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Results for “computational morphology”

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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

[Computerized three-dimensional reconstruction and morphologic measurement of adult acetabulum bone structure].

OBJECTIVE: To set up three-dimensional reconstruction of acetabulum bone structure from CT scanned image in computer with software of CAD and study quantitatively the morphologic features of the acetabulum. METHODS: Through the process of CT scanning, and edge recording of the CT image, we made use of CAD software and Unigraphics software to reconstruct the 40 normal acetabulum bones for the radius of acetabulum (R), minimum thickness of medial wall of acetabulum (L), depth of Harris fossa (D) and maximum opening rim width in cross-sectional plane (W). RESULTS: The average R was 30.48 +/- 2.05 mm. The average L was 2.35 +/- 1.13 mm. The average D was 5.71 +/- 1.21 mm. The average W was 63.06 +/- 2.05 mm. There was a linear relationship between the R and the W, but no correlation between the R, the L and the D. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significance linear relationship between the R and the W in normal adult acetabulum. However no correlation between the R, the L and the D.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed2003

Differentiation of etiology of nodular changes in high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in interstitial lung diseases.

High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) enables imaging of morphological changes invisible on plain chest radiograms or conventional CT. This is related to thin collimations of the scans and sharp (bone) algorithm of image reconstruction. In HRCT the lung interstitium may be evaluated at the level of the smallest functional unit, namely pulmonary lobule. Nodular changes are among the most frequent morphological changes in interstitial lung diseases. The aim of the study is evaluation of frequency and character of nodular changes in HRCT in interstitial lung diseases. HRCT enables imaging of nodular changes in miliary tuberculosis, before they are visible on radiograms. Perilymphatic nodules are typical in sarcoidosis, lymphangitic spread of carcinoma and pneumoconiosis. In sarcoidosis nodules predominate along the peribronchovascular cuffs and in subpleural regions, in lymphangitic spread of carcinoma they are septal and peribronchovascular. In pneumoconiosis nodules are centrilobular and subpleural. The assessment of character and localization of nodules in interstitial lung disease is not sufficient in reliable differentiation, but may be helpful in differential diagnosis in association in other HRCT findings.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Studies on the development of fetus scapula].

Extract and measure the scapular every part from the fetus that was carried into Saga medical college, the data was processed statistically. Also, the morphological characteristic of scapula of the fetus was clarified by image processing that a computer is used. The result was as follows. A scapular morphological length and also height become big in proportion to the height of fetus. Index of height-length of a fetus was big compared with adult, this trend is remarkable especially in a early stage of development of a fetus. Spinal axis angle of a fetus was also bigger than that of adult and it remarkable differ from an anthropoid very small ane. In general, the scapular shape of a fetus was short length with wide-spreading side and this form resembles to scapula of Jomon period people. The width of cartilage part tend to decrease as ossification progress fast width-wise with growth. However, area of cartilage part tend to become big, because the growth of a cartilage part is going fast lengthwise.

Female↗

PubMed1994

Electrotonic architecture of cat gamma motoneurons.

1. Experimental measures of input resistance, RN, and responses to brief hyperpolarizing current pulses were obtained in identified gamma-motoneurons in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats using conventional sharp micropipettes. The same cells were subsequently injected with horseradish peroxidase and completely reconstructed. In two cells, the electrophysiological and morphological data were of sufficient quality to permit estimation of specific membrane resistance, Rm, using biologically plausible ranges of specific cytoplasmic resistance, Ri, and membrane capacitance, Cm. 2. A combination of steady-state and dynamic computer models were employed to reconcile cell morphology with RN and the trajectories of the voltage decay following brief current pulses delivered to the soma. Simulated transient responses matched the tails of the observed transient when generated with the same current injections used experimentally. With Cm < or = 1.0 microF cm-2, the most satisfactory fits were obtained when the values of Rm assigned to the soma, Rms, were much smaller than the spatially uniform value assigned to the dendrites, Rmd and Ri = 60-70 omega cm. With Cm = 1.0 microF cm-2, Rms ranged from 260 to 427 omega cm2, whereas Rmd was approximately 33 K omega cm2. With Cm = 0.8 microF cm-2, Rms ranged from 235 to 357 omega cm2 and Rmd was between 62 and 68 K omega cm2. When Rm was constrained to be spatially uniform (i.e., Rm = Rms), implausibly high values of Cm (2.5-5.0 microF cm-2; Ri = 70 omega cm) were required to match the observed tail time constant, tau o,peel, but the simulated transients did not otherwise match those obtained experimentally. 3. With best fit values of Rms and Rmd, both gamma-motoneurons were electronically relatively compact (80% of total membrane area within 0.85 length constants from the soma). However, the calculated average steady-state inward attenuation factor (AFin) for voltages generated at any point within the dendrites increased rapidly with distance from the soma, reaching levels of < or = 90 and < or = 45 for the proximal 80% of membrane area for the respective motoneurons in the presence of a somatic shunt (Rms << Rmd). If we assume that the somatic shunt is an artifact of sharp micropipette penetration (i.e., that Rms = Rmd for uninjured cells), then AFin decreased to < or = 20 and < or = 15, respectively, for the proximal 80% of cell membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2002

3D-DIASemb: a computer-assisted system for reconstructing and motion analyzing in 4D every cell and nucleus in a developing embryo.

A computer-assisted three-dimensional (3D) system, 3D-DIASemb, has been developed that allows reconstruction and motion analysis of cells and nuclei in a developing embryo. In the system, 75 optical sections through a live embryo are collected in the z axis by using differential interference contrast microscopy. Optical sections for one reconstruction are collected in a 2.5-s period, and this process is repeated every 5 s. The outer perimeter and nuclear perimeter of each cell in the embryo are outlined in each optical section, converted into beta-spline models, and then used to construct 3D faceted images of the surface and nucleus of every cell in the developing embryo. Because all individual components of the embryo (i.e., each cell surface and each nuclear surface) are individually reconstructed, 3D-DIASemb allows isolation and analysis of (1) all or select nuclei in the absence of cell surfaces, (2) any single cell lineage, and (3) any single nuclear lineage through embryogenesis. Because all reconstructions represent mathematical models, 3D-DIASemb computes over 100 motility and dynamic morphology parameters for every cell, nucleus, or group of cells in the developing embryo at time intervals as short as 5 s. Finally, 3D-DIASemb reconstructs and motion analyzes cytoplasmic flow through the generation and analysis of "vector flow plots." To demonstrate the unique capabilities of this new technology, a Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is reconstructed and motion analyzed through the 28-cell stage. Although 3D-DIASemb was developed by using the C. elegans embryo as the experimental model, it can be applied to other embryonic systems. 3D-DIASemb therefore provides a new method for reconstructing and motion analyzing in 4D every cell and nucleus in a live, developing embryo, and should provide a powerful tool for assessing the effects of drugs, environmental perturbations, and mutations on the cellular and nuclear dynamics accompanying embryogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Traumatic brain stem lesions in children.

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on admission may be predictors of outcome in patients with brain injuries. This study correlated the outcomes of children with traumatic brain stem lesions with their initial GCS scores and morphological patterns of injury as shown on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. During the last 16 years, we have treated 1,108 children with brain injuries. The entire series included only 21 (1.9%) children who had clinical signs of brain stem lesions with morphological correlates on CT or MR imaging. Clinical findings were assessed according to the GCS and compared with scores on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Of these 21 children, 16 (76%) had morphological lesions seen on CT scans. In 5 (24%) of the children only the MR images revealed brain stem lesions and their CT scans were negative. Generalized severe brain swelling was present in 6 cases (28%). There was a significant difference in GOS scores between patients with initial GCS scores of 3 and 4 and those with GCS scores between 5 and 7 (P < 0.02). Children with intracranial pressure higher than 40 mmHg had poorer outcomes than patients whose intracranial pressure was lower, but the differences were not significant. Outcome did not correlate significantly with morphological patterns of injury or the presence of extracranial injuries. The GCS is a reliable indicator of severity of injury and of outcome in children with brain stem injuries. MR imaging was more sensitive than CT in detecting brain stem lesions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Stereographic reconstruction of human brain CT series.

A relatively simple method for the three-dimensional reconstruction of brain contours from a series of CT scans is presented. A procedure is described for storing the structural information obtained from the CT series and for organizing and displaying the data. Furthermore, it is shown how additional features such as standardized artery information taken from an atlas can be superimposed on the spatially reconstructed brain model. It is proposed that three-dimensional representations in the form of computed stereo pairs are quite suitable for morphological documentation of specific neuropsychological issues, such as the localization of aphasic syndromes.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1979

[C.T. scan appearances of acute necrotizing herpes encephalitis (7 cases). Preliminary therapeutic results after isoprinosine (author's transl)].

Seven cases of confirmed or probable acute necrotizing herpes encephalitis (ANE) were studied using computer tomography during the various acute or chronic stages of the disease. They were bilateral, or in some rare patients, asymmetrical pseudofocal cases of ANE. Computer tomography appearances are described from the morphological and topographical point of view, before and after intravenous injection of a contrast medium. Analogous data reported in the published literature is used to describe the findings and to emphasize the problem of differential diagnosis. Computer tomography appears to be an essential examination for establishing the diagnosis and prognosis in herpes encephalitis, but it must be correlated with the results of an electro-encephalogram, and biological and immunological tests of the cerebrospinal fluid. It can also be of value for choosing the optimal site for urgent cerebral biopsy with immunofluorescence. Treatment must be given very early, whether Ara A antiviral DNA or Isoprinosine (Inosiplex) which stimulates cellular immunity, as soon after diagnosis has been established as possible. The authors chose the latter medication for 6 of the 7 cases reported, as well as in 12 other cases of acute primary viral encephalitis, and 3 cases of subacute sclerozing panencephalitis, and obtained very positive results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Comparative analysis of human and porcine neurocysticercosis by computed tomography.

Human and porcine cases of neurocysticerosis were compared by computed tomography in regard to the morphological characteristics of the parasites and the impact of the infection on the brain. In pigs and young people many parasites were usually found, but this was seldom the case in adult humans. These parasites were small and located mainly in the parenchyma and the subarachnoid space; no calcified cysticerci were found. In contrast, in adult humans cysticerci were heterogeneous in appearance and distribution. The brain of the pigs showed no evidence of inflammatory reaction while young people had oedema, enhancement and hydrocephalus; in contrast, adults showed diverse tomographic characteristics of brain response. Thus, the disease has at least 2 different forms. It may be mild with short development and parasites of similar appearance, as occurs in young hosts. In contrast, a long lasting disease occurs in adults, with diverse tomographic, neurological and parasitological features.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Application of glass-crystalline granules of biosit-elcor for reducing the size of trepanation cavity in middle ear surgery].

The authors describe experience in application of bioglass preparations (biosit-elcor) for partial obliteration of mastoid cavities in open operations on the middle ear in 17 patients. Long-term results were studied with otomicroscopy and computed tomography of the temporal bones. A good morphological result of the operation (complete epithelization of the wound surface, no discharge from the ear) was achieved in all the patients. Computed tomography showed step-by-step osteointegration of the implant.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Three-dimensional anatomy of the hip in osteoarthritis after developmental dysplasia.

Using radiography and computer tomography (CT) we studied the morphology of 83 hips in 69 Caucasian adults with osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). A previously published series of 310 hips with primary osteoarthritis was used as a control group. According to the Crowe classification, 33 of the dysplastic hips were graded as class I, 27 as class II and 23 as class III or class IV. The intramedullary femoral canal had reduced mediolateral and anteroposterior dimensions in all groups compared with the control group. Only in Crowe class II hips was the femoral neck-shaft angle increased. The proximal femur had more anteversion in all the developmental dysplasia of the hip groups, ranging from 2 degrees to 80 degrees. Templated measurement of acetabular dimensions for plain radiography closely matched measurements taken by CT. The results of our study confirm the observations previously confined to the Japanese population.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed1994

Computed tomographic findings after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

Selective necrosis and degeneration of the globus pallidus are characteristic autopsy findings in patients with severe carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. The objective of this study was to show that computed tomography (CT) may demonstrate these morphological changes in the brain during life, and provide a clue to prognosis. The authors reviewed the medical records of 19 consecutive patients with acute CO poisoning who underwent CT examination during hospitalization. Abnormal CT findings were found in 10 of the 19 patients (53%). The most common abnormal findings were low-density areas in the basal ganglia. These lesions were found in 7 of the 10 cases, and varied from small (limited to the globus pallidus) to large (extending to the internal capsule). Of the 10 patients with abnormal CT scans, 9 survived to hospital discharge but all had some degree of functional neurological impairment. Eighty-nine percent (8 of 9) of the patients with normal CT scans were discharged neurologically intact. Awareness of the potential for basal ganglia lesions in CO poisoning should lead to more accurate CT interpretation and may have significant prognostic implications.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

A program for analyzing the morphological organization of tessellated cellular mosaics.

We have constructed a computer program that allows sequential sets of data from tessellated cellular mosaics to be evaluated such that the presence and position of abnormal cells in the mosaic can be easily, quickly, and quantitatively identified. Conventional parametric analysis of the global morphological organization of large tessellated cellular mosaics does not provide the necessary granularity of analysis to allow for rapid identification of such atypical cellular structures. Our program, written in C using structured programming techniques, provides the needed analytical granularity for detailed studies of subsections of large cellular mosaics, while also providing conventional statistical evaluation of the data set. The architecture of the program is modular and designed as a set of procedures and subprocessess that can either analyze the entire mosaic or discrete sets of cells within the larger sample. The types of morphological heterogeneity (or dishomogeneity) that the program can investigate occur in a variety of biological mosaics where there is a continuum of the structural features, including fairly regular linear stacked arrays of cells or tissue partitions, to less regular mosaics of epithelial or endothelial cell layers, to heterogeneous patterns found on tissue surfaces, such as fluorescein dye-highlighted features on the human conjunctiva. The program has been used to successfully evaluate several different types of mosaics.

Body Patterning↗

PubMed1991

[X-ray computed tomographic study of the ethmoid and middle meatus. II. Radio-anatomy (axial incidence) and morphological variations].

Chronic rhinosinusitis endoscopic surgery needs an accurate evaluation of diseases and paranasal sinus anatomic variations. High resolution CT by thin section (2 mm) allow this pre-operative assessment. An anatomical study of the ethmoid air cell system is always possible in axial plane. The bidimensional CT exploration (axial and coronal plane) displays the anatomic variations of ostiomeatal unit, that have been reported to predispose sinusitis. They are nasal septal deviation, pneumatization and paradoxical curvature of the middle turbinate, pneumatization of unciform process, Haller's cells, prominent agger nasi cell and ethmoid bulla. The endoscopic endonasal surgery landmarks, the individual morphologic variations, the topographic relations to the orbit and to the brain are also well shown by CT.

Ethmoid Bone↗

PubMed2003

[Morphological, morphometrical, and immunophenotypic characteristics of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphosarcoma].

AIM: To define histological, cytological, computer-morphometric and immunophenotypical features of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphosarcoma. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study enrolled 43 patients with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphosarcoma (PMBCL) treated in Hematological Research Center from 1994 to 2002. The examination included morphological and immunophenotypical tests, computer morphometry of the cells by histological sections. RESULTS: PMBCL is represented by a composite population of cells of a giant, large and small size (nuclear areas 76.24 +/- 19.99, 37.77 +/- 8.0 and 17.12 +/- 4.34 mcm2. Three types were identified: giant-cell, large-cell and small-cell. A giant-cell type is represented by large and giant cells comprising, on the average, 44 and 31% of overall number of lymphoid cells. A large-cell type is primarily represented by large lymphoid cells (62% of the lymphoid population). Small-size type is represented by small cells (72% of cells). Frequent histological signs are diffuse sclerosis and focal necrosis. Tumor cells have B-cell nature. In the giant and large cell type more than 70% cells express PCNA, in the small cell type--less than 30%. Expression of activation marker CD30 is observed in 18% cases in the giant and large cell types. CONCLUSION: PMBCL is a morphologically heterogenous disease represented by combination of giant, large and small cells with immunophenotypically B-cell nature characterized in a giant cell and large cell type by prominent but in a small cell and large cell type by insignificant proliferative activity. CD30 expression is observed only in giant cell and large cell types.

Cytological Techniques↗

PubMed2003

Diagnosis of emphysema and air-trapping in high resolution computed tomography.

Conventional computed tomography has several limitations, connected with long scanning time, and using 1cm thick collimation. Improvement in quality of images of lung parenchyma led to the development of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). It optimizes the morphological images of the lung parenchyma at the level of the lung lobule, becoming the modality of choice in evaluating the lung interstitium. The aim of the study was assessment of the usefulness of HRCT in diagnosis of emphysema, determining its character and presence of air-trapping. The emphysema and air-trapping are interstitial changes, causing inhomogeneous lung density on HRCT sections. Emphysema is usually a permanent destruction of lung parenchyma, while in the case of air-trapping the pathology may be potentially reversible. HRCT is considered to be the most accurate diagnostic modality in emphysema. The focal areas of low attenuation are clearly seen among the areas of normal lung parenchyma of higher density, provided sufficiently low window level is established (-600 to -800 H.U.). The HRCT sections statistically significantly increased the frequency of diagnosis of emphysema on inspiratory sections, and air-trapping on expiratory scans. In revealing of air-trapping HRCT is diagnostic modality of choice. The expiratory sections reveal presence of air-trapping invisible on expiratory scans. The HRCT section enables differentiation of different kinds of emphysema that were invisible on plain radiograms, sensitivity of which in revealing small emphysematous changes is very poor. HRCT makes it possible to quantify emphysematous changes, the degree of parenchymal destruction, secondary functional disorders. It is more sensitive and specific in determining the type and extension of emphysema.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Computerized geometric evaluation of angio- and echocardiographic images.

Since the first comprehensive computerized videometric systems for quantitative assessment of the dynamic morphology and function of the heart have been developed, angiocardiographic image generation and computer aided evaluation have improved considerably. As a second method for morphological imaging echocardiography is also established in cardiology, so that videometry branched off into angio- and echocardiometry. In this paper, the common aspects of both methods are discussed concerning manual outlining and computerized contour representation, additional storage of anatomical landmarks labelled by digits and letters, and list-directed automated evaluation of data. It allows standard graphical documentations including comparisons of global volumetric and functional results for individual patients as well as versatile research orientated evaluations of oblique semi-axes, sectorial areas, wall thicknesses, shape parameters, spatial orientation and derived global and regional functional parameters for patient groups. As an example wall thickness measured from echographic long and short axis views and from angiographic projections are compared.

Angiocardiography↗

PubMed2005

Whole-body PET/CT: spectrum of physiological variants, artifacts and interpretative pitfalls in cancer patients.

Accurate diagnosis and staging in oncology is essential in the evaluation of cancer for optimal patient outcome. Conventional imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), rely basically on morphological changes for tumour detection. Clinical experience, however, shows that morphological criteria may be misleading and may not always allow differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Positron emission tomography (PET) with [F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is rapidly gaining a critical role in the clinical evaluation of patients with cancer. However, PET lacks anatomical landmarks for topographic orientation, and identification of abnormal glucose metabolic activity in regions close to organs with variable physiological FDG uptake can be difficult. To overcome these difficulties, a combined PET/CT scanner that acquires both functional (PET) and CT images has been recently developed. Proper interpretation of PET (and PET/CT) images requires a thorough understanding of the normal physiological distribution of FDG in the body, along with a knowledge of frequently encountered physiological variations in FDG distribution, and recognition of non-malignant causes of FDG uptake that can be confused with a malignant neoplasm. In addition, because of the utilization of the CT transmission information for the correction of the attenuation of the PET emission data (and for the reconstruction of the PET images), some artifacts may be generated. As a consequence, CT based attenuation correction of PET images may result in erroneous PET/CT interpretations. The aim of this extensively illustrated paper is to demonstrate several potential pitfalls encountered during the interpretation of PET/CT images so that radiologists can avoid false positive diagnoses and recognize inherently non-specific findings on PET/CT images obtained for oncological diagnosis.

Artifacts↗