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Results for “Cross Protection”

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PubMed2002

T9 glioma cells expressing membrane-macrophage colony stimulating factor produce CD4+ T cell-associated protective immunity against T9 intracranial gliomas and systemic immunity against different syngeneic gliomas.

Cloned T9 glioma cells (T9-C2) expressing the membrane form of macrophage colony stimulating factor (mM-CSF) inoculated subcutaneously into rats do not grow and glioma-specific immunity is stimulated. Immunotherapy experiments showed that intracranial T9 tumors present for one to four days could be successfully eradicated by peripheral vaccination with T9-C2 cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T splenocytes from immunized rats, when restimulated in vitro with T9 cells, produced interleukin-2 and -4. Protective immunity against intracranial T9 gliomas could only be adoptively transferred into naive rats by the CD4+ splenocytes obtained from T9-C2 immunized rats. Rats immunized by the T9-C2 tumor cells also resisted two different syngeneic gliomas (RT2 and F98) but allowed a syngeneic NUTU-19 ovarian cancer to grow. Such cross-protective immunity against unrelated gliomas suggests that mM-CSF transfected tumor cells have immunotherapeutic potential for use as an allogeneic tumor vaccine.

Adoptive Transfer↗

PubMed2003

A comparison of DNA vaccines for the rabies-related virus, Mokola.

Mokola virus, a rabies-related virus, has been reported to date from the African continent only. Like rabies virus, it is highly pathogenic, causes acute encephalitis, and zoonotic events have been documented. Although believed to be rare, there has been an unexplained increase in the number of isolations of the virus in South Africa in recent years. We have cloned and sequenced the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes from a South African Mokola virus, and used these in the construction of different DNA vaccines for immunization against Mokola virus. Four vaccines, utilizing different promoters and DNA backbone compositions, were generated and compared for efficacy in protection against Mokola virus. In one of these, both the Mokola virus G and N genes were co-expressed. Two of the single G-expressing DNA vaccines (based on pSG5 and pCI-neo, respectively) protected laboratory mice against lethal challenge, despite major differences in their promoters. However, neither vaccine was fully protective in a single immunization only. Serological assays confirmed titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies after immunization, which increased upon booster vaccine administration. A third construct (based on pBudCE4) was less effective in inducing a protective immune response, despite employing a strong CMV enhancer/promoter also used in the pCI-neo plasmid. Dual expression of Mokola virus G and N genes in pBudCE4 did not enhance its efficacy, under the conditions described. In addition, no significant utility could be demonstrated for a combined prime-boost approach, as no cross-protective immunity was observed against rabies or Mokola viruses from the use of pSG5-mokG or vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccines, respectively, even though both vaccines provided 60-100% protection against homologous virus challenge.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

An HIV-1 and HIV-2 cross-reactive cytotoxic T-cell epitope.

The HLA-B27-restricted HIV gag cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope, 265-279, is highly conserved amongst HIV-1 isolates, only one, HIV-1ELI, having a single amino acid substitution. Over the same region HIV-2 differs by five amino acids. As a broadly cross-protective AIDS vaccine should protect against infection from all isolates of HIV-1 and HIV-2, we tested CTL specific for the HIV-1 265-279 epitope with peptide analogues from HIV-1ELI, HIV-2 and two simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates, and with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the respective gag genes, to determine whether there was any cross-reactivity for this CTL epitope. CTL from the HIV-1-infected donor could recognize the HIV-1ELI peptide, the HIV-2 peptide and recombinant vaccinia virus-infected target and one of the two SIV peptide-treated targets. Epitopes that exhibit such cross-reactivity may be valuable in vaccine design.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1977

Immunochemical relations of salmonella paratyphi C with the salmonellae of group B.

Agar-gel precipitations of proteins from S. paratyphi C, S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium against homologous and heterologous antibacterial sera, prepared in rabbits, demonstrated a strong relatedness between these species belonging to different serogroups. The findings explain and substantiate previous experiments in which high cross-protections were obtained in groups of mice immunized with proteins from these species and subsequently infected with S. typhimurium or its "in vivo" related S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C.

Agglutination↗

PubMed1995

Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2.

Significant differences have been observed in the rates of transmission and disease development in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2. Because many HIV-2-infected people remain asymptomatic for prolonged periods, the hypothesis that HIV-2 might protect against subsequent infection by HIV-1 was considered. During a 9-year period in Dakar, Senegal, the seroincidence of both HIV types was measured in a cohort of commercial sex workers. Despite a higher incidence of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV-2-infected women had a lower incidence of HIV-1 than did HIV-seronegative women, with a relative risk of 0.32 (P = 0.008). An understanding of the cross-protective mechanisms involved may be directly relevant to HIV-1 vaccine development.

AIDS Vaccines↗

PubMed1990

Shared epitopes between the soluble proteins of Hypoderma lineatum and Hypoderma bovis first instars.

Cattle are known to acquire immunological resistance to hypodermyiasis by repeated exposure to both species of cattle grubs, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers) and Hypoderma bovis (L.). Vaccination of cattle with purified proteins of H. lineatum, particularly hypodermin A, is known to protect cattle against hypodermyiasis by this species. The development of a protective recombinant vaccine against both species using hypodermin A isolated from H. lineatum would require that immunological epitopes be shared by complementary proteins in H. bovis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the soluble proteins of H. bovis first-instars for shared epitopes with H. lineatum. Soluble H. lineatum and H. bovis first-instar larval proteins were resolved by nondenaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis, blotted onto nitrocellulose paper, and probed with selected polyclonal cow, polyclonal rabbit, and mouse monoclonal antisera. Considerable cross-reactivity was demonstrated by antibodies in the serum of an H. lineatum-infested cow as 6 of 10 resolved H. bovis proteins were bound by the antibodies. The most common shared epitope(s) was associated with hypodermin C, a collagenolytic protease. Hypodermin A shared epitope(s) were noted on 1 prominent H. bovis band (HB1-2). Hypodermin B, a prominent protein in H. lineatum, did not appear to share epitopes with H. bovis proteins. Shared epitopes between H. bovis proteins and hypodermins A and C of H. lineatum would suggest that cross-protection of cattle against H. bovis can be expected by vaccination with recombinant proteins of H. lineatum.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Efficacy of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) vaccine in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by intraperitoneal and bath immersion administration.

We evaluated the effectiveness of a Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for prevention of streptococcal disease. The vaccine was prepared from formalin-killed cells and concentrated extracellular products (greater than 3 kDa) of a single isolate of S. agalactiae (ARS-KU-MU-11B). Intraperitoneal (IP) and bath immersion (BI) vaccine trials were conducted at two temperatures, 32 and 26 degrees C, and mean fish weights, 5 and 30 g. Control tilapia were injected with tryptic soy broth. Thirty gram tilapia vaccinated and challenged by IP injection with 1.5 x 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU)/fish of Streptococcus agalactiae at 30 days post-immunization had a relative percent survival (RPS) of 80. Smaller tilapia vaccinated and challenged under similar conditions had an RPS of 25. An RPS of zero was noted in 30 g fish IP vaccinated with Streptococcus iniae and IP challenged with S. agalactiae. The 5 and 30 g tilapia bath immunized with S. agalactiae and IP challenged with 3.6 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(6) CFU/fish of S. agalactiae had RPS values of 34. Intraperitoneal administration of the vaccine provided efficacious protection only in the 30 g tilapia regardless of whether the fish were immunized and challenged at 26 or 32 degrees C. Bath immunization of both 5 and 30 g tilapia resulted in RPS values that were two times lower than those achieved with IP vaccination. The results of this study suggest that there is a lack of cross-protection of S. iniae bacterins against S. agalactiae challenge. Protection against S. agalactiae infection is, however, provided through vaccination with a S. agalactiae modified bacterin vaccine.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 (Rotarix).

RIX4414 is a human, live attenuated rotavirus vaccine containing a rotavirus strain of G1P[8] specificity; it is administered orally using a two-dose schedule. RIX4414 showed good immunogenicity in healthy infants in several well designed trials in terms of both seroconversion rates and vaccine take. Moreover, RIX4414 did not impair the immune response of infants to other vaccines. RIX4414 provided significant protection against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. In a subgroup analysis (n = 20 169) of a large (n = 63 225), well designed, placebo-controlled, phase III trial (conducted in Latin America and Finland), the efficacy of RIX4414 against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis was 85% in healthy infants, with an efficacy against hospitalization for severe rotavirus gastroenteritis of 85%. RIX4414 provided cross-protection against non-G1 serotypes containing the P[8] antigen. Moreover, in this trial, RIX4414 had a protective efficacy against severe gastroenteritis of any cause of 40%, with an efficacy against hospitalization because of severe gastroenteritis of any cause of 42%. In another well designed, placebo-controlled, phase III trial (conducted in Europe; n = 3874), RIX4414 had an efficacy against rotavirus gastroenteritis of any severity of 87%, an efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis of 96%, and an efficacy against hospitalization because of rotavirus gastroenteritis of 100%. RIX4414 protected against rotavirus gastroenteritis from the first dose onwards. A meta-analysis revealed that RIX4414 had a protective efficacy against rotavirus gastroenteritis of any severity caused by the G2P[4] serotype of 81% and against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by the G2P[4] serotype of 71%. RIX4414 was generally well tolerated in healthy infants. The vaccine did not appear to be associated with an increased risk of intussusception.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1991

Mouse protection test as a predictor of the protective capacity of synthetic foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.

A passive immunity test (MPT) in suckling mice for the quantification of protective anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies in serum is described. Comparisons with titres obtained using conventional serum neutralization tests show that for cattle given synthetic peptide vaccines this in vivo assay is a better indicator of protection, while for convalescent animals and virus-vaccinates both tests are equally valid predictors of immune status. Cleavage of Fc fragments from anti-virus or anti-peptide IgG results in a marked decrease in MPT titres although binding to virus in ELISA is unaffected, indicating that intact antibodies are required for in vivo clearance of FMDV. Cross-protection studies demonstrate that anti-peptide sera, while less potent than anti-viral sera in conferring passive immunity against FMDV challenge, have a wider protective range than anti-viral sera within the O serotype and also between O and A serotypes. Possible qualitative differences between anti-viral and anti-peptide sera are discussed in the light of these findings.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Role of the virulence-associated plasmids of Yersinia enterocolitica on its immunogenicity against Y. pestis.

Forty-two strains selected from various serovars of Yersinia enterocolitica were studied for their ability to induce cross-protection against Y. pestis. Only primo-infected mice (i.v.) with inocula prepared from strains of Y. enterocolitica belonging to serovars 0:3, 0:9 and 0:5, 27 harbouring a 47-Mdal virulence-associated plasmid were resistant to Y. pestis. The spontaneously cured (plasmid-less) derivatives of these strains had lost the capacity to induce this cross-immunity.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Vaccination of adult and newborn mice of a resistant strain (C57BL/6J) against challenge with leukemias induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus.

Adult or newborn C57BL/6J mice were immunized with isogenic Moloney strain MuLV-induced leukemia cells irradiated with 10,000 rads or treated with low concentrations of formalin. Groups of immunized and control mice were challenged with a range of doses of viable leukemia cells, and tumor deaths were recorded for 90 days after challenge. Then, the doses of challenge cells which produced 50% tumor deaths were calculated for immunized and control mice. The logarithm of their ratio quantified the degree of protection provided by immunization. For adult C57BL/6J mice, a single immunization with MuLV-induced leukemia cells was not effective; either cells plus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin or Corynebacterium parvum, or else two immunizations with irradiated leukemia cells were needed to produce statistically significant increases in the values of the doses of challenge cells which produced 50% tumor deaths. Cross-protection was obtained by immunization with other isogenic MuLV-induced leukemias, but not by immunization with isogenic carcinogen-induced tumors or with an isogenic spontaneous leukemia. For newborn mice, a single injection of irradiated leukemia cells provided 1.3 to 1.5 logs of protection, and admixture of B. Calmette-Guérin or C. parvum increased this protection to 2.4 to 2.7 logs. Since irradiated and frozen-thawed MuLV-induced leukemia cells contained viable MuLV, leukemia cells treated with 0.5 or 1.0% formalin were tested as an alternative. A single injection of formalin-treated isogenic leukemia cells admixed with C. parvum provided between 1.7 and 2.8 logs of protection. These results demonstrate that a single vaccination of newborn animals against a highly antigenic virally induced leukemia produces strong protection against a subsequent challenge with viable leukemia cells.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines.

Neisseria meningitidis causes severe, often fatal septicemia and meningitis. Polysaccharide vaccines that offer protection against infection with meningococcal serogroups A, C, Y and W-135 are effective in older children and adults, and have been widely used. New polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines against one or more of these serogroups are now in use or under accelerated development; however, a broadly protective vaccine against infection by serogroup B N meningitidis is not yet available. Serogroup B contributes significantly to the burden of meningococcal disease in many industrialized countries where both epidemic and endemic serogroup B infections occur. Vaccines effective against specific strains responsible for serogroup B epidemic disease have been developed, but the development of a safe serogroup B vaccine that is cross protective against multiple strains and is effective in infants and young children is a challenge. In spite of these difficulties, promising approaches stemming from a better understanding of meningococcal pathogenesis and of the genetics of serogroup B N meningitidis continue to evolve. Progress toward an effective serogroup B vaccine, an important addition for meningococcal disease prevention, is the focus of this review. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of meningococcal disease are detailed, along with discussion of the challenges faced in the development of efficacious serogroup B vaccines.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

A cross-reactive tick cement antigen is a candidate broad-spectrum tick vaccine.

Truncated constructs of 64P (64TRPs), a secreted cement protein from salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, provided cross-protection against Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes ricinus, apparently by targeting antigens in the midgut and salivary glands of adults and nymphs, causing mortality. Tick feeding on 64TRP-immunised animals stimulated local inflammatory immune responses (involving basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic-like cells) that boosted the immune status of vaccinated animals. The vaccine trial results, and antigenic cross-reactivity of 64TRPs with R. sanguineus, I. ricinus, Amblyomma variegatum and Boophilus microplus, indicate the potential of 64TRPs as a broad-spectrum anti-tick vaccine.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

DNA vaccination using the fragment C of botulinum neurotoxin type A provided protective immunity in mice.

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most toxic substances known to produce severe neuromuscular paralysis. The currently used vaccine is prepared mainly from biohazardous toxins. Thus, we studied an alternative method and demonstrated that DNA immunization provided sufficient protection against botulism in a murine model. A plasmid of pBoNT/A-Hc, which encodes the fragment C gene of type A botulinum neurotoxin, was constructed and fused with an Igkappa leader sequence under the control of a human cytomegalovirus promoter. After 10 cycles of DNA inoculation with this plasmid, mice survived lethal doses of type A botulinum neurotoxin challenges. Immunized mice also elicited cross-protection to the challenges of type E botulinum neurotoxin. This is the first study demonstrating the potential use of DNA vaccination for botulinum neurotoxins.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Protective efficacy of a fully recombinant plague vaccine in the guinea pig.

A fully recombinant sub-unit vaccine comprising the protein antigens rF1 + rV has been demonstrated to protect immunised guinea pigs against exposure to 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of virulent Yersinia pestis. Additionally, IgG purified from rF1 + rV-immunised guinea pig serum, protected the mouse by passive immunisation against challenge with Y. pestis whereas IgG purified from the serum of guinea pigs immunised with a licensed killed whole cell (KWC) vaccine for plague, protected less well. Guinea pigs immunised with the licensed killed whole cell vaccine developed an IgG titre for fraction 1 (F1) but not for V antigen. The differential in protection conferred on the mouse by passive immunisation with guinea pig IgG, was abrogated by the use of IgG purified from guinea pigs immunised with killed whole cell vaccine supplemented with V antigen. These findings indicate that the reduced efficacy of the licensed killed whole cell vaccine formulation previously observed in the mouse can be attributed to lack of the V antigen. Cross-protection of the mouse with guinea pig IgG suggests that the recognition of neutralising epitopes in the F1 and V proteins is conserved between these two species.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunogenicity of Haemophilus paragallinarum serovar B strains.

Immunogenicity of three Haemophilus paragallinarum serovar B strains was investigated in cross-protection tests using monovalent vaccines prepared from the B strains, as well as one strain each of serovars A and C. A bivalent vaccine composed of the serovar A and C strains also was used. In the studies with the monovalent vaccines, the immunogenicity of serovar B strains was different from that of serovar A and C strains, although only partial serovar B-specific protection with the three strains was observed. Chickens vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine protected against challenge with one serovar B strain, as well as serovar A and C strains, but not against the other two serovar B strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A protective antigen for turkeys purified froma type 1 strain of Pasteurella multocida.

A protective antigen was purified from a saline extract of a Type 1 strain of Pasteurella multocida by chromatographic methods, and its chemical and immunological characteristics were studied. Three proteins peaks were obtained from crude extract by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. A bacteria-specific antigen was detected only in the first peak fraction, which, after passing through an immunoabsorbent column to remove any components originating from the growth medium, was absorbed onto DEAE-cellulose followed by elution with a gradient of NaCl. From the first peak fraction of the gel filtration, 4 protein peaks were obtained, the second and third peaks being the major ones. Carbohydrate/protein ratios of the peak fractions varied from 0.06 to 1.0. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that 2 proteins of molecular weights 44 000 and 25 000 were present in all the fractions. The 4 DEAE-cellulose fractions (DP-1 to DP-4) contained a single antigenically identical material, and induced protective immunity in turkeys against challenge exposure. The second peak fraction from DEAE-cellulose (DP-2) protected turkeys when subcutaneously injected as 2 doses of 10 micrograms protein with a 14-day interval between doses. The DP-2 fraction induced antibodies in rabbits which formed a single precipitin line against the crude extract. The purified antigen (DP-2) from a Type 1 strain was antigenically distinct from a similar antigen purified from a Type 3 strain; there was no significant cross protection in turkeys between the 2 antigens. These results indicate that protective antigens purified from soluble extracts of a Type 1 or Type 3 strain possess similar physicochemical properties, but that they are immunologically distinct from each other.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inheritance of resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus in watermelon.

High resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus-China strain (ZYMV-CH) and moderate resistance to watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) were found in a selection of PI 595203 (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus), an Egusi type originally collected in Nigeria. Mixed inoculations showed primarily that these two viruses have no cross-protection. This fact may explain the high frequency of mixed infection often observed in commercial fields. When plants were inoculated with a mixture of the two viruses, the frequency of plants resistant to ZYMV was lower than expected, indicating that WMV infection may reduce the ability of a plant to resist ZYMV. We studied inheritance of resistance to ZYMV-CH and WMV, using crosses between a single-plant selection of PI 595203 and the ZYMV-susceptible watermelon inbreds 9811 and 98R. According to virus ratings of the susceptible parents, the resistant parent, and the F1, F2, and BC1 generations, resistance to ZYMV-CH was conferred by a single recessive gene, for which the symbol zym-CH is suggested. The high tolerance to WMV was controlled by at least two recessive genes.

Citrullus↗