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Dogs fed raw camel meat containing two types of cysts shed unsporulated Hammondia heydorni oocysts and later sporulated Sarcocystis sporocysts in their feces, but were resistant to reinfection with the Hammondia cysts. Sporulated H. heydorni occysts did not induce an enteroepithelial cycle in dogs, but resulted in the formation of muscle cysts.
Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties of 4 antibiotics: penicillin-G (P), streptomycin (S), chloramphenicol (C) and oxytetracycline (O) was performed in groups of camels following a single i.m. injection of therapeutic doses, i.e. 6000 IU, 10, 4 and 3 mg/kg b.wt., respectively. The concentrations of these antibiotics in serum were determined by microbiological assay methods. The highest serum concentrations were reached after 0.42, 1.44, 4.02 and 0.94 hr for P, S, C, and O respectively with corresponding t 1/2 alpha values of 0.12, 0.28, 1.48 and 0.17 hr and t 1/2 beta values of 1.09, 8.28, 6.20 and 7.00 hr.
Supplementation of the diet of 290 patients with chronic active hepatitis with whole camel's (group 1), mare's (group 2) and cow's (group 3) milk flavoured marked improvement of the subjective and objective status. There was also an improvement or normalization of the characteristics of blood clinical and biochemical analyses, an improvement of renal function as shown by hepatography and scanning and of the immunological characteristics of the blood serum. It should be noted that the positive shifts in the clinical and laboratory findings were more remarkable in the patients of the first two groups.
Physicochemical properties of fat and fatty-acid composition of mare's milk and shubath (sour milk product obtained from camel's milk) depend on the season. During summer these products show a higher content of fat and increased level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly in mare's milk lipids. It has been shown that in mare's milk lipids 90% is due to acids with a carbon chain of C14-18, while shubath lipids contain almost 96% of such acids.
Skin samples from 4 body sites were taken from 10 camels and histochemically treated for the localization of AChE and BuChE enzymes. The sebaceous and sewat glands were active site for both enzymes. The weat gland were innervated by a plexus of AChE-positive nerve fibers. In the papillary layer, the nerve breaks to form a plexus supplying the blood vessels, from this plexus fibers end in the deep interface of the epidermis. End bulbs and free intraepidermal nerve ending reactive for AChE were demonstrated.
The camel's stomach consists of 3 compartments. The third one was subdivided according the external and internal appearance into 3 parts: initial dilated part, middle long narrow part and terminal dilated part with a thick wall. The mucosa in the first 2 parts contain simple tubular glands separated by a clearly visible Lamina propria mucosae, heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes which aggregates to form true lymph nodules especially in the retiform of the initial dilated part. It is concluded that these glands are cardiac glands.
The infectivity of a camel strain of Echinococcus granulosus experimentally raised in dogs for domesticated food and burden animals was investigated. Of the animal species that were inoculated orally with gravid segments, hydatid cysts developed poorly in goats and sheep, less well in cattle and not at all in donkeys by six month post-inoculation. Cysts were most frequently found in the lungs, although other organs such as liver and spleen also contained cysts. Histological examination of affected organs in these animals revealed the cysts surrounded by a granulomatous cellular reaction. Protoscolices and brood capsules were lacking at the time of examination. Thus it appears that although hydatid cysts could develop in some of these animal species within six months, the cysts were immature.
When xylazine was given intramuscularly to 12 apparently healthy adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) at the rate of 0.4 mg/kg of body weight, mean values for onset of weak time, down time, and time until recovery were 8.6 +/- 1.1, 10.5 +/- 0.6, and 150 +/- 56.9 minutes, respectively. Mild salivation, drooping of lower lips, and relaxation of neck were observed at meant times of 15.3 +/- 4.9, 11.0 +/- 1.7, and 22.7 +/- 3.9 minutes, respectively. Analgesic effects remained for 60 to 90 minutes. Hemocytologic changes were not statistically significant. Marked hyperglycemia was observed at 30 minutes after xylazine administration. Hypotension from 30 to 60 minutes after xylazine administration was not correlated with elevated central venous pressure or with bradycardia. Electrocardiography revealed 1st-degree atrioventricular block, sinoatrial block, sinus arrhythmia, and wandering pacemaker in sinoatrial node, which were attributed to vagal stimulation. Primary T-wave changes and ST segment elevation also were observed. When xylazine was used at the same dosage in 13 clinical cases involving surgery of short duration, it proved to be a satisfactory sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant.
The clinical signs of lymphadenitis in camels in Libya were investigated. Four animals 6 to 8 years old were inappetent, emaciated and slightly anemic. The disease was characterized by swelling and abscess formation in the inferior cervical lymph nodes at the base of the neck. Corynebacterium pyogenes was the causative microorganism of this diseased condition.
Three isolates of Brucella abortus biovar 3 were recovered out of 38 different samples obtained from free-ranging camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Eastern Sudan. The biochemical characters of the isolates were identical to those of the other types of B. abortus except that they were oxidase negative.
The peripheral blood picture of a suspected case of lymphocytic leukaemia in a dromedary camel is described. The authors discuss their findings. This condition seems rare in comparison with the results of a large number of blood samples examined during the last ten years.
The pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMPD) were investigated in the camel after intravenous and oral administration. After intravenous injection, the plasma concentration of the drug followed the kinetics of a two-compartment model. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) of 0.47 l/kg suggested that sulfamethoxypyridazine was mostly distributed within the vascular compartment and the strongly vascularized tissues. The elimination from the body was rather slow, with a biological half-life [t1/2(beta)] and a total plasma clearance of about 9.5 h and 0.037 l/kg.h, respectively. Oral treatment showed that the maximum plasma concentration was reached 17 hours post drug administration and that the bioavailability ranged around 57%. Study of the plasma protein binding showed that the percentage of SMPD binding to plasma proteins varied from 47 to 72% and seemed to be concentration-dependent. The total binding capacity and the dissociation constant at equilibrium were 196 micrograms/ml and 335 micrograms/ml, respectively.
The kinetic disposition of flunixin meglumine was investigated in 5 camels after a single intravenous administration (1.1 mg/kg bwt). The plasma clearance was 1.012 ml.min-1.kg-1, the steady-state volume of distribution 0.168 l/kg and the elimination half-life 2.51 h. The results are discussed and compared with those reported in cattle and horses.
The current study was conducted to estimate the time needed for placental dropping and the effect of beta-blocker carazolol (Suacron, Praemix, Mannheim) on placental retention. Carazolol was injected to enhance the placental dropping and also as a prophylactic measure to minimize the incidence of retained foetal membrane in the she-camel. Normal dropping of placenta engaged 49.27 +/- 6.76 minutes. In the treated animals the time needed for normal placental dropping was 33.00 +/- 10.05 minutes when injected with a prophylactic dose of carazolol. It was 38.89 +/- 8.07 minutes when the drug was injected in case of placental retention.
zeta-Crystallin a novel NADPH quinone oxidoreductase of the camel lens is capable of reducing a non quinone compound such as 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) which is mediated by NADPH. A classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics were exhibited for both DCIP and NADPH with Km values of 15.3 microM and 7.0 microM respectively, at pH 7.8. The Vmax was 1.60 mumol./min.mg protein. The results of steady-state kinetic analysis indicated that the reaction proceeds through a Ping-Pong mechanism. Dicoumarol was found to be a competitive inhibitor of zeta-crystallin with respect to DCIP with a Ki value of 14.6 microM and showed uncompetitive inhibition with respect to NADPH with a Ki value of 36.2 microM.
This study presents and discusses a relatively simple, successful method for the long term cannulation of the first compartment of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).
Naturally produced methane shows different delta 13C-values with respect to its origin, e.g., geological or biological. Methane-production of ruminants is considered to be the dominant source from the animal kingdom. Isotopic values of rumen methane--given in literature--range between -80/1000 and -50/1000 and are related to feed composition and also sampling techniques. Keeping cows, camels and sheep under identical feed conditions and sampling rumen gases via implanted fistuale we compared delta PDB 13C-values of methane and CO2 between the species. Referring to mean values obtained from 4 or 5 samples at different times of 11 animals (n = 47) we calculated delta PDB 13C-medians resulting in small but not significant differences within and significant differences between the species for CO2 and methane. The delta PDB 13C-differences between methane and CO2 were statistically equal within and also between the species. Therefore a linear regression of methane values on CO2 is appropriate and leads to: delta PDB 13C(methane)/1000 = 1.57 * delta PDB 13C(CO2)/1000 - 47/1000 with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.87.
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