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PubMed2004

Voxel based morphometry reveals a distinct pattern of frontal atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy.

BACKGROUND: Frontal lobe atrophy is a well known neuropathological feature of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), accompanied by characteristic neuropsychological deficits. OBJECTIVE: To determine subregional frontal lobe atrophy patterns in patients with PSP using voxel based morphometry (VBM). METHODS: VBM is an observer unbiased volumetry which allows the investigation of the entire brain. An optimised protocol for normalisation, segmentation, and correction for volume changes in preprocessing was used. Grey matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) partitions in 12 patients with probable PSP were compared with 12 healthy controls matched for age and sex. RESULTS: In PSP patients, the following cortical areas were decreased in volume (p(corr)<0.05): the prefrontal cortex, predominantly the medial frontal gyri and a cluster in the left lateral middle frontal gyrus; the insular region including the frontal opercula; both supplementary motor areas; and the left medio-temporal area (V5). White matter comparisons revealed a volume reduction in both frontotemporal regions and the mesencephalon. Analysis of the CSF compartment showed no significant regional changes between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Frontal atrophy in PSP predominantly involves mesio-frontal targets of striatal projections. This atrophy pattern probably accounts for cardinal PSP associated behavioural deficits.

Atrophy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Microscopic morphometry--a modern approach.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to give a brief presentation of the recent trends in histologic and histopathologic computerized morphometry, based on the personal experience in exploiting modern software environments and illustrated by a relevant case study. Through its goal, overall conception and direct involvement in diagnosis, the work belongs to the currently emerging researches on analytical and quantitative histology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The proposed methodology for the automatic extraction of quantitative features is applied to an endometrial adenocarcinoma and is implemented as a procedure, called ADK, running on ZeissKS400 platform. The description of the ADK procedure, as a detailed flowchart, is preceded by an overview of the KS400 resources for biomedical domain, compared to the main characteristics of other three well-known software packages for digital image processing. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The results are formulated in terms of the numerical information provided by the exploitation of ADK procedure, referring to the 2-D and 3-D (stereological) evaluation of tumorous versus stromal areas and volumes, respectively. Procedure ADK also performed measurements for the nuclei corresponding to the stromal and tumorous zones, respectively, in order to calculate the percentage of nuclei inside these zones. The discussions focus on the interpretation of the measurement results, as factors for the prognostic assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The computer-aided morphometric investigations open perspectives for operating with more expressive criteria in pathology diagnosis, resulting from the possibility to quantify, at the pixel level, features of interest which in classical approaches are subject to rough approximations.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2004

Using nuclear morphometry to discriminate the tumorigenic potential of cells: a comparison of statistical methods.

Despite interest in the use of nuclear morphometry for cancer diagnosis and prognosis as well as to monitor changes in cancer risk, no generally accepted statistical method has emerged for the analysis of these data. To evaluate different statistical approaches, Feulgen-stained nuclei from a human lung epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, and a human lung adenocarcinoma (non-small cell) cancer cell line, NCI-H522, were subjected to morphometric analysis using a CAS-200 imaging system. The morphometric characteristics of these two cell lines differed significantly. Therefore, we proceeded to address the question of which statistical approach was most effective in classifying individual cells into the cell lines from which they were derived. The statistical techniques evaluated ranged from simple, traditional, parametric approaches to newer machine learning techniques. The multivariate techniques were compared based on a systematic cross-validation approach using 10 fixed partitions of the data to compute the misclassification rate for each method. For comparisons across cell lines at the level of each morphometric feature, we found little to distinguish nonparametric from parametric approaches. Among the linear models applied, logistic regression had the highest percentage of correct classifications; among the nonlinear and nonparametric methods applied, the Classification and Regression Trees model provided the highest percentage of correct classifications. Classification and Regression Trees has appealing characteristics: there are no assumptions about the distribution of the variables to be used, there is no need to specify which interactions to test, and there is no difficulty in handling complex, high-dimensional data sets containing mixed data types.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2004

Morphometry in skin-test methodological studies--validation of the point-counting technique for precise area determination.

BACKGROUND: The methods for delimiting and measuring cutaneous responses can significantly influence the result of skin tests. For this reason, when skin tests are used for purposes of clinical research, the use of computerized methods is recommended to reduce the measurement error of traditional methods. In the present study we evaluated the degree of precision and accuracy of the point counting technique, employed in morphometry for measuring plane images. METHODS: The degree of precision and accuracy of the point counting technique were studied using a panel of geometric figures (circles and ellipses) of scalar size and some series of wheals and flares of various sizes, from very small dimensions to greater and irregularly-shaped ones, which can represent the different degrees of intensity of cutaneous responses. The efficiency of the method was compared with the efficiency of the traditional one based on the measurement of diameters. RESULTS: Under the various experimental conditions the average measurement error by the point counting technique was contained within the limit of 8%, with a variation coefficient of about 7%. Unlike the traditional method based on the length of diameters, the point counting technique proves to be very precise and accurate to estimate both areas of small dimensions and very large and irregularly-shaped ones. CONCLUSIONS: The point counting method proved to be reliable and to possess a satisfactory degree of accuracy and precision in the measurement of cutaneous responses of any type. When computerized programmes are not available, the point counting technique can advantageously be used for purposes of clinical research and for methodological studies on prick test procedures.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2004

Nuclear morphometry and molecular biomarkers of actinic keratosis, sun-damaged, and nonexposed skin.

Computer-assisted image analysis is useful for quantifying the histologic and molecular changes of sun-induced squamous cell carcinoma progression. We used the CAS 200 image analysis system to measure nuclear morphometric parameters, p53 expression, and proliferation markers in actinic keratosis (AK), sun-exposed, and normal skin in 51 patients. Nuclear morphometry revealed significant increases in nuclear absorbance, irregularity of nuclear shape, and nuclear size in AK compared with normal and sun-damaged skin. These parameters showed significantly greater variability in AK nuclei. Argyrophyllic nucleolar organizer area and number were also significantly greater in AK compared with sun-damaged skin and normal skin. Ki67 and p53 expressions were both increased in sun-damaged skin relative to normal and greater still in AK. These data are evidence that sun damage induces proliferation and p53 abnormalities before the appearance of nuclear abnormalities and their associated DNA instability. Following these changes during a skin cancer chemopreventative trial can then help assess the efficacy of the agent and help determine where in the progression of neoplastic changes it exerts its biological effects.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Topography and morphometry of the common bile duct and major duodenal papilla of man and principal domesticated animals.

A comparative topography and morphometry of the common bile duct and major duodenal papilla was studied on the extrahepatic biliary apparatus of human and major domesticated animals such as horse, ox, Black Bengal (BB) goat, sheep, dog and cat of local breed. In Black Bengal goat, sheep, dog and cat, the extrahepatic biliary system seemed to be the continuation of the cystic duct, which was found to continue as the common hepatic/common bile duct into which all the hepatic/lobar ducts open. In man, the mean length and the mean diameter of the common bile duct were 7.67+/-0.58 cm. and 7.27+/-0.77 mm. respectively. In the ox, these values were 1.57+/-0.72 cm. and 11.82+/-0.79 mm. respectively; in the Black Bengal goat, 7.23+/-0.74 cm. and 4.45+/-0.72 mm. respectively; in the sheep, 5.27+/-0.66 cm. and 3.75+/-0.79 mm. respectively; in the dog, 4.72+/-0.67 cm. and 6.43+/-0.55 mm. respectively and in the cat, 3.26+/-0.87 cm. and 5.63+/-0.43 mm. respectively. In man, the mean length and the mean diameter at the base of the MDP were 4.37+/-0.56 mm. and 3.97+/-0.72 mm. respectively. In horse, these were 52.36+/-0.67 mm. and 12.47+/-0.63 mm. respectively; in ox, 12.53+/-0.73 mm. and 8.83+/-0.68 mm. respectively; in Black Bengal goat, 14.36+/-0.55 mm. and 5.23+/-0.57 mm. respectively; in sheep, 11.27+/-0.69 mm. and 4.51+/-0.74 mm. respectively; in dog, 17.43+/-0.82 mm. and 6.72+/-0.64 mm. respectively and in cat, these values were 12.36+/-0.47 mm. and 7.12+/-0.87 mm. The distance of the Major Duodenal Papilla (MDP) form the pyloric end of the stomach was proportionately shorter in the meat-eaters, i.e., the omnivorous man (9.76+/-0.88 cm), and the carnivores, dog (6.37+/-0.73 cm) and cat (2.75+/-0.87 cm.) when compared to that of the herbivores, i.e., ox (55.37+/-0.68 cm.), BB goat (23.27+/-0.89 cm.) and sheep (25.62+/-0.77 cm.). In the horse, the major duodenal papilla was perpendicular to the duodenal mucosal surface with the largest mean length and the mean diameter. In all other animals, it was obliquely placed on the duodenal surface with its opening directed aborally.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Changes in neutrophil morphology and morphometry following exposure to cigarette smoke.

Acute cigarette smoking delays neutrophils within the pulmonary circulation in some smokers. Evidence from an in-vitro Micropore filter model of the pulmonary capillaries indicates that this may be due to a smoke induced decrease in cell deformability. In order to determine whether changes in cell shape are associated with the observed decrease in neutrophil deformability following smoke exposure, cell morphology, using scanning electron microscopy, and morphometric measurements, made using transmission electron microscopy, were performed on aliquots of neutrophils harvested from whole blood in non-smoking subjects before and after exposure in vitro to cigarette smoke. Smoke exposure increased the maximum diameter and circumference of neutrophils, without changing their area. There was also a change in the maximum to minimum cell diameter ratio, which indicated that the cells had become less spherical. Scanning electron microscopy showed that smoke exposed cells had developed blebbing of their surface membranes, suggestive of an oxidative injury to the cell membrane rather than the shape changes associated with cell activation. These changes in the morphology and morphometry of smoke exposed neutrophils may contribute to the reduction in cell deformability induced by cigarette smoke.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2005

Ultrastructural morphometry using dual axes tangential scale: a technical revelation.

While performing ultrastructural morphometry, under or over estimation of ultrastructural size could be avoided by using accurate measuring devices. Biological investigators have always relied on conventional linear scale for the baseline measurement of ultrastructural size parameters on electron micrographs to project the dimensions of intracellular organelles or tissue components. Since it was not possible to measure decimal fractions of mm with linear scale, a 'dual axes tangential scale' has been designed for measuring ultrastructural image parameters on electron micrographs with an accuracy of 0.1 mm to minimize the error in finally computed size of ultrastructural component. In an exercise using 'dual axes tangential scale' and 'conventional linear scale', measurement of glomerular basement membrane thickness (GBMT) as orthogonal intercepts across the GBM revealed a 'coefficient of variation' at 4.4% with dual axes tangential scale as compared to 'coefficient of variation' at 10.9% with linear scale, expressing superiority of dual axes tangential scale over linear scale. Use of mathematical formula rather than nomogram has been preferred. However, 'slide guide, ultrastructure size calculator' could also be used for discerning ultrastructural size after measurement with dual axes tangential scale.

Glomerular Basement Membrane↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nuclear morphometry in canine acanthomatous ameloblastomas and squamous cell carcinomas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether morphometrical analysis can be of diagnostic value for canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma. We calculated, by means of an automated image analyser, some morphometric nuclear parameters, in particular: mean nuclear area (MNA), mean nuclear perimeter (MNP), maximum and minimum diameters (MDx and MDm) coefficient of variation of the nuclear area (NACV), largest to smallest dimension ratio (LS ratio), and form factor (FF), in 8 canine acanthomatous ameloblastomas, and we compared these morphometric data to those of 13 squamous cell carcinomas of canine gingiva. The results indicated a progressive increase of the MNA, NACV, MNP and MDm proceeding from acanthomatous ameloblastomas (MNA: 42.11+/-8.74; NACV: 28,36+/-7,23; MNP: 24.18+/- 2.68; MDm: 5.69+/-0.49) to squamous cell carcinomas (MNA:49,69+/-9,10; NACV: 30,89+/-7,75; MNP: 25.63+/-2.54; MDm: 6.64+/-0.73). On the contrary, the LS ratio and the FF resulted greater in acanthomatous ameloblastomas (LS ratio: 1,63+/-0,12; FF: 1,13+/-0,002) than in SCCs (LS ratio: 1,40+/-0,12; FF:0.91+/-0.38). Moreover, the MNA, MNP,MDx and MDm resulted similar (MNA: p=0.89; MNP: p=0,65; MDm: p=0,16; MDx: p=0,13) in a subset of four acanthomatous ameloblastomas with cellular atypia (MNA:49,01+/-6,88; MNP: 26,28+/-1,99; MDm: 6.08+/-0.41; MDx: 10.18+/-0.88) and in squamous cell carcinomas (MNA:49.69+/-9,10; MNP: 25.63+/-2.54; MDm: 6.64+/-0.73; MDx: 9.26+/-1.05). While the NACV values resulted higher in typical acanthomatous ameloblastoma (29,99+/-6,06) than in atypical acanthomatous ameloblastoma (26,74+/-8,84) and similar to those of the SCCs (30,89+/-7,75). These results seem to confirm that acanthomatous ameloblastoma is a malignant or potentially malignant lesion and emphasizes that nuclear morphometry analysis can be an useful diagnostic and prognostic method in canine oral pathology.

Ameloblastoma↗

PubMed1990

[Vertebral trabecular bone in various age groups and in osteoporosis-- morphometry and bone matrix biochemistry].

Vertebral trabecular bone was analysed by morphometry and bone matrix biochemistry. Trabecular bone volume (TBV) and mean trabecular plate thickness (MTPT) decreased with age. TBV was significantly correlated with MTPT and mean trabecular plate density (MTPD). The individual structure of trabecular bone could be described by both MTPT and MTPD together, but changes of these parameters, that were pathognomonic for osteopenia, were not found. By measuring TBV 3 cases of severe osteopenia were identified (TBV less than 2s of controls); 2 of them showed matrix abnormalities so far not described. In one case (a 67 year old woman without risk factors for osteoporosis) an abnormal high content of type III collagen was found, in the other case (a 44 year old woman with acromegaly) bone matrix analysis atypically revealed a significant fraction of type II collagen. Further studies will be needed to assess the pathogenetic or diagnostic importance of these new findings.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The effects of fasting and refeeding on adrenal cortex morphometry and serum concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone in young and old male rats.

The impairment of homeostatic mechanisms in ageing becomes often apparent upon physiological or pathological stimulation. We have previously shown that fasting and refeeding revealed the existence of age-related changes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Because fuel metabolism is partially controlled by corticosteroids we decided to determine the effects of refeeding on adrenal gland morphometry, ACTH, and corticosterone serum levels in young (5 mo) and (20 mo) old male Wistar rats. Fasting for 48 h did not change serum ACTH and corticosterone in both age groups. ACTH level did not change after 24 h of refeeding in young and old rats. However, in old, but not young animals, refeeding resulted in the decrease of corticosterone serum concentration. The relative weight of adrenal gland (% of body weight) did not change significantly with age (p=0.05). Fasting for 48 h induced in old rats but not in young ones increase of relative adrenal weight, and the volume of the reticular zone. Refeeding reduced adrenal volume, fascicular zone and reticular zone. Refeeding for 24 h decreased the total volume of adrenal gland of old rats due to a decline of the volumes of fascicular and reticular zones. In young rats refeeding reduced the volume of reticular zone. It is concluded that refeeding revealed ageing-dependent decline in the secretion of corticosterone, the key hormone of prolonged stress response.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1991

Morphometry, densitometry and pattern analysis of plastic-embedded histologic material from urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder.

An image analysis method of grading histologic sections of bladder carcinoma was tested. The method was new in four respects. First, for fixation of the biopsies a coagulant fixative was used. Second, 2-microns plastic sections were used to ensure the reproducibility of nuclear imaging. Third, a new stereologic approach was used for calculation of the nuclear volume and DNA content. Fourth, for the classification rule the morphometric, densitometric and texture features were used in concert. The IBAS 2000 instrument was used for the measurements. Texture analysis of the chromatin patterns was performed using Markovian texture features. Using discriminant analysis, of 22 parameters, 2 morphometric, 2 densitometric and 3 texture features were selected for the classification rule. With them, 89% of the bladder carcinomas were correctly classified into the three grades. All grade III tumors were classified correctly. Among the features tested, the densitometry of the DNA had the highest F values. All of the grade III tumors and 45% of the grade II tumor group had DNA histograms indicating aneuploidy. This study showed that plastic-embedded material is well suited to morphometry and densitometry and can be used for quantitative grading of bladder carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗

PubMed1991

Analytical morphometry of sagittal fronto-facial profiles of 2nd-6th month human foetus.

A prominent problem in the morphological study of developing biological structures is shape parametrization with the aim to evaluate transformations in a non subjective way. We carried out an analytical morphometrical study on a series of human embryos, by means of the S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) software package. After standardization and normalization of the fronto-facial sagittal profiles, the analytical procedures applied were: 1) Fourier analysis: each profile was considered as an irregular but periodic function obtained by the sum of sinusoids of increasing order. 2) Shape Asymmetry Evaluation: couples of profiles are compared by means of "Janus" procedure; by a parabolic fitting we obtained parameters able to evaluate allometric and isometric differences between the two profiles. The preliminary results of the applied procedures indicated that rate and direction of allometric and isometric growth are not constant during the time.

Fetus↗

PubMed1991

Morphometry of human nerve biopsies by means of automated cytometry: assessment with reference to ultrastructural analysis.

The morphometric analysis of myelinated fibres is a tool for diagnosis of neuropathies and for assessing nerve regeneration after reconstructive surgery. In order to obtain reliable information, sampling techniques should be avoided and the measurement of all the fibres within a nerve fascicle requiring the use of automated cytometry is necessary. We have developed a programme on the SAMBA cytological image analyser for the automated measurement of myelinated fibres. Different techniques of segmentation were tested and adaptive grey level thresholding gave the more reliable result. Accuracy and reproducibility were tested using a set of five human superficial peroneal nerve biopsies that were previously analysed by means of semi-automatic ultrastructural morphometry. A maximum difference of 9% in the number of fibres counted was obtained when comparing the automatic and the semi-automatic methods. In all cases the histograms of the morphometrical variables (fibre and axon diameters, myelin sheath thickness) were found to be identical to the reference histograms obtained by the semi-automatic method.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

PubMed1990

Morphometry of the aging heart.

Myocardial structure was studied in seven geriatric patients (cases), aged 79 to 91, and ten younger adult patients (controls), aged 22 to 52. Myocardial sections of posterior left ventricle (PLV), anterior left ventricle (ALV), and ventricular septum (VS) were studied using computerized morphometry. Each section of heart (PLV, ALV, or VS region) was divided into three zones: subepicardial (epi), midmyocardial (myo), and subendocardial (endo). Interstitial collagen content and nuclear and cell diameters of myocytes were obtained. Large scars were excluded. Student's t-test was used to evaluate differences, which were considered significant at a level of P less than 0.001. No significant zonal or regional variation in collagen content was found in control hearts, where interstitial trichrome-positive tissue comprised 6.61% of the myocardium. By contrast, elderly hearts showed a distinct increase in interstitium in the PLV region (18.3%), as compared with ALV and VS, and as compared with control hearts (P less than 0.001). Relative myocyte hypertrophy with aging was most prominent in a zonal midmyocardial distribution (P less than 0.001). Myocyte nuclei showed shrinking with age in the subepicardial zone (P less than 0.001). These findings indicate there are specific age-related alterations in myocardium, which may relate to functional abnormalities seen in the elderly.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Three-dimensional morphometry of mammalian cells. II. Areas, volumes, and area-volume ratios.

From three-dimensional diameter measurements of eleven kinds of cells pertaining to five different organs, which were excised from eleven adult mammals (nine species) whose body weight range was 40 g to 450 kg, we calculated the corresponding cell soma areas (A), volumes (V), and finally their area-volume ratios (A/V). The dissimilarities among these eleven cell types could be established quantitatively by means of a cluster analysis. The dendrograms for cell areas (A), volumes (V), and their corresponding area-volume ratios (A/V), yielded similar groupings when cell areas and volumes were compared, yet the grouping of the area-volume ratios (A/V) for the eleven types of cells was different. These results were corroborated by means of the principal components analysis, where five distinct cell groupings could be established. The relationship between cellular morphometry, oxidative metabolism, and body mass, was established by means of the fractal geometry of the transport systems (respiration and circulation), which provides the tools for the scale-dependent analysis of the surfaces across which the transport of metabolites is performed.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Nuclear morphometry and estrogen receptors in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast].

In this study ten cases of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma have been considered. In all of them the content of ER has been evaluated by using monoclonal antibodies. Five of them were ER positive and five were ER negative. For the morphometric study ten nuclei of each case have been considered. By using the S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) work-station an analytical study of the nuclear shape was performed. The first step was the extraction of fundamental shape which describes the basic shape of original contour without its irregularities. It was obtained by using two parametric equations. The second step was the evaluation of shape asymmetry by S.A.E. (Shape Asymmetry Evaluator). Finally the contour irregularities were evaluated by Fourier analysis. Along with analytical parameters, dimensions (area, perimeter and maximum diameter) were considered too. All obtained data were submitted to univariate statistical analysis (Student's T test) to compare the two groups (ER positive and ER negative tumors). Area, perimeter and maximum diameter were significatively greater in ER negative cases while analytical parameters were not discriminant between the two groups.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal study of semen quality of unexposed workers: sperm head morphometry.

As part of a longitudinal study of human semen characteristics of unexposed workers, sperm head measurements were made using image analysis (Image Technologies Corp., Deer Park, NY). Morphometry was conducted on monthly samples from 45 men for 9 months. Measurements of area, perimeter, length, width, the width-length ratio, and the oval factor (4 [pi] area/perimeter) of 100 sperm heads per sample were obtained. The variability within a sample, between monthly samples from the same individual, and between individuals were calculated for each parameter. Tolerance intervals for each parameter were calculated, and are expected to contain 75% of all individual measurements. Similar intervals were calculated for the means and coefficients of variation of a semen sample. The largest source of variability was attributed to individual cell variation within a semen sample.

Adult↗