Spoon feeds--an alternative to bottle feeding.
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Cooking and Eating Utensils↗
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[Migration of lead and cadmium from lacquered tableware].
The migration of lead and cadmium from lacquered tableware was investigated. Seven samples of bowls and five samples of chopsticks were purchased on the market. The migration test was carried out with 4% acetic acid at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Lead and cadmium in the test solution was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Release of lead was 3.4 and 4.4 ppb from two samples and release of cadmium was 1.3 ppb from one sample. Those samples were chopsticks coated with natural lacquer and colored with pattern. No other samples released lead and cadmium. Evapolation residue was less than 13 ppm in all samples.
Cadmium↗
Suthi feeding.
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Cooking and Eating Utensils↗
[Upper airway obstruction by a foreign body].
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Aged↗
[Iron metabolism during pregnancy at high altitudes].
A comparative study of iron metabolism was conducted in pregnant women for three Peruvian localities of different elevations: Lima (sea level), La Oroya (3.700 m) and Puno (3.900 m). As predicted, the survey showed hematocrits and hemoglobin concentration values 20 to 30% higher in the Andean women, but the serum iron concentration was unexpectedly lower in Lima than at the higher localities (49 vs. 85 to 90 ug/dl). These results may be explained by the larger iron content found in the water consumed as well as in the cooking pottery utilized at high altitude.
Adult↗
[Scalds in children caused by water from toppled electrical kettles. Mechanisms, costs and preventive measures].
Since 1988 a new type of burns in children has been recorded at the Burns Centre at Hvidovre Hospital in Copenhagen, being scalds caused by water from toppled electrical kettles (el-kettles). The children with el-kettle scalds were younger and their injuries more severe than those of children whose scalds had other causes. During the six year period 1988 to 1993, a total of 29 children (0-3 years) have been admitted with scalds caused by el-kettles, 15 children alone in 1993. The costs for treatment have been more than 3 million Danish kroner, 1.8 million DKK alone in 1993. From 1993 preventive measures were taken to reduce the number of this type of scalds. Since the number of households with el-kettles in Denmark is on the increase, an increasing number of toddlers with severe scalds could be anticipated. However, a fall in the number of children admitted was registered in 1994 (four children) and 1995 (six children).
Accidents, Home↗
Instrumented objects for quantitative evaluation of hand grasp.
Two instrumented objects have been developed for quantitative assessment of functional tasks performed with the hand. These objects are useful for assessing neuroprosthetic hand grasp systems, and may also be useful in evaluating a variety of other upper limb disabilities and rehabilitation techniques. One object monitors grasp forced and object orientation during palmar prehension, allowing simulation of a drinking task or of manipulating a book. The second object monitors grasp force during lateral prehension for simulating eating or writing tasks. The two objects provide tools to analyze how a subject uses a hand grasp neuroprosthesis to perform activities of daily living. The objects will also be useful in comparing different methods of controlling the neuroprosthesis and in evaluating future changes in the neuroprosthetic system. Assessment trials with these two instrumented objects were performed quickly in an outpatient clinic setting.
Activities of Daily Living↗
The use of microbiology in the study of hygiene behaviour.
Faecal indicator bacteria have been used to measure levels of hygiene in a variety of settings. This paper describes a study in northern Botswana which used the isolation of faecal indicator bacteria in combination with other quantitative and qualitative techniques to gain information regarding hygiene behaviour. The microbiological samples included, samples from stored drinking water and water sources; eating plates; infant feeding bottles; dishcloths and the fingertips of carers and children. Water was usually clean at source but contaminated after storage. Presumptive faecal coliforms contaminated 31% of the eating plates, 29% of the dishcloths and 40% of the infant feeding bottles. Many of the presumptive faecal coliform isolates were not identified as Escherichia coli, indicating the need for further research into methodologies appropriate for isolating E. coli in tropical climates.
Bacteriological Techniques↗
[The dangerous kitchen].
A case is presented where a small girl, when playing in the kitchen, tripped and fell over the opened door of the dishwashing-machine, thereby hitting a sharp knife and acquiring a long, but rather superficial wound at the right side of the neck. It is strongly recommended to be extremely careful when children are playing in the kitchen, and never to leave sharp items in the dishwasher with the pointed end upwards.
Accidental Falls↗
Research on the leakage of electromagnetic radiation to the exterior of microwave ovens after domestic use.
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Cooking and Eating Utensils↗
[Intakes and health effects of aluminum. "Is aluminum a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?"].
Alzheimer's disease will be one of the main health problems in Japan in the near future, where the proportion of elderly people is showing rapid increase. The causes of the disease have been obscure, but some reports in recent years indicate the intake of aluminum is a risk factor. The reported knowledge concerning the function aluminum, the intake of aluminum and the relationship of aluminum to Alzheimer's disease needs to be summarized. The intestinal absorption of aluminum differs according to its chemical structures, coexistent substances such as maltose, citric acid, silicon and hydrogen ion concentration exponent. Aluminum absorbed from the intestine may be possibly accumulated in the brain tissue. There are some reports which indicate that the aluminum in the brain are toxic to nerve cells and produce Alzheimer's disease-like pathological or biochemical changes in animal brain. While there are a number of epidemiological reports which show that the presence of aluminum in the water supply relates to the disease incidence, it is not well recognized that a large amount of aluminum is contained and can be consumed through commonly used confectioneries and medications. At the present time while the amount of information is not sufficient to make some proposals about the aluminum consumption through foods and medicines, it is sufficient to merit informing people of their intake of the metal so as to be able to make their own decision. For further recommendations, more studies on this problem are necessary.
Aluminum↗
[Danger of infection from communion cups--an underestimated risk?].
The problem of a risk of infection from the common use of chalices has been discussed controversially in literature. Opinions were mainly based on laboratory experiments and theoretical considerations. The authors examined bacterial counts and species existing under normal conditions after communion. For this purpose, contact samples were taken from the inside and outside of chalices at the rim. Staphylococci and alpha-haemolytic streptococci were found on all chalices examined. On more than 80%, there were apathogenic micrococci, nonhaemolytic streptococci, apathogenic neisseria and apathogenic corynebacteria as well as lactobacilli and bacilli. Staphylococcus aureus was found on 26.4% of chalices. Although the risk of infection for healthy persons from a commonly used chalice can be rated as low, it should not be underestimated for persons with reduced resistance and immunocompetence, or with reduced defences as a result of therapeutic measures. From the hygienic point of view, the most favourable approaches to avoid infection would be the use of individual chalices for all participants in the communion or the immersion of wafers or bread in wine or in grape juice by the priest (intinction).
Bacteria↗
Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM: Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Acute infections in pregnant women can be transmitted to the fetus and cause severe illness (e.g., mental retardation, blindness, and epilepsy). An estimated 400-4,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis occur each year in the United States. Of the 750 deaths attributed to toxoplasmosis each year, 375 (50%) are believed to be caused by eating contaminated meat, making toxoplasmosis the third leading cause of foodborne deaths in this country. ETIOLOGIC FACTORS: Toxoplasma can be transmitted to humans by three principal routes: a) ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked infected meat; b) ingestion of oocysts, an environmentally resistant form of the organism that cats pass in their feces, with exposure of humans occurring through exposure to cat litter or soil (e.g., from gardening or unwashed fruits or vegetables); and c) a newly infected pregnant woman passing the infection to her unborn fetus. RECOMMENDATIONSFOR PREVENTION: Toxoplasma infection can be prevented in large part by a) cooking meat to a safe temperature (i.e., one sufficient to kill Toxoplasma); b) peeling or thoroughly washing fruits and vegetables before eating; c) cleaning cooking surfaces and utensils afterthey have contacted raw meat, poultry, seafood, or unwashed fruits or vegetables; d) pregnant women avoiding changing cat litter or, if no one else is available to change the cat litter, using gloves, then washing hands thoroughly; and e) not feeding raw or undercooked meat to cats and keeping cats inside to prevent acquisition of Toxoplasma by eating infected prey. RESEARCH AGENDA: Priorities for research were discussed at a national workshop sponsored by CDC in September 1998 and include a) improving estimates of the burden of toxoplasmosis, b) improving diagnostic tests to determine when a person becomes infected with Toxoplasma, and c) determining the applicability of national screening programs. CONCLUSION: Many cases of congenital toxoplasmosis can be prevented. Specific measures can be taken by women and their health-care providers to decrease the risk for infection during pregnancy and prevent severe illness in newborn infants.
Female↗
Investigation on the epidemiological factors of Clonorchis sinensis infection in an area of south China.
To detect the epidemiological factors of Clonorchis sinensis infection in Hengxian County, one of counties in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where Schistosoma japonicum was endemic but eliminated in the late 1980s, a questionnaire was designed with 37 questions covering socioeconomic conditions and human behavior, contamination of the environment and fish ponds, inadequate farming/fishery practices; and the formalin-ether sedimentation technique was used to examine the feces of cats, dogs and pigs for the eggs of C. sinensis. Fresh fish was sliced and digested to detect the metacercariae of C. sinensis under a stereomicroscope. Of 1,521 people interviewed, 64% of the interviewees did not know about fluke disease or its transmission route, 46% of those who knew about the fluke believed that the infection caused no harm or only slight harm to their health. More than half of the interviewees (51%) ate raw fish at least 1-2 times per month, more among the middle-aged males. Eight percent of them used the same utensils for both raw fish and cooked food. When advice was given not to eat raw fish, 73% of the interviewees thought it was not feasible. In relation to pisciculture, 25% and 9% of the owners of fish ponds fed their fish with feces of domestic animals and human feces, respectively. The prevalences of C. sinensis infection in cats, dogs and pigs were 70, 50 and 27%, respectively, and the infection rate in fish was 40%. These results indicate the poor knowledge, and beliefs, and unhealthy behaviors in the human population. They also show poor environmental hygiene and inappropriate farming/fishery practices are important in the increase of C. sinensis prevalence in humans. Combined interventions, including health education, environmental modification, reform of traditional farming/fishery practices, mass screening and chemotherapy for humans, and the management of domestic animals are needed in developing control strategies to decrease C. sinensis infection in the human population.
Adolescent↗
Outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with cross-contamination of food--Oklahoma, 1996.
On August 29, 1996, the Jackson County Health Department (JCHD) in southwestern Oklahoma notified the Oklahoma State Department of Health (OSDH) of a cluster of Campylobacter jejuni infections that occurred during August 16-20 among persons who had eaten lunch at a local restaurant on August 15. This report summarizes the investigation of these cases and indicates that C. jejuni infection was most likely acquired from eating lettuce cross-contaminated with raw chicken. This report also emphasizes the need to keep certain foods and cooking utensils separate during food handling.
Adolescent↗