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PubMed1993

Comparison of ovine abortion and non-abortion isolates of Chlamydia psittaci using inclusion morphology, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies.

Twelve reference and four Northern Ireland ovine Chlamydia psittaci isolates including ovine abortion, faecal, conjunctivitis and arthritis isolates were compared. Inclusion morphology was shown to provide a useful means of differentiating the abortion and the non-abortion isolates studied. Identical SDS-PAGE polypeptide profiles were produced by the ovine abortion isolates. The polypeptide profiles of the non-abortion isolates were similar to one another and clearly distinct from the abortion isolate profiles. The restriction endonuclease profiles of the abortion isolates were remarkably similar whereas different profiles were produced by most of the non-abortion isolates. Monoclonal antibodies were prepared and characterized. A number of these reacted with all the isolates of chlamydia tested. Three mAbs reacted exclusively with the ovine abortion isolates while four mAbs reacted exclusively with a number of the faecal isolates.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2006

A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement.

Despite a growing body of neuroimaging data, little consensus has been reached regarding the neural correlates of temporal processing in humans. This paper presents a reanalysis of two previously published neuroimaging experiments, which used two different cognitive timing tasks and examined both sub- and supra-second intervals. By processing these data in an identical manner, this reanalysis allows valid comparison and contrasting across studies. Conjunction of these studies using inclusive masking reveals shared activity in right hemispheric dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, supporting a general-purpose system for cognitive time measurement in the right hemispheric prefrontal cortex. Consideration of the patterns of activity in each dataset with respect to the others, and taking task characteristics into account, provides insight into the possible role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory and of posterior parietal cortex and anterior cingulate in attentional processing during cognitive time measurement tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Definitions of childhood obesity: current practice.

OBJECTIVE: To review current practice in the definition of childhood obesity based on body mass index (BMI), in order to understand why the recommendations of the International Task Force on Obesity (IOTF) have not been fully adopted. DESIGN: Literature search using MEDLINE to identify papers on childhood obesity published in the first 4 months of 2005, and a cited reference search on the recommendations of the IOTF. RESULTS: Citations of the IOTF definition have increased since publication, but less than half of papers on childhood obesity published in the period used the definition. Most used the 95th centile of a national distribution to define obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Reasons for using centiles of a national distribution included the need for z-scores or centiles to define underweight or extreme obesity, not available in conjunction with the IOTF definition, inclusion of children under 2 years, and concerns about over- or underestimation of the prevalence of obesity. None of these preclude use of the principle underlying the IOTF definition, that of continuity with the adult definition of BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more. Adoption of either the IOTF definition or corresponding centiles of a national distribution would enable comparisons of prevalence between countries and over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The structures of m-benzyne and tetrafluoro-m-benzyne.

The structures of m-benzyne and its fluorinated derivative, tetrafluoro-m-benzyne, were investigated using coupled cluster methods including triple excitations [CCSD(T) and CCSDT], different reference wave functions (spin-restricted Hartree-Fock, spin-unrestricted Hartree-Fock, and Brueckner), and different basis sets [6-31G(d,p) and correlation-consistent valence triple-zeta (cc-pVTZ)]. The inclusion of triple excitations in conjunction with d- and f-type polarization functions is paramount to correctly describe through-bond delocalization of the monocyclic form. At the highest level of theory, the C1-C3 distance of the minimum energy form of m-benzyne is 2.0 A and the profile of the potential energy surface along the C1-C3 distance is that of an asymmetric, single well, in agreement with previous density-functional theory and coupled cluster studies. In addition, the calculated CCSD(T) fundamental frequencies are in excellent agreement with the measured infrared frequencies, thus confirming the monocyclic form of m-benzyne. For tetrafluoro-m-benzyne, however, the increased eclipsing strain between the ring-external C-X bonds stabilizes the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexatriene form: the C1-C3 distance is calculated at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level to be approximately 1.75 A, which is in the range of elongated CC bonds. Computed harmonic vibrational frequencies compare reasonably well with the experimental neon-matrix difference spectrum and provide further evidence for the existence of a bicyclic form.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The vibration-rotation emission spectrum of hot BeF2.

The high-resolution infrared emission spectrum of BeF2 vapor at 1000 degrees C was rotationally analyzed with the assistance of large-scale ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster method including single and double excitations and perturbative inclusion of triple excitations, in conjunction with correlation-consistent basis sets up to quintuple-zeta quality. The nu3 fundamental band, the nu1+nu2, nu1+nu3, and 2nu2+nu3 combination bands, and 18 hot bands were assigned. The symmetric stretching (nu1), bending (nu2), and antisymmetric stretching (nu3) mode frequencies were determined to be 769.0943(2), 342.6145(3), and 1555.0480(1) cm-1, respectively, from the band origins of the nu3, nu1+nu3, and nu1+nu2 bands. The observed vibrational term values and B rotational constants were fitted simultaneously to an effective Hamiltonian model with Fermi resonance taken into account, and deperturbed equilibrium vibrational and rotational constants were obtained for BeF2. The equilibrium rotational constant (Be) was determined to be 0.235 354(41) cm-1, and the associated equilibrium bond distance (re) is 1.3730(1) A. The results of our ab initio calculations are in remarkably good agreement with those of our experiment, and the calculated value was 1.374 A for the equilibrium bond distance (re). As in the isoelectronic CO2 molecule, the Fermi resonance in BeF2 is very strong, and the interaction constant k122 was found to be 90.20(4) cm-1.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Ocular streptococcal infections.

Streptococcal infections are an important cause of corneal ulcers, endophthalmitis, conjunctivitis, and dacryocystitis. We retrospectively reviewed 53 ocular streptococcal infections diagnosed and followed at Wills Eye Hospital between January 1, 1984, and July 1, 1986. Corneal ulcers (23 of 53; 43%) and endophthalmitis (18 of 53; 34%) constituted a majority of the streptococcal infections in this series. Streptococcal infection was also a common cause of conjunctivitis, but clinical follow-up data were sufficient for inclusion in this series in only a small fraction of conjunctivitis patients (9 of 70; 13%). Streptococcal corneal ulcers and endophthalmitis were frequently associated with a poor visual outcome. When antibiotic sensitivity testing was done, approximately one third of the streptococcal isolates (13 of 38; 34%) were not sensitive to gentamicin. As topical gentamicin is frequently used by ophthalmologists, the possibility of streptococcal infection should be taken into account in the selection of antibiotics for conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, endophthalmitis, and prophylaxis.

Conjunctivitis↗
PubMed1993

The A/J mouse lung as a model for developing new chemointervention strategies.

The use of the A/J mouse lung as a model for developing new chemo-intervention strategies was investigated by first inducing lung tumors with a single dose of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Lungs were then staged for tumor development and intervention therapy was initiated 42 weeks after carcinogen treatment. At this time point, an average of 7 pulmonary lesions were present on a standard histological section and the relative frequency of lesions was distributed as alveolar hyperplasias (38%), adenomas (40%), and adenocarcinomas (22%). Mice were treated for 4 or 8 weeks with cis-platinum alone or in combination with either indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, metoclopramide, an inducer of poly(ADP) ribosylation, or nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker. The effect of indomethacin, metoclopramide, and nifedipine on tumor growth was also determined. The most dramatic effects were observed in lungs from mice treated for 8 weeks. cis-Platinum treatment caused a 37% reduction in the size of carcinomas, while tumor mass was reduced by 50 to 60% with cis-platinum in combination with metoclopramide and/or indomethacin. The inclusion of indomethacin therapy in conjunction with cis-platinum significantly enhanced the effectiveness of cis-platinum for inhibiting the growth of adenocarcinomas. In contrast, nifedipine appeared to ameliorate any of the inhibitory growth effects seen with cis-platinum treatment. Although none of the therapeutic combinations affected the size of adenomas, morphological differences were observed among treatment groups. A moderate to marked decrease in cytoplasm was observed in adenomas from mice treated with cis-platinum in combination with indomethacin or metoclopramide, cis-platinum plus metoclopramide and indomethacin, or metoclopramide plus indomethacin. Taken together, the results from these studies demonstrate that the A/J mouse lung can be used as a model to study the effectiveness of new intervention therapies for controlling malignant tumor growth. This model should also be applicable for studying the effectiveness of cancer prevention therapies on the progression of pulmonary hyperplasia.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad in the setting of HIV: magnetic resonance imaging findings in six patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe MR imaging findings of inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad as a cause of nonspecific knee pain in the HIV-infected population. DESIGN: Retrospective review. PATIENTS: A retrospective review of 400 consecutive MR imaging studies of the knee performed at two institutions over a six-month period was conducted. Inclusion criteria included HIV infection in conjunction with diffuse high signal intensity throughout Hoffa's fat pad on fluid sensitive sequences. Medical histories and images were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Exclusion criteria included post-surgical changes, internal derangement, and/or changes consistent with an active synovial inflammatory process. RESULTS: Seven HIV-infected subjects with non-specific knee pain were identified, six of whom met imaging inclusion criteria. Findings in Hoffa's fat pad were present in nine MR studies (bilateral in three, and unilateral in three subjects). Other findings include bilateral enlargement of Hoffa's fat pad in one subject, global increase in signal intensity of the suprapatellar fat pad on fluid sensitive sequences in three subjects and of the prefemoral fat pad in four subjects, avascular necrosis in one subject, and a diffuse pattern of patchy bone marrow edema in one subject. Subjects were diagnosed with HIV from 1993-1999, with imaging performed in 2005. Subjects were on HAART medication for an indeterminate, extended duration of time prior to imaging. CD4 levels of subjects ranged from 448-1262 cells/muL (X=727.33 cells/muL). CONCLUSIONS: While the MR imaging findings of diffuse inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad are nonspecific and unclear in etiology, an association with HIV may exist.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Development & use of antichlamydial monoclonal antibodies for rapid diagnosis of follicular conjunctivitis.

We developed four independent murine hybrid clones producing IgG class and genus specific monoclonal antibodies against the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis, L2 serovar. All antibodies reacted with a single epitope of MOMP. In indirect immunofluorescence assay using one of the antibodies chlamydiae could be detected in 12 of 23 conjunctival scrapings from patients of follicular conjunctivitis. Giemsa staining could detect classical inclusion bodies in only 5 of these 23 smears. Antigen detection using these monoclonal antibodies may be used as a rapid diagnostic test in clinical and epidemiological screening for chlamydial infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether low-carbohydrate, high-protein, weight-loss diets benefit body mass and composition beyond energy restriction alone. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to use meta-regression to determine the effects of variations in protein and carbohydrate intakes on body mass and composition during energy restriction. DESIGN: English-language studies with a dietary intervention of > or =4200 kJ/d (1000 kcal/d), with a duration of > or =4 wk, and conducted in subjects aged > or =19 y were considered eligible for inclusion. A self-reported intake in conjunction with a biological marker of macronutrient intake was required as a minimum level of dietary control. A total of 87 studies comprising 165 intervention groups met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: After control for energy intake, diets consisting of < or =35-41.4% energy from carbohydrate were associated with a 1.74 kg greater loss of body mass, a 0.69 kg greater loss of fat-free mass, a 1.29% greater loss in percentage body fat, and a 2.05 kg greater loss of fat mass than were diets with a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrate. In studies that were conducted for >12 wk, these differences increased to 6.56 kg, 1.74 kg, 3.55%, and 5.57 kg, respectively. Protein intakes of >1.05 g/kg were associated with 0.60 kg additional fat-free mass retention compared with diets with protein intakes < or =1.05 g/kg. In studies conducted for >12 wk, this difference increased to 1.21 kg. No significant effects of protein intake on loss of either body mass or fat mass were observed. CONCLUSION: Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets favorably affect body mass and composition independent of energy intake, which in part supports the proposed metabolic advantage of these diets.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Isolation of chlamydia psittaci from domestic cats with oculonasal discharge in Japan.

Eight strains of Chlamydia psittaci were isolated in Japan from the nasal and conjunctival swabs of six household cats using the L929 cell line of mouse fibroblast origin. The isolates were identified as C. psittaci on the basis of the formation of characteristic inclusion bodies in the cell culture detected by Giemsa stain and immunofluorescence. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of the ompA gene amplified from the three isolates with the published sequence of feline FEPN strain of C. psittaci showed almost 100% homology.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Conjunctivitis caused by a swine Chlamydia trachomatis-like organism in gnotobiotic pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine whether a chlamydial strain recovered from growing and finishing swine with conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis could cause the same infections in gnotobiotic pigs. The strain shares biological characteristics with Chlamydia trachomatis. After propagation in Vero cells and preparation of the inoculum (10(7) inclusion-forming units/ml), chlamydial strain H7 was instilled into the ventral conjunctival sac (0.15 ml/sac) of 12 anesthetized 3-day-old gnotobiotic piglets. Four age-matched gnotobiotic piglets were anesthetized and sham infected with uninfected cell culture lysates. None of the principal piglets developed clinical symptoms of conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis. Principal piglets necropsied 7 days postinfection (DPI) had histologic lesions of mild or moderate conjunctivitis; immunohistochemical evaluation revealed chlamydial antigen in conjunctival epithelium. A majority of principal piglets necropsied at 14-28 DPI had histologic lesions of mild conjunctivitis, but chlamydial antigen was not detected by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that chlamydial strain H7 can cause mild or occasionally moderate conjunctivitis in gnotobiotic pigs, but the conjunctival infection is asymptomatic.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The evolving role of pelvic lymphadenectomy in the treatment of bladder cancer.

Regional lymphadenectomy is integral to the surgical management of high-grade invasive bladder cancer. A growing body of evidence suggests that a lymph node dissection may provide not only improved prognostic information, but also a clinically significant therapeutic benefit for both lymph node positive and negative patients undergoing radical cystectomy. While the inclusion of lymph node resection in conjunction with radical cystectomy for patients with clinically negative nodes is well accepted, the extent of the nodal dissection remains highly contentious. Similarly, the benefit of node dissection for patients with advanced disease and gross adenopathy or for those with superficial disease (Ta, T1 or TIS) remains a topic of heated debate. This review describes the historical evolution of lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of bladder cancer and provides a comprehensive review of the current literature addressing the role of lymph node dissection in the treatment of bladder cancer.

Cystectomy↗
PubMed2003

A collaborative approach for improving information literacy skills of dental hygiene students.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based practitioners need to develop proficiency in locating and evaluating necessary information from a variety of sources, a concept known as information literacy. One potential source of information is the World Wide Web; however, the wide range in the quality of information available through the Internet indicates a need for strong critical appraisal skills. OBJECTIVES: To facilitate development of these skills in dental hygiene students, dental hygiene faculty collaborated with a librarian to implement a project to improve information literacy skills and integrate the use of the Internet into dental hygiene course work. METHODS: Students were required to develop a scenario about an aspect of dental hygiene practice, such as client health concern, practice management, or selection of an appropriate dental hygiene therapy. Students were to search the Internet, locate and evaluate a website that could address their scenario, and post this information and additional comments to a text-based computer conferencing section of a class website. Web CT software, particularly the computer conferencing function, was used to support asynchronous online activities. Student evaluation of the assignment was conducted using a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: Mean ratings for structure variables ranged from 3.94 to 3.81. Slightly lower mean ratings for process variables, ranging from 3.74 to 3.21, suggest room for improvement to activities. Mean ratings for outcome variables, ranging from 4.42 to 3.29, suggest achievement of the desired learning outcomes. CONCLUSION: Evaluation results warrant the continued inclusion of asynchronous online activities in conjunction with face-to-face classroom instruction.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed2004

Digital video capture and synchronous consultation in open surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To achieve real-time or simultaneous surgical consultation and education to students in distant locations, we report the successful integration of robotics, video-teleconferencing, and intranet transmission using currently available hardware and Internet capabilities. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Accurate visualization of the surgical field with high-resolution video imaging cameras such as the closed-coupled device (CCD) of the laparoscope can serve to insure clear visual observation of surgery and share the surgical procedure with trainees and, or consultants in a distant location. Prior work has successfully applied optics and technical advances to achieve precise visualization in laparoscopy. METHODS: Twenty-five thyroidectomy explorations in 15 patients were monitored and transmitted bidirectionally with audio and video data in real-time. Remotely located surgical trainees (n = 4) and medical students (n = 3) confirmed 7 different anatomic landmarks during each surgical procedure. The study used the Socrates System (Computer Motion, Inc. [CMI], Goleta, CA), an interactive telementoring system inclusive of a telestration whiteboard, in conjunction with the AESOP robotic arm and Hermes voice command system (CMI). A 10-mm flat laparoscopic telescope was used to capture the optical surgical field. As voice, telestrator, or marker confirmed each anatomic landmark the image parameters of resolution, chroma (light position and intensity), and luminance were assessed with survey responses. RESULTS: Confirmation of greater than 90% was achieved for the majority of relevant anatomic landmarks, which were viewed by the remote audience. CONCLUSION: The data presented in this study support the feasibility for mentoring and consultation to a remote audience with visual transmission of the surgical field, which is otherwise very difficult to share. Additionally, validation of technical protocols as teaching tools for robotic instrumentation and computer imaging of surgical fields was documented.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2005

Extent of lymphadenectomy in radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with cancer of the urinary bladder remains controversial. Though the inclusion of lymph node dissection in conjunction with radical cystectomy for patients with clinically negative nodes is well accepted, however, the extent of the nodal dissection remains contentious, particularly in patients with gross disease and T1G3 cancer. The extent of the primary bladder tumor, number of lymph nodes removed and the lymph node tumor burden are important prognostic variables in patients undergoing cystectomy. We analyzed the impact of the extent of lymphadenectomy during radical cystectomy on survival in the contemporary literature. METHODS: A Pubmed search was carried out for the literature published over the last 15 years using bladder cancer, radical cystectomy, survival, lymphadenectomy and complications as the key words. We have discussed the extent of lymphadenectomy on survival and its anatomical basis to determine the optimal number of lymph nodes to be removed and the concept of node density. RESULTS: Evidence from contemporary literature indicate significantly increased survival rates after cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer diagnosed with stages III or IV disease who have had relatively more lymph nodes examined, suggesting that even some patients with higher stage disease may benefit from extended pelvic lymphadenectomy at the time of cystectomy. Studies also indicate that more extensive lymphadenectomy significantly improved the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer, not only by providing prognostic information but perhaps it is also due to its inherent therapeutic value. CONCLUSION: Extended lymph node dissection improves local control and survival. However, in the absence of controlled randomized trial this remains a dubitable issue.

Journal Article↗