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PubMed1995

Body image, disfigurement and disability.

The body-related attitudes of groups of women suffering from physical conditions that are commonly regarded as being disfiguring and/or disabling were studied by means of the Body Attitudes Questionnaire. Despite their conditions, the women did not necessarily disparage their bodies. They also seemed to worry less about small changes in weight and shape than did comparable women without physical difficulties, and to have an enhanced sense of their own robustness. There was an indication that development of negative body attitudes might be linked to emergence of a chronic physical condition during adolescence, rather than from birth or during adulthood. If our results are confirmed, they point to the need to pay special attention to the psychological needs of women whose bodies become dysfunctional at this sensitive time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Distorted body image in bulimic women.

Fifteen bulimic women (DSM III) and 15 women with no indication of an eating disorder, matched pairwise with respect to age, weight and height, were assessed via a distorting video image technique under four conditions. They were asked to: (1) estimate the width of a water bottle, (2) estimate the width of their own body, (3) repeat those estimates under a condition of reward for high accuracy, (4) focus attention on their bodily sensations and indicate how wide their body felt. While groups did not differ in their estimates under condition 1 (water bottle), significant differences were found between groups under conditions 2, 3 and 4 (own body), the percentage of overestimating being highest when subjects were to indicate how wide their body felt. Results suggest that modalities of perception other than visual are strongly involved in the body image distortion of bulimics.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Body image concerns of psoriasis patients as reflected in human figure drawings.

Human figure drawings of patients with severe (n = 85) and mild (n = 38) psoriasis were compared on dimensions of nudity, sexual overemphasis, and omissions of exposed body parts. For female patients significant differences were found for percentages of undressed figures and omissions. For male patients only omissions were significant. When compared to 30 patients with other mild dermatologic conditions, mildly affected psoriatic males drew significantly fewer omissions. Discussion of results focussed on body image concerns of dermatology patients as related to issues of nudity, sexuality, and exhibition of exposed body parts.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

The effects of fitspiration TikTok content on body image and mood among young adult women in the U.S.

Fitspiration is an appearance-based form of media that promotes physical fitness and dieting. While not true of all fitspiration media, some forms promote these ideals through visuals of toned, athletic bodies that have become increasingly prevalent on the short-form video platform, TikTok. Although often framed as health-promoting, fitspiration exposure has been associated with upward appearance comparison (i.e., comparison with people perceived as more attractive) and negative effects on body image and mood. The present study investigated the effects of short-form video-based fitspiration on social comparison, appearance importance, appearance anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and negative affect. Using an experimental design, 150 undergraduate women (Mage = 19.28) in the United States were randomly assigned to view a five-minute TikTok compilation of either animal (n = 75) or fitspiration videos (n = 75). Participants completed baseline measures prior to viewing and state-level measures after completing their video set. Results indicated that, relative to control, viewing fitspiration content led to greater social comparison, appearance concerns, feelings of being fat, and sadness. Baseline appearance concerns and depressive symptoms significantly moderated group differences in responses, such that negative fitspiration effects on state-level appearance concerns were found among individuals high but not low in baseline appearance concerns and among individuals low but not high in baseline depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to the growing literature on fitspiration by demonstrating the immediate psychological effects of this content in short-form videos and highlighting the importance of considering individual differences in vulnerability.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Older women's body image and embodied experience: an exploration.

This paper presents and analyzes findings from unstructured interviews with women aged 61 to 92 regarding their perceptions and feelings about their aging bodies. The data are discussed in light of the existing literature on women's body image which has largely ignored the experiences of women in later life and which has tended to focus on adolescent and middle-aged women. Given the fact that beauty is equated with youthfulness and thinness in our society, older women face unique challenges as they strive to construct and maintain positive evaluations of self. The women in the study exhibit the internalization of ageist beauty norms even as they assert that health is more important to them than physical attractiveness and comment on the 'naturalness' of the aging process.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spouses' body image changes during and after pregnancy: a replication and extension.

This longitudinal study replicated and extended an investigation of the relation between spouses' strength of identification and similarities in their patterns of change in body image components during and after pregnancy. The sample included 54 married couples. The results did not duplicate previous study findings of similarity in spouses' patterns of change in perceived body space. There were statistically significant changes in wives' perceived body space scores from the third month of pregnancy to the second postpartal month, but no changes in the husbands' perceived body space scores. Results upheld previous study findings of no relationship between spouses' strength of identification and similarities in their patterns of change in perceived body space. No changes were detected in either wives' or husbands' global body attitude scores, nor was there evidence of a relationship between spouses' strength of identification and similarity in their patterns of change in global body attitude.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Patients with haematological malignancies show a restricted body image focusing on function and emotion.

The diagnosis of cancer threatens the psychological and bodily integrity. Based on this assumption, we aimed to explore how newly diagnosed patients cope with special regard to the body image (BI). In total, 40 patients (32 haematological malignancies) were assessed by questionnaires on mood, complaints, self-regulation and quality of life (QOL). The BI was assessed by the 'Body Grid' which reveals the constructs patients choose to characterize the body. The constructs were categorized using a model of six predefined categories comprising: emotion, control, activity, strength, function and appearance. Tinnitus sufferers and medical students served as comparison groups. Cancer patients showed significantly more anxious depression and a significantly lower QOL than controls. Their BI was restricted, focusing the functional status of body organs (e.g. opposing healthy vs. ill organs) as well as emotional aspects (e.g. trust vs. fear). The data convey fundamental psychological distress in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Restriction of BI and use of functional constructs may help to buffer the threat to body integrity. The emotional constructs reflect the existential impact. The data give a clear indication for the need for early psychosocial support which should aim at stabilizing the psychological and bodily integrity of the patient.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Preliminary interpretations of after-hours CT and sonography by radiology residents versus final interpretations by body imaging radiologists at a level 1 trauma center.

OBJECTIVE: At many academic institutions, preliminary interpretations of CT scans and sonograms obtained after regular hours of operation are performed by radiology residents, with attending radiologists reviewing the interpretations the next morning. We sought to determine the rate of discrepancy between residents' interpretations of imaging studies and the final interpretations performed by an attending body imaging radiologist as well as any resulting clinical consequences stemming from the discrepancies. Therefore, we reviewed 928 CT and sonographic images that had been obtained after hours at a level 1 trauma center during a 6-month period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Any discrepancies between the preliminary and final interpretations were judged as either major (i.e., necessitating an urgent change in treatment) or minor errors. We conducted patient follow-up via a retrospective review of the medical charts to determine whether any of the discrepancies led to additional imaging, an increase in patient morbidity, an extension of a hospital stay, or a change in treatment. RESULTS: The overall discrepancy rate in interpretations rendered by the residents and those performed by the attending radiologist was 3.8%, with most of these discrepancies (86%) judged to be minor. If we combined the data for body CT scans and sonograms, the rate of minor discrepancies was 3.2%, and the rate of major discrepancies was 0.5%. If we considered only body CT data in the evaluation, the overall discrepancy rate increased to 6.4%, with a 5.4% rate of minor discrepancies and a 1.0% rate of major discrepancies. CONCLUSION: Our evaluation of discrepancy rates was unusual in that we included interpretations of sonograms, on which residents and the attending radiologist had a higher rate of agreement (99.5%). Because of the high agreement in the interpretation of sonograms, the overall discrepancy rate was 3.8%. However, if only body CT scan interpretations were evaluated, our results were closer to the rates reported in previously published studies. Major discrepancies led to a change in patient treatment but did not lead to any increase in patient morbidity or to any quantifiable increase in the length of the hospital stay.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Negative body image and disordered eating behavior in children and adolescents: what places youth at risk and how can these problems be prevented?

In this review, we examine the prevalence of negative body image and disordered eating behaviors (i.e., excessive dieting, binge eating, inappropriate weight loss techniques) in children and adolescents. We also explore correlates and predictors of the development of these problems, including individual, familial, and social factors, as well as discuss factors that may serve a protective function. In addition, we critically evaluate the psychoeducational programs that have been developed to prevent the onset of these problems and reduce the severity of symptoms in children and adolescents. Moreover, we suggest several possible strategies for how such prevention programs can be modified to enhance their efficacy. Finally, likely moderator and mediator variables of the effectiveness of such programs are proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of body image perception in bulimics, restrainers, and normal women: an extension of previous findings.

Figure drawings ranging from very thin to heavy (Stunkard, Sorenson, & Schulsinger, 1980) were utilized to assess body-image perception in a group of women with bulimia nervosa, a group classified as restrained eaters, and a non-eating-disordered group of women. Participants were asked to choose the figures that most resembled their current figure, their ideal figure, and the figure they believed was most attractive to men. All women chose an ideal figure that was thinner than their current figure. However, the size of the discrepancy between their current and ideal figure was significantly larger for the bulimic group compared with the non-eating-disordered women. Furthermore, while the non-eating-disordered women rated their current figure similar to the size that they believed men would find most attractive, both the bulimic group and the restrained eaters rated their current figure larger than what they believed men would find most attractive. Finally, although it was hypothesized that the bulimic group would desire a figure even thinner than what they believed men would find most attractive, this hypothesis was not supported, as all three groups of women chose an ideal figure similar to the figure that they believed men would find most attractive. These present results are compared with previous investigations which utilized similar methodologies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of body image perception in patients with anorexia nervosa].

In the patient unit of the University Clinic for Psychiatry at Kortenberg (K.U. Leuven) Belgium and in the Psychosomatic Hospital Bad Pyrmont, which specialises in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, a great deal of attention is given to the evaluation of body image via the video-distortion technique, the video-confrontation technique and the body attitude test (a questionnaire). These different methods as well as the first findings and experiences are described.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frustration and body image in children with and without congenital cardiopathy].

The aim of the present study was to determine the existence of differences on the type of response to frustration and disintegration of body image among children with congenital heart diseases (hospitalized and out patients) with or without symptomatology and children without heart disease. The study was performed in the outpatient clinic and the pediatric cardiology ward of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez". Two tests were used: The Rosenzweig picture frustration test for children (PFT) and the human figure drawing (HFD) of Elizabeth Koppitz. No differences were found regarding the type of response to frustration, differences between groups were present in only two emotional items of the HFD. We conclude that children with congenital heart disease have special capabilities that enable them to respond to illness in adaptative ways.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body image and J. de Ajuriaguerra's psychotherapeutic relaxation in geriatric psychiatry. Body consciousness in the elderly patient].

The ability of the elderly to adapt to their surroundings during illness, particularly mental illness, increases with (both the patient's and the therapist's) understanding of how subjective feelings about one's own body. The author bases his observations on ten years of clinical experience in Geriatric Psychiatry with the relaxation techniques developed by J. de Ajuriaguerra. He also draws attention to difficulties stemming from introduction of the concept of body identity, a notion on which, more often than not, discussion focuses spontaneously during therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Impact of the media on adolescent body image.

The mass media have become a powerful force throughout the world and strongly influence how people see themselves and others. This is particularly true for adolescents. This article discusses how the media affect body image and self-esteem and why the media seem to have such strong effects on adolescents. The differences in responses to the media in adolescents of different ethnic, racial, and cultural backgrounds are discussed. Although this article focuses primarily on teenage girls, the data for adolescent boys is reviewed as well. Finally, this article discusses possible ways to help adolescents become more active viewers of the media and help prevent the decrease in body esteem that so often occurs during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Body image and perceived health in adolescence.

Perceived health is an important health predictor, and self-assessed health during adolescence is of great interest. This study examined the relationship between perceived negative health and body image in early and mid-adolescence, focusing on age and gender differences. Analyses were based on Norwegian data from a World Health Organization cross-national survey (Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children) among 5026 pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 years. The response rate was 76%. Stratified analyses with presentations of frequency and relative risk were performed, as well as logistic regression analyses. Girls are more likely to report negative health than boys are, and the probability of such reports increases with age. Girls and older age groups report dieting and dissatisfaction with weight and appearance more often than boys and younger age groups. Body dissatisfaction is associated with an increased risk of perceived negative health, also when controlling for the possible confounding effects of age and gender. The present 'ideals' of weight and appearance might contribute to an unfavourable perception of health in this age group.

Adolescent↗