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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation versus thromboxane synthetase inhibition on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in healthy male dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation versus treatment with a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (TXSI) in dogs given high-dose gentamicin. DESIGN: Clinicopathologic and renal histopathologic changes induced by gentamicin (10 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 8 h, for 8 days) were compared in dogs fed an n-3 fatty acid-supplemented diet containing a fatty acid ratio of 5.7:1 (n-6:n-3), dogs treated with CGS 12970 (a specific TXSI given at 30 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h, beginning 2 days prior to gentamicin administration), and control dogs. The TXSI-treated and control dogs were fed a diet with a fatty acid ratio of 51.5:1 (n-6:n-3). Both diets were fed beginning 42 days prior to and during the 8-day course of gentamicin administration. ANIMALS: Eighteen 6-month-old male Beagles, 6 in each group. RESULTS: After 8 days of gentamicin administration, differences existed among groups. Compared with n-3-supplemented and control dogs. TXSI-treated dogs had higher creatinine clearance. Both TXSI-treated and n-3-supplemented dogs had higher urinary prostaglandin E2 and E3 (PGE2/3) and 6-keto prostaglandin F1a (PGF1a) excretion, compared with control dogs. Urinary thromboxane B2 (TXB2) excretion was higher in n-3-supplemented and control dogs, compared with TXSI-treated dogs. Urine PGE2/3-to-TXB2 and PGF(in)-to-TXB2, ratios were increased in TXSI-treated dogs, compared with n-3-supplemented and control dogs, and these ratios were increased in n-3-supplemented dogs, compared with control dogs. In addition, TXSI-treated and n-3-supplemented dogs had lower urinary protein excretion, compared with control dogs. Proximal tubular necrosis was less severe in TXSI-treated dogs, compared with control dogs. CONCLUSION: Treatment with CGS 12970 prior to and during gentamicin administration prevented increases in urinary TXB2 excretion and reduced nephrotoxicosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased renal production/excretion of thromboxane is important in the pathogenesis of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Dog ownership, walking behavior, and maintained mobility in late life.

OBJECTIVES: To examine dog walking among dog owners and the relationship between walking behavior of dog owners and non-dog owners and maintained gait speed over 3 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of a prospective cohort study. SETTING: Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand five hundred thirty-three community-dwelling adults aged 71 to 82 at 36 months of the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. MEASUREMENTS: Dog ownership, reported walking behavior, change in walking behavior, and usual and rapid gait speed over 3 years. RESULTS: Of 394 dog owners, only 36% walked their dogs at least three times per week. Cross-sectionally, dog walkers were more likely to achieve 150 minutes of walking per week and had faster usual and rapid walking speeds (1.20 vs 1.14 m/s and 1.62 vs 1.52 m/s, respectively; P < .01 for both) than non-dog owners who did not walk at least three times per week and similar speeds as non-dog owners who walked at least 150 minutes per week (P > .50). Three years later, subjects who had been dog walkers at baseline were approximately twice as likely as any other group to achieve recommended walking levels, independent of covariates. Dog walkers experienced similar declines in usual and rapid walking speed as non-dog owners who walked at least three times per week but maintained their initial mobility advantage. CONCLUSION: Although dog ownership appears to facilitate walking behavior, only a minority of older dog owners walk their dogs. The mobility advantage of dog ownership was seen only in dog walkers and was similar to that associated with any walking. Given suboptimal walking activity in older adults, examining the degree to which dog ownership promotes walking activity in persons who do little walking on their own appears worth pursuing.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Blood gas analysis in dogs with heartworm caval syndrome.

Blood gases and cardiopulmonary function were analyzed in 67 dogs with heartworm (HW) caval syndrome (CS) and 19 HW-free dogs. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was 91.5 +/- 7.3 mmHg in the HW-free dogs, 74.9 +/- 14.3 mmHg in 46 dogs that subsequently survived surgical HW removal (surviving dogs) and 64.6 +/- 14.7 mmHg in 21 dogs which later died or were euthanatized following surgical treatment (nonsurviving dogs). PaO2 levels less than 60 mmHg were detected in 30.4% and 38.1% dogs in the surviving and nonsurviving groups, respectively. Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was 35.8 +/- 4.9 mmHg in the HW-free dogs, 30.7 +/- 5.6 mmHg in the surviving dogs, and 28.8 +/- 6.2 mmHg in nonsurviving dogs. PaO2 (p < 0.01) and PaCO2 were lower (p < 0.01) and the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO2) was higher (p < 0.01) in CS dogs than in HW-free dogs. PaO2 was lower (p < 0.01) and AaDO2 was larger (p < 0.01) in the nonsurviving dogs than in the surviving dogs. Arterial blood pH and bicarbonate concentration were lower (p < 0.01) and the anion gap was larger (p < 0.01) in CS dogs than in the HW-free dogs. Serum lactic acid level in nonsurviving dogs (13.2 +/- 3.9 mmol/l) was higher (p < 0.01) than in the HW-free (1.7 +/- 0.8 mmol/l) and surviving dogs (2.7 +/- 1.8 mmol/l). The PaO2 correlated significantly with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = -0.65, p < 0.01), cardiac index (r = 0.44, p < 0.05) and total pulmonary resistance (r = -0.70, p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of rhIL-11 on normal dogs and after sublethal radiation.

The effects of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) were studied in normal dogs and dogs given otherwise sublethal total-body irradiation (TBI) without marrow transplantation. Ten normal dogs were given rhIL-11 subcutaneously, twice daily for 14 days at varying doses, two dogs at 30 micrograms/kg/day, four dogs at 60 micrograms/kg/day, two dogs at 120 micrograms/kg/day, and two dogs at 240 micrograms/kg/day. Peripheral blood platelet counts increased in all dogs. The increase in platelet counts ranged from 1.4 to 3.1 times the pre-treatment level. The greater increases of platelets were associated with higher doses (p = 0.01). No change in platelet size was evident except at the dose of 240 micrograms/kg/day. There were no changes in the total white blood cell (WBC) count or differential. A higher proportion of megakaryocytes with a DNA content of 32N/64N was observed in dogs treated with rhIL-11 at day 7 (n = 6) than for control dogs that did not receive rhIL-11 (n = 7; p = 0.01). In both peripheral blood and marrow, significantly increased hematopoietic progenitors (i.e, colony-forming unit granulocyte/macrophage [CFU-GM]) were present 7 and 14 days after the start of treatment. Concentrations of serum fibrinogen increased by a median of 155 mg/dL at day 7 of rhIL-11 (p < 0.01). Cholesterol also increased by a median of 52 mg/dL at day 14 (p < 0.01). There was a single death of a non-irradiated dog from pneumonitis on day 15 after the start of rhIL-11 administration at a dose of 120 micrograms/kg/day. All other non-irradiated dogs tolerated rhIL-11 without any significant adverse effects. Five dogs were given 200 cGy TBI without marrow grafting, followed by 240 micrograms/kg/day rhIL-11 subcutaneously in two divided doses for 28 days starting within 2 hours of TBI. The results in this group were compared with 10 dogs that had previously or concurrently been given 200 cGy without marrow grafting or hematopoietic growth factors. Two of the five treatment dogs died of pneumonitis on day 13 compared to one death among 10 control dogs on day 24. Among dogs that survived to hematologic recovery, the rhIL-11 dogs had decreased platelet counts (< 150,000) for a median of 24 days (range = 24 to 41) compared to a median of 28 days (range = 21-40) for the control group. Treatment with rhIL-11 increased platelet counts, platelet size, ploidy number of megakaryocytes, and marrow and peripheral blood CFU-GM in normal dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Detection of serum alpha-fetoprotein in dogs with naturally occurring malignant neoplasia.

Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were determined, by use of an automated microparticle enzyme-linked immunoassay (MEIA), in 16 control dogs and 48 dogs with previously untreated, histologically confirmed, naturally occurring neoplasia (17 dogs with lymphoma and 31 dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies, 13 dogs with carcinomas, 18 dogs with sarcomas). Mean serum AFP concentrations for untreated dogs with lymphoma, for dogs with sarcomas, and for dogs with carcinomas were not significantly different from the mean serum AFP concentration for the 16 untreated control dogs. Mean serum AFP concentration for dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (n=7) was not significantly different from the mean serum AFP concentration for the control dogs. It has been shown previously by others that a mean serum AFP concentration > 225 ng/mL is suggestive of a hepatic malignancy (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphoma). In our study, all 48 dogs had a normal complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis. Only one of the 48 dogs was found to have a serum AFP concentration > 225 ng/mL. Later evaluation of this dog confirmed hepatic involvement with lymphoma. AFP can be detected in the serum of dogs with naturally occurring tumors using the MEIA technique. A serum AFP concentration above that observed in normal dogs is not a common finding in dogs with naturally occurring neoplasia; however, we confirmed that a serum AFP concentration > 225 ng/mL, with or without evidence of a serum biochemical abnormality, may suggest primary and/or secondary hepatic involvement with a neoplastic disease and may warrant an adjustment in clinical stage and prognosis. A prospective diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of dogs, with naturally occurring tumors having an elevated serum AFP concentration would determine the validity of this conclusion.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Treatment of Baylisascaris procyonis infections in dogs with milbemycin oxime.

An examination was made as to the ability of Sentinel Flavor Tabs (milbemycin oxime/lufenuron) to treat Baylisascaris procyonis infections in dogs. The study was designed as a critical trial and included five naturally infected dogs and two dogs that were experimentally infected. Another dog from a prior clinical trial that was treated with Sentinel Flavor Tabs as part of the original FDA submission package for intestinal nematode infections was also included with the treated dogs. Of the five naturally infected dogs treated as part of the critical trial, three were cleared of their infections. These five dogs passed a total of 52 worms after treatment; one dog retained 23 worms and the other retained 1 worm at necropsy 7 days after treatment. Two of five experimentally infected Beagle dogs that had been given mice that had been fed 200 infectious eggs, developed patent infections with the parasite. These dogs were treated, and one of the dogs passed one worm and the other passed two worms after treatment with no worms being detected at necropsy 7 days after treatment. The one dog that was treated with milbemycin oxime as part of the FDA submission was clear of worms at necropsy. Overall, the mean efficacy of Sentinel Flavor Tabs was found to be 91.0%. Of the eight dogs that were treated, six were totally cleared of their infections, a cure rate of 75%. The two dogs that did not clear their infections had very large numbers of adult B. procyonis within their intestinal tracts at the time of treatment, one dog had 40 worms (23 remaining) and the other had 26 worms (1 remaining). It is suggested that the treatment of dogs with monthly Sentinel Flavor Tabs could markedly reduce the chance of infected dogs contaminating the environment. Also, additional monthly treatments are highly likely to clear dogs of any worms not killed with the initial treatment.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Renal calculi in dogs and cats: prevalence, mineral type, breed, age, and gender interrelationships (1981-1993).

Three hundred seventeen specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 214 female dogs and 103 male dogs, and 71 specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 38 female cats and 33 male cats were submitted for mineral analysis between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 1993. Among dogs, 45 breeds were affected with renal calculi. Thirty-three breeds and a crossbred group were represented among females, but 8 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 81% of the total. Among male dogs, 30 breeds and a crossbred group were represented, but 7 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 69% of the total. Among cats, 10 breeds and a crossbred group were represented. Dogs and cats with renal calculi were older than those of 2 comparison population groups. More than one-half of the renal calculi in both dogs and cats were from the 1st known episode of urolithiasis. The risk of formation of renal calculi was found to be higher for cats than for dogs, when compared to other stone-forming cats and dogs (approximately 4.95 per 100 stone-forming cats and 2.88 per 100 stone-forming dogs). Among dogs, breeds at highest risk of developing renal calculi were Miniature Schnauzers, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Aposos, Yorkshire Terriers, and female Pugs. Also at high risk were male Dalmatians and male Basset Hounds. Among small dogs, females generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi than were males. Regardless of size, terrier breed males generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi. Breeds of dogs at low risk for development of renal calculi included crossbreds. German Shepherd Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and female Dachshunds. When only 1 kidney was involved, the risk of left renal calculus was greatest for both dogs and cats, but bilateral renal involvement was relatively common in both species (19% and 9%, respectively). Among dogs, specimens composed of 1 mineral substance (e.g., struvite) occurred more often in males (58.3%) than in females (37.9%). Female dogs formed renal calculi containing struvite or oxalate more often than did males; males formed calculi containing urate more often than did females. Calculi containing oxalate, apatite, or some combination of these minerals predominated among cats; only 1 specimen from 38 female cats and only 4 specimens from 33 male cats contained neither oxalate nor apatite. Crossbred cats were significantly less likely to have renal calculi than were other breeds. A single renal calculus specimen was identified in several uncommon breeds including Tonkinese and Birman cats, and Affenpinscher, Clumber Spaniel, English Shepherd, and Field Spaniel dogs. No significant differences were observed between male and female dogs or between male and female cats with regard to mineral type of the specimen and the presence of urinary tract infection.

Age Distribution↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs with cyclophosphamide.

A review of 60 cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in the dog was performed in order to characterize the disease and to identify potential prognostic indicators. Dogs ranged in age from 1 to 13 years, with a mean age of 6.5 years. The 2 most commonly affected breeds were Cocker Spaniels and Labrador Retrievers. Fifty-two of the 60 dogs tested (87%) were autoagglutination positive and spherocytes were present in 45 (75%). Forty-one (89%) of 46 patients tested positive for the presence of immunoglobulin on the red blood cell surface (Coombs assay). The most common clinical signs at presentation were lethargy, weakness, pale mucous membranes, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and anorexia. PCV less than 25% was present in 59 (98%) dogs. At the time of presentation, 35 dogs (58%) had a nonregenerative anemia, whereas 25 patients (42%) had a regenerative response. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 41 (68%) dogs. Nine of 34 dogs (26%) had a prolonged prothrombin time, 19 of 34 (56%) had a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin clotting time, and 12 of 34 (35%) had abnormal fibrinogen concentrations. All dogs received prednisone at immunosuppressive doses (2.2-4.4 mg/kg PO as a single or divided dose every 24 hours) and cyclophosphamide as primary therapy. Forty-one dogs (63%) received cyclophosphamide at 50 mg/m2 q24h for 4 days, whereas 9 dogs (15%) received an initial high dose (200 mg/m2) followed by 3 days of a lower dose (50 mg/m2 q24h). No statistical difference in survival times was found for either protocol. Thirteen dogs were treated with azathioprine in addition to cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The median survival time of dogs that received all 3 drugs was 370 days as compared to 9 days for those dogs that were treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone alone. Thirty-one (52%) dogs died from the disease, 13 (22%) dogs were alive, and 15 (25%) dogs were lost to follow-up. The median length of survival for all dogs was 21 days. Eight dogs that were discharged from the hospital suffered a relapse (PCV < 25%).

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective clinical evaluation of serum cardiac troponin T in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital.

The purpose of this study was to measure serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) with a commercially available human enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test in various groups of dogs, including those undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy. Serum samples were obtained from 6 groups of dogs: (1) normal adult dogs (n = 15); (2) dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 5); (3) dogs with congestive heart failure (n = 10); (4) dogs with untreated neoplasia (n = 20); (5) dogs with skeletal muscle trauma (n = 10); and (6) dogs with neoplasia receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy (n = 4). One serum sample was obtained from each of the normal dogs, those with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy, those with congestive heart failure, and those with untreated neoplasia. Serum samples were obtained serially from the dogs that were undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy; samples were collected before doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) administration and then 1, 5, 7, and 14 days after administration throughout 6 cycles for a cumulative total dose of 180 mg/m2. All normal dogs, dogs with untreated neoplasia, and dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy had cTnT concentrations below the lower limits of detection for the assay used (<0.05 ng/mL). Detectable concentrations of cTnT were found in 3 dogs with congestive heart failure and in 2 dogs with skeletal muscle trauma. Detectable concentrations also were found in both dogs that had received 180 mg/m2 of doxorubicin. We conclude that dogs with congestive heart failure and those with skeletal muscle trauma and dogs with neoplasia receiving high-dose doxorubicin chemotherapy may have increased serum cTnT concentration, which may be suggestive of myocardial damage.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Vasopressin, cortisol, and catecholamine concentrations in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of vasopressin and cortisol and urinary excretion of catecholamines in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). ANIMALS: 15 dogs with clinical signs of DCM, 15 dogs with preclinical DCM, and 15 control dogs. PROCEDURE: Physical examinations, thoracic radiography, ECG, and echocardiography were performed on all dogs. Blood and urine samples were collected. RESULTS: Plasma concentration of vasopressin and the urine cortisol-to-urine creatinine ratio were significantly increased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM and dogs with preclinical DCM, compared with control dogs. Plasma vasopressin concentration was significantly higher in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with dogs with preclinical DCM. Urine vasopressin-to-urine creatinine ratio was significantly increased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with dogs with preclinical DCM and control dogs. Urine epinephrine-to-urine creatinine ratio and urine norepinephrine-to-urine creatinine ratio were significantly increased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with control dogs. Plasma concentration of cortisol and urine dopamine-to-urine creatinine ratio did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: According to this study, the neuroendocrine pattern is changed in dogs with preclinical DCM. These changes are even more pronounced in dogs with clinical signs of DCM. Analysis of concentrations of vasopressin, cortisol, and catecholamines may aid in identification of the clinical stages of DCM. These findings may also provide a basis for additional studies of the possible beneficial effects of vasopressin antagonists and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists in the treatment of dogs with congestive heart failure and DCM.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Deployment morbidity among search-and-rescue dogs used after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

OBJECTIVES: To determine characteristics, variables associated with deployment morbidity, and injuries and illnesses of search-and-rescue dogs associated with the Sept 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. DESIGN: Historical cohort study. ANIMALS: 96 dogs. PROCEDURE: Data collected included previous medical or surgical history, physical attributes of dogs, type and number of years of training, site of deployment, shift and hours worked, and number of days deployed. Combined morbidity was defined as 1 or more abnormalities of body systems, including traumatic injuries. RESULTS: Handlers of 96 of the 212 dogs responded to the surveys. Fifty-nine dogs were deployed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, 10 by police forces, and 27 as members of other search-and-rescue teams. Sixty-five dogs (incidence rate, 17 events/1,000 dog search hours) had combined morbidity during deployment. System-specific morbidity rates included gastrointestinal tract signs (5 events/1,000 dog search hours), cuts and abrasions mostly on the feet (5 events/1,000 dog search hours), fatigue (6 events/1,000 dog search hours), change in appetite (6 events/1,000 dogs search hours), dehydration (5 events/1,000 dog search hours), respiratory tract problems (2 events/1,000 dog search hours), heat exhaustion (2 events/1,000 dog search hours), and orthopedic or back problems (2 events/1,000 dog search hours). Dogs deployed to the World Trade Center were 6.6 times more likely to have combined morbidity, compared with dogs at the Pentagon. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Injury and illnesses occurred in most dogs and affected several organ systems, but all were minor.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Hepatotoxicity of phenobarbital in dogs: 18 cases (1985-1989).

The medical records of 18 dogs that had hepatic disease and received phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant for 5 to 82 months were reviewed. Clinical signs included sedation and ataxia in all dogs, 5 dogs were also anorectic, 2 had coagulopathy, 3 were icteric, and 5 had ascites. Serum biochemical analysis revealed serum albumin concentration less than or equal to 2.2. g/dl in 12 dogs, serum alkaline phosphatase activity greater than or equal to 169 U/L in 18 dogs, serum alanine transaminase activity greater than or equal to 57 U/L in 15 dogs, and total bilirubin concentration greater than or equal to 1 mg/dl (in the absence of lipemia) in 7 dogs. Serum phenobarbital concentration was greater than or equal to 40 micrograms/ml in 12 of 17 dogs. Sulfobromophthalein excretion was prolonged in 8 of 10 dogs. Preprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 8 of 10 dogs, and 2-hour postprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 9 of 10 dogs. Two of 4 dogs tested had resting plasma ammonia concentrations greater than 200 mg/dl. An ammonia tolerance test was performed on 2 other dogs; both had ammonia concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl in the plasma 30 minutes after receiving 100 mg of ammonium chloride/kg of body weight, PO. Nine dogs died, 1 was euthanatized, and necropsies were performed on these 10 dogs. Biopsies and necropsies of 6 dogs revealed chronic hepatic fibrosis with nodular regeneration (cirrhosis). One dog had hepatocellular carcinoma and mild cirrhosis. In 1 dog, after phenobarbital had been withheld, necropsy revealed complete recovery of the previously observed lesions.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of disease on the results of diagnostic tests for use in detecting hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.

The purpose of the study reported here was to assess 3 commonly used screening tests for hyperadrenocorticism (low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, ACTH stimulation test, and urinary cortisol:creatinine ratio) in dogs with various diseases other than those of the adrenal glands (nonadrenal diseases). A group of 100 dogs was studied: 59 dogs with nonadrenal disease, 21 clinically normal dogs, and 20 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Of 59 dogs with nonadrenal disease, 20 (34%) had high baseline cortisol concentration (greater than reference range limits), and 22 (38%) and 33 (56%) had inadequate serum cortisol suppression at 4 and 8 hours, respectively, after administration of a low dose of dexamethasone. Compared with clinically normal dogs, dogs with nonadrenal disease had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean serum cortisol concentration at 4 and 8 hours after administration of a low dose of dexamethasone; however, significant differences were not detected between the mean cortisol concentration at 8 hours after administration for dogs with nonadrenal disease and for dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. After ACTH stimulation, only 8 of 59 (14%) dogs with nonadrenal disease had high serum cortisol concentrations. Significant differences did not exist after ACTH stimulation between mean cortisol concentration of clinically normal dogs and that of dogs with nonadrenal disease. Of 59 dogs with nonadrenal disease, 45 (76%) had a high urinary cortisol:creatinine ratio. When compared with clinically normal dogs, dogs with nonadrenal disease had a significantly higher mean urinary cortisol:creatinine ratio, but significant differences did not exist between the mean urinary cortisol:creatinine ratio of dogs with nonadrenal disease and that of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction↗

PubMed1993

Concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in dogs with malignant neoplasia.

Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1AG) concentrations were determined in 55 dogs with previously untreated, histologically confirmed, high-grade lymphoblastic lymphoma, and in 34 dogs with histologically confirmed nonhematopoietic malignancies (13 dogs with carcinomas and 21 dogs with sarcomas). Serum concentrations were again determined in 32 dogs with lymphoma that were in complete remission 3 weeks after 1 dose of doxorubicin (30 mg/m2 of body surface, i.v.) and in 22 dogs that were still in complete remission 3 weeks after a fourth dose of doxorubicin. For comparison, serum alpha 1AG concentrations were measured in 19 clinically normal (control) dogs of similar weight and age. Eight of the control dogs were given 1 dose of doxorubicin (30 mg/m2, i.v.), and serum alpha 1AG concentrations were measured 3 weeks later. In control dogs, mean serum alpha 1AG concentration after treatment with doxorubicin was not significantly different from mean concentration before treatment. Mean alpha 1AG concentrations in untreated dogs with lymphoma, in dogs with sarcomas, and in dogs with carcinomas were all significantly higher than mean concentration for untreated control dogs. In addition, the mean concentration for dogs with osteosarcomas was significantly higher than mean concentration for untreated control dogs. There were no significant differences in mean serum alpha 1AG concentrations among dogs with different clinical stages of lymphoma (stage IIIa, stage IVa, stage Va). However, mean serum alpha 1AG concentrations were significantly increased for dogs with stages IIIa, IVa, and Va lymphoma, compared with mean concentration for untreated control dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Measurement of serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether measurement of baseline serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, and thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) would aid in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: 54 dogs with hypothyroidism, 54 euthyroid dogs with nonthyroidal disease initially suspected to have hypothyroidism, and 150 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: In the 54 dogs with hypothyroidism, diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical signs, results of routine laboratory and TSH stimulation tests, exclusion of concurrent nonthyroidal disease, and a good clinical response to treatment with L-thyroxine. Blood samples were collected from all dogs and were tested for thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations. Reference ranges for hormone concentrations were established on the basis of results for the 150 clinically normal dogs. RESULTS: Of the 54 hypothyroid dogs, 48 (89%) had low total T4 concentrations, 3 had low-normal concentrations, and 3 had high concentrations because of T4 autoantibodies. In contrast, only 10 (18%) euthyroid dogs had low total T4 concentrations. Only 3 of 31 (10%) hypothyroid dogs had low T3 concentrations; 23 had concentrations within the reference range, and 5 had high concentrations because of T3 autoantibodies. Only 3 of 38 euthyroid dogs had low T3 concentrations. Of the hypothyroid dogs, 53 (98%) had low free T4 concentrations and 1 had a low-normal concentration. Only 4 (7%) euthyroid dogs had low free T4 concentrations. Of the hypothyroid dogs, 41 (76%) had high TSH concentrations, and 13 had TSH concentrations within the reference range. Of the euthyroid dogs, only 4 (8%) had high TSH concentrations. Of all single hormone measurements evaluated, measurement of free T4 concentration had the highest sensitivity (0.98), specificity (0.93), and accuracy (0.95) as a test for hypothyroidism; measurement of total T4 concentration had a lower sensitivity (0.89), specificity (0.82), and accuracy (0.85). Compared with measurement of total or free T4 concentration, measurement of TSH concentration had a lower sensitivity (0.76) and accuracy (0.84) but specificity (0.93) equal to that for measurement of free T4 concentration. When T4 (total or free) and TSH concentrations were evaluated together, specificity was higher than when T4 or TSH concentration was evaluated alone. Only 1 euthyroid dog had low T4 (total and free) and high TSH concentrations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results indicate that measurement of serum free T4 and TSH concentrations is useful for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. About a quarter of the dogs with confirmed hypothyroidism, however, will have serum TSH concentrations within reference limits.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Injuries and illnesses in working dogs used during the disaster response after the bombing in Oklahoma City.

OBJECTIVES: To determine characteristics of working dogs used during the disaster response after the bombing in Oklahoma City and risk factors for injuries and illnesses of those dogs, and to document recommendations for future disaster responses. DESIGN: Survey. STUDY POPULATION: Information for 74 working dogs used at the bombing site. PROCEDURES: Dog handlers were identified and asked to complete a questionnaire. Questions were asked about the training and use of each dog, use of paw protection, injuries and illnesses incurred, possible effects after completion of duty at Oklahoma City, and handler's experience. RESULTS: Data were obtained for all 74 dogs used at the site. Handlers of 69 of 74 (93%) dogs responded. The dogs had been extensively trained and were used 491 dog-days at the site, with 46 dogs used in search, 14 in patrol, 12 in explosive-detection duty, and 2 in search/patrol. Fifteen (22%) dogs became ill. Nineteen (28%) dogs incurred 20 injuries. Footpad injuries constituted 18 of the injuries. Only 16 of 69 (23%) dogs were provided with paw protection. Dogs were more likely to be injured when they were used in a search capacity, were used during the first 2 days after the bombing, were German Shepherd Dogs, or were older. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although working in a high-risk environment, injuries to dogs were few, and most were minor. Specific recommendations could facilitate use of dogs in disaster situations and improve safety for those dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Low glutathione S-transferase dogs.

Liver and kidney glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities to 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) as a substrate (GST-D activities) were measured in 280 dogs from five different breeders, and significant individual differences in this activity were observed in both organs. Interestingly, 34 out of the 280 dogs (i.e. 12.1%) were those in which liver GST-D activities were less than 10 nmol/min per mg cytosolic protein, "low GST dogs", and the other dogs were classified as "middle" and "high" GST dogs for which the liver GST-D activities were 10-80 and >80 nmol/min per mg protein, respectively, and occurred at similar percentages (41.4% for the middle GST dog and 46.4% for the high GST dog). Furthermore, the existence of the low GST dogs was not limited to one particular breeder. There was a good correlation (r=0.910) between the liver and kidney GST-D activities, showing low activity in not only the liver but also the kidney in the low GST dogs. Although liver GST activity to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate (GST-C activity), catalyzed by various GST isozymes in dogs, was significantly correlated with liver GST-D activity, GST-C activity showed more than 450 nmol/min per mg protein even in the low GST dogs. There was no significant difference in cytochrome P450 content, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity or UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity to p-nitrophenol as a substrate between low GST dogs and the other dogs. Finally, remarkably high plasma concentrations of DCNB were observed in the low GST dogs after single doses of DCNB at 5 or 100 mg/kg. The individual differences in GST-D activity are probably attributable to the content and/or activity of the theta class GST isozyme Yd(f)Yd(f) since it has been reported that glutathione conjugation of DCNB is specifically catalyzed by GSTYd(f)Yd(f) in dogs. In conclusion, we identified a number of low GST dogs in which the GST-D activities were not observed either in vivo or in vitro. The feasibility of using a single low dose of DCNB to phenotype dogs based on GST-D activity was confirmed. It was also suggested that low GST dogs have high susceptibility, including unexpected toxicity or abnormal exposure, to chemicals metabolized by GSTYd(f)Yd(f).

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗

PubMed2006

Hematopoietic chimerism induces renal and skin allograft tolerance in DLA-identical dogs.

OBJECTIVE: Hematopoietic chimerism, a state where donor and recipient bone marrow cells coexist, is associated with donor-specific tolerance. Nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been shown to induce stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism in dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)-matched dogs. The potential for inducing renal and skin allograft tolerance with nonmyeloablative BMT was investigated in DLA-identical and DLA-haploidentical dogs in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Renal allografts were performed in 8 DLA-identical and 4 DLA-haploidentical dogs with nonmyeloablative conditioning (200 cGy TBI) and transient immunosuppression with cyclosporine (CSP) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with (n = 8) and without (n = 4) simultaneous BMT. Skin allografts were performed in 2 DLA-identical and 4 DLA-haploidentical dogs after stopping CSP and MMF. Two DLA-identical control dogs received renal allografts without TBI, BMT, or immunosuppression with CSP and MMF. Molecular chimerism was determined with a PCR-based DNA microsatellite assay. Serum creatinine (Cr) concentration, urine specific gravity, and sequential renal biopsies were monitored to assess renal allograft function. RESULTS: Donor-type blood cells were first detected 4 weeks posttransplantation in both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Donor chimerism was present for at least 76 weeks in the DLA-identical dogs. Mixed chimerism was not observed in the DLA-haploidentical dogs or DLA-identical dogs that did not undergo BMT. The renal allografts were acutely rejected within 14 days in the 2 DLA-identical control dogs. There was long-term (> 5 yrs) renal allograft survival as evidenced by a normal (< 2.0 mg/dL) serum Cr concentration in both the DLA-identical and DLA-haploidentical dogs that underwent 200 cGy TBI and transient immunosuppression with CSP and MMF either with or without simultaneous BMT. Renal allograft inflammation was severe in the control dogs, mild to moderate in the DLA-haploidentical dogs, and minimal in the DLA-identical dogs. Donor-specific skin grafts were accepted in the DLA-identical dogs but rejected in the DLA-haploidentical dogs. Nonmyeloablative conditioning (200 cGy TBI) and transient immunosuppression with CSP and MMF induce renal and skin allograft tolerance in DLA-identical and permit long-term renal allograft survival in DLA-haploidentical dogs. These findings suggest it may possible to obtain long-term allograft survival in DLA-identical and -haploidentical dogs without the need for chronic immunosuppressive therapy.

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