gram-negative bacilli were the predominant strains (87.9%) involved in bacterial contamination and the major isolates were Serratia marcescens (43.3%, most frequently isolated), Pseudomonas cepacia, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, all which are widely recognized as nosocomial-infection causing pathogens. These results indicate hair-washing liquids for professional use are contaminated with a great number of gram-negative bacteria, being possible causes of nosocomial infections, and much attention should be paid to the sanitation and cleanliness of the shampoo and rinse for hair-washing.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1969

Bacterial infection of washed and unwashed eggs with reference to salmonellae.

A survey of eggs in the Fraser Valley area of British Columbia was conducted to determine the level of bacterial contamination on washed and unwashed shell eggs and the incidence of Salmonella infection in shell eggs. Samples of eggs were taken from 15 grading stations. Determinations of eggs from 87 shipments showed that a higher proportion of eggs was heavily contaminated (>5-million organisms per egg) after washing than as received at the grading stations. This finding suggests the need for the development of more satisfactory washing procedures. No salmonellae were detected in the 180 samples (3,995 eggs) which were examined. It was concluded that Salmonella contamination of intact shell eggs does not constitute a serious health hazard in eggs from this area.

Eggs↗

PubMed1978

Factors affecting the aggregation of Actinomyces naeslundii during growth and in washed cell suspensions.

Various factors affecting the aggregation of Actinomyces naeslundii strain 12104 were studied. When the pH of glucose-supplemented growth medium fell below 5.5, the cells aggregated and formed microbial masses which tenaciously adhered to the culture vessels. When the organism was cultured in the same medium in the absence of glucose, maximum growth was reduced and the final culture pH values remained above 6.5, but the cells were more dispersed and nonadherent. Adjusting the final pH of these cultures to below 5.5 with HCl caused the cells to aggregate. Cells from unsupplemented cultures with final pH values of 6.7 were washed by centrifugation, dispersed by vigorous shaking, and suspended in buffer at pH values ranging from 4.5 to 8.0. Aggregation (expressed as the percent reduction of optical density at 520 nm after incubation at 37 degrees C) occurred rapidly at pH values below 6.0 but did not readily occur at higher pH values. Aggregation of strain 12104 in washed cell suspensions was induced by low pH and influenced by cell concentration and ionic strength of the environment. Low pH values also induced aggregation in washed cell suspensions of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Actinomyces viscosus.

Actinomyces↗

PubMed1986

Comparison of washed nasopharyngeal cells and whole nasal secretions for detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

We compared washed nasal epithelial cells with unfractionated nasal secretions as sources of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigens in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of 28 infants positive for RSV by virus isolation or direct immunofluorescence or both, 27 (96%) were positive by ELISA with whole nasal secretions, whereas only 19 (68%) were positive by ELISA with the matching washed-cell fractions. Furthermore, the ELISA absorbances obtained with nasal secretions were significantly greater than those seen with washed-cell fractions, indicating that whole nasal secretions contain relatively greater amounts of RSV antigens as measured by ELISA.

Antigens, Viral↗

PubMed1986

Serum and nasal-wash immunoglobulin G and A antibody response of infants and children to respiratory syncytial virus F and G glycoproteins following primary infection.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with immunoaffinity-purified fusion (F) or attachment (G) glycoprotein was used to measure the serum and secretory immune responses of 18 infants and children, 4 to 21 months of age, who underwent primary infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Most of the 10 older individuals (9 to 21 months of age) developed moderate levels of serum and nasal-wash immunoglobin A (IgA) and IgG F and G antibodies. These individuals developed a moderate level of serum or nasal-wash antibodies that neutralized virus infectivity. One of the eight younger individuals (4 to 8 months of age) failed to develop an F antibody response, while three failed to develop a G antibody response. The most notable difference in the responses of the two age groups involved the titer in convalescent sera of G, F, and neutralizing antibodies which were 8- to 10-fold lower in younger individuals. Most of the younger infants failed to develop a rise in serum or nasal-wash neutralizing antibody. It is possible that the presence of maternally derived antibody in the younger infants suppressed the immune response to RSV infection, and that this accounted, in part, for the low level of postinfection antibody titer in this group. This low level and the irregular response of the infants less than 8 months of age may contribute to the severity of their initial infection and may also be responsible, in part, for their failure to develop effective resistance to subsequent reinfection by RSV.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of a new neuraminidase detection assay with an enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence, and culture for rapid detection of influenza A and B viruses in nasal wash specimens.

The performance of a new, rapid, easy-to-perform assay based on neuraminidase enzyme activity for detection of influenza virus types A and B was compared to detection by culture, indirect immunofluorescence, and enzyme immunoassay in 479 nasal wash specimens from children with respiratory infections. Compared to isolation of influenza virus by culture, the neuraminidase assay had a sensitivity of 70.1%, specificity of 92.4%, positive predictive value of 76.3%, and negative predictive value of 89.9%. There was a higher sensitivity for the detection of influenza A virus (76.4%) than for influenza B virus (40.9%). Indirect immunofluorescence showed a sensitivity of 59.8% and specificity of 97% compared to culture isolation for detection of influenza A and B viruses. Enzyme immunoassay showed a sensitivity of 89.7% and specificity of 98.1% for the detection of influenza A alone. The quality of the nasal wash specimen had a significant effect on the detection of influenza virus by all of the assays. A strong response of the neuraminidase assay was more likely to represent a culture-confirmed influenza infection. This new rapid neuraminidase assay was useful for the detection of influenza A and B viruses in nasal wash specimens.

Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect↗

PubMed2005

Detection of BRAF mutations in colorectal tumours and peritoneal washings using a mismatch ligation assay.

AIMS: To detect cells bearing BRAF mutations in colorectal tumour samples and peritoneal washings, using a mismatch ligation assay (MLA). METHODS: DNA from 46 colorectal tumours was studied. Part of exon 15 of the BRAF gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, and T-->A mutations at codon 600 were detected using MLA. When a mutation was detected, the same mutation was sought in peritoneal washings from that patient. RESULTS: BRAF mutations were detected in five of the 45 analysable tumour samples. In four cases, this result was confirmed by sequencing analysis. More tumours with BRAF mutations were Dukes' stage C or D rather than A or B (p < 0.02). Dilution experiments revealed that one mutant cell could be detected in 1000 normal cells. Cells with the same BRAF mutation were present in the peritoneal washing taken at the start of the operation in four of the five patients. CONCLUSIONS: MLA is a suitable technique for the detection of BRAF mutations, and allows the detection of small numbers of isolated tumour cells shed from the primary tumour.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Detection of exfoliated carcinoma cells in colonic luminal washings by identification of deranged patterns of expression of the CD44 gene.

AIMS: To investigate whether colonic cancer cells exfoliated into the lumen of the organ can be detected by identification of their abnormal CD44 gene products. METHODS: Exfoliated cells were obtained by centrifugation of saline wash-outs of 27 surgically resected colon specimens obtained from 15 patients with carcinoma, seven with ulcerative colitis and five with Crohn's disease. After extracting cellular mRNA, amplification by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique and analysis by Southern blot hybridisation was carried out to examine the levels and patterns of transcription of exons 11(v6), and 12(v7) and intron 9 of the CD44 gene. The transcription of these CD44 components was also examined by RT-PCR of snap-frozen solid tissue specimens from 11 of the above patients with colorectal carcinoma, seven with ulcerative colitis and five with Crohn's disease. RESULTS: Abnormal expression of exons 11(v6) and 12(v7) was detected in exfoliated cells from 11 (73%) of 15 patients with carcinoma, but not in any patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The retention of intron 9 in CD44 mRNA transcripts was detected in washings from four (27%) carcinoma specimens but not in washings from non-malignant specimens. It was confirmed that in solid tissue samples from the same carcinomas there was abnormal over-expression of numerous alternatively spliced CD44 species containing transcripts of exons 11 and 12 and retention of intron 9. Low level expression of these exons was detected in tissue from inflammatory lesions from five of seven patients with ulcerative colitis and four of five with Crohn's disease. The retention of intron 9 was not seen in normal mucosa nor IBD. CONCLUSION: Abnormal expression of the variant exons and of intron 9 of the CD44 gene in tumour cells exfoliated into the colonic lumen may be helpful markers for the early, non-invasive, diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Aged↗