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PubMed1985

Operant behavior and drinking suppression in vasopressin-deficient rats (Brattleboro strain).

A group of Brattleboro rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus (DI) and a group of normal Long-Evans (LE) rats were deprived of water and tested on two tasks thought to measure reinforcement strength: a progressive-ratio schedule in an operant chamber and a quinine-induced drinking-suppression task. Since water-deprived DI rats are in more severe negative water balance than LE rats, it was hypothesized that they would sustain higher ratios than LE rats on the progressive-ratio schedule and would suppress drinking at higher quinine concentrations than LE rats. It was found that DI rats responded less than LE rats on the progressive-ratio schedule and that DI rats suppressed drinking as much as LE rats at each concentration of quinine used on the drinking-suppression test. It is suggested that the reinforcement strength of water for DI rats is not higher than that for LE rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The relationship between disordered eating behavior and drinking motives in college-age women.

Previous research has documented that alcohol use disorders and eating disorders often co-occur. One possible reason for these high rates of co-occurrence is that problematic eating and alcohol use serve similar functions for the persons engaging in them. In particular, both have been hypothesized to serve an avoidant coping function. This study was designed to examine the relationships between drinking motives and disordered eating in a sample of college-age women. A total of 257 women completed the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Rutgers Alcohol Problems Index (RAPI), and Drinking Motives Measure (DMM). As hypothesized, problematic eating and problematic drinking were positively correlated. Also, regression analyses indicated a strong relationship between problematic eating and the coping scale of the DMM, which measures avoidant coping. This study extends previous research and provides support for the idea that problematic eating and problematic drinking serve similar avoidant coping functions. This line of research may hold important implications for treatment interventions targeting comorbid alcohol use disorders and eating disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Endocannabinoid system and alcohol addiction: pharmacological studies.

The present paper describes the results of recent pharmacological studies implicating the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the neural circuitry regulating alcohol consumption and motivation to consume alcohol. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists have been found to specifically stimulate alcohol intake and alcohol's motivational properties in rats. Conversely, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR 141716, has been reported to specifically suppress acquisition and maintenance of alcohol drinking behavior, relapse-like drinking and alcohol's motivational properties in rats. More recent data indicate that opioid receptor antagonists a) blocked the stimulatory effect of cannabinoids on alcohol intake, and b) synergistically potentiated the suppressing effect of SR 141716 on alcohol intake and alcohol's motivational properties. Consistently, SR 141716 blocked the stimulatory effect of morphine on alcohol intake. These results suggest a) the existence of a functional link between the cannabinoid and opioid receptor systems in the control of alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol, and b) that novel and potentially effective therapeutic strategies for alcoholism may come from the combination of cannabinoid and opioid receptor antagonists.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2000

Relations between dietary restraint and patterns of alcohol use in young adult women.

The present study examined relations between dietary restraint and self-reported patterns of alcohol use, including separate assessment of quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. One hundred seventy-six female university undergraduates completed the Restraint Scale (RS) and measures of their usual quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption over the past year. Quantity and frequency self-reports were scored separately and were also used to calculate 3 additional drinking variables: a composite weekly alcohol consumption score (drinks per week), a binge drinking categorical variable (where participants were classified as either binge drinkers or non-binge drinkers), and a yearly excessive drinking score (number of times in the past year that each participant consumed at least 4 alcoholic beverages per drinking occasion). RS scores were significantly positively correlated with scores on 4 of the 5 drinking behavior measures (i.e., quantity, drinks per week, binge drinking, and yearly excessive drinking, but not frequency). Thus, chronic dieting appears to be related to a relatively heavy drinking pattern that can be characterized as potentially risky, due to its established associations with adverse health and social consequences.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A comparative study on alcohol-preferring rat lines: effects of deprivation and stress phases on voluntary alcohol intake.

BACKGROUND: Voluntary alcohol intake in rats can be influenced by alcohol deprivation phases and stress. We investigated the magnitude of the effects of both deprivation and stress (forced swimming in cold water and foot-shock had been chosen as stressors distinct in their physical and psychological features) on alcohol intake and the influence of these experiences on the time course of alcohol drinking behavior. For the alcohol drinking procedure, a long-term model of alcohol self-administration originally developed for heterogeneous Wistar rats was used and was compared with different alcohol-preferring rat lines. METHODS: Adult male Alko alcohol (AA), alcohol-preferring (P), high-alcohol-drinking (HAD), and unselected Wistar rats were given ad libitum access to water, 5%, and 20% alcohol solutions for 6 months. A deprivation phase of 14 days was performed after 8 weeks of access to alcohol. After 16 weeks and 22 weeks of alcohol access, all animals were subjected to forced swimming and foot-shock, respectively, for 3 consecutive days, while alcohol intake was still being measured. RESULTS: Alcohol deprivation led to a significant increase in alcohol intake in Wistar rats and P rats. No alcohol deprivation effect was observed in HAD and AA rats; after deprivation, however, their preference for the 20% alcohol solution increased, immediately in the HAD rats and gradually over time in the AA rats. Repeated swim stress caused an increase in alcohol intake in Wistar rats but no changes in the alcohol-preferring rat lines. Foot-shock stress increased alcohol consumption in all lines of rats, but the most pronounced effects were observed in HAD and P rats. CONCLUSIONS: Wistar, HAD, P, and AA rats differentially respond to alcohol deprivation and stress, showing that the genetic background of these different rat lines profoundly affects relapse-like drinking and stress-induced drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Persistence of depression in detoxified alcoholics.

Although many alcoholics appear depressed upon entry into an alcoholism treatment program, the depressive features tend to disappear in most cases after only a few weeks of sobriety in an appropriate treatment setting. This report is concerned with understanding factors that mediate for persistence of depression in some detoxified alcoholics. Among four relatively independent aspects of alcohol-related behavior measured by the Drinking Behavior Interview, only one factor, that related to disruption in close personal relationships, was found to correlate significantly with level of self-reported depression at the end of a 4-week treatment program. These results and those from a previous study are discussed in terms of the loss of social support.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

The significance of cultural patterning for the "alcoholic family".

This paper presents findings from a recent study of a population of middle-class Catholic families, primarily Irish, German, and Italian, among whom alcohol-related problems are frequent and severe. To understand alcohol usage in this population, a knowledge of the historical and cultural roles of drinking in the relevant ethnic or national groups and a holistic view of contemporary family life are essential. It is suggested that massive social controls in major areas of family life are closely related to problematic drinking behavior. The delineation of cultural prescriptions regarding behaviors and attitudes directly and indirectly related to drinking patterns may contribute a significant cultural dimension to proposed models of the "alcoholic family" system.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1997

The mediating influence of refusal skills in preventing adolescent alcohol misuse.

Alcohol is the most frequently used psycho-active substance during adolescence. Adolescents who misuse or overindulge in alcohol are at risk for serious social and psychological consequences. Several preventive approaches can help adolescents deal with peer pressure that contributes to alcohol use experimentation and escalation. One promising approach involves teaching adolescents skills to refuse offers of alcohol and other drugs. Few studies, however, have examined how this approach works; that is, the connection between the prevention effort, refusal skills, and drinking behavior. This paper investigates the relationships among the intervention, refusal skills, and alcohol misuse in the Alcohol Misuse Prevention Study, a randomized, pre/post experimental study. Based on data from sixth through tenth graders (average N per grade = approximately 400), regression analyses indicate that refusal skills are significant mediators of the effect of the intervention on alcohol misuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Coordination of breathing and swallowing: effects of bolus consistency and presentation in normal adults.

Respiration and swallowing were recorded simultaneously by inductance plethysmography, submental electromyography, and a throat microphone in 10 normal subjects during eating and drinking tasks that included single boluses of varying volume (5-20 ml) and consistency presented with a syringe and cup, a 200-ml drink taken with and without the use of a straw, and a sandwich meal. Swallows were associated with a brief swallow apnea (SA) lasting approximately 1 s. Swallow effects on the duration or tidal volume of the preswallow, postswallow and swallow-associated breathing cycles varied depending on bolus characteristics and presentation. Expiration before and after the SA was the preferred pattern with all drinking and eating tasks. Inspiration followed SA in < 5% of single-bolus swallows, but this pattern increased significantly with a 200-ml drink administered by cup or by straw and during a sandwich meal (23.8 +/- 5.2, 27.0 +/- 2.6, and 16.3 +/- 2.7%, respectively. Hence, the swallow-associated breathing pattern seen with single-bolus swallows may not reflect that associated with regular eating and drinking behavior. This finding implies that the risk of aspiration may be reduced by teaching patients prone to aspiration to simplify the complex behavior of eating and drinking to a series of single-bolus swallows.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Couple communication and female problem drinking: a behavioral observation study.

Couples with alcohol and relationship problems often report poor communication, yet little is known about the communication of maritally distressed couples in which the woman abuses alcohol (MDWA couples). Compared with maritally distressed couples without alcohol problems (MDNA) and couples with neither problem (NDNA), MDWA couples showed a distinctive pattern of negative communication. Similar to MDNA men, MDWA men spoke negatively to their partners but listened positively to their partners much like NDNA men. MDWA women listened negatively, much as MDNA women did, but spoke positively, like NDNA women did. The interactions of MDWA couples can be characterized as a male-demand-female-withdraw pattern, which is a gender reversal of the female-demand-male-withdraw pattern often observed in MDNA couples.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of carbamazepine for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Carbamazepine, chemically related to the tricyclic antidepressants, has multiple clinical actions. It is a potent anticonvulsant, mild sedative, and mood stabilizer. It is nonaddictive and has little toxicity when clinical and laboratory monitoring is performed. It has proven efficacy in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Kindling and protracted withdrawal are the theoretical rationale for the mechanism of its action in the treatment of alcohol dependence. This 12-month double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of 29 subjects evaluated the efficacy of carbamazepine for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Subjects were randomly assigned to either placebo or carbamazepine. A baseline assessment and bimonthly follow-up for 12 months assessed demographic variables, mood and functioning, treatment compliance, drinking behaviors, biological markers of drinking, and medication toxicity. Despite the small sample size, compliance difficulties after 4 months and a sizable drop-out rate, there were treatment effects favoring carbamazepine. Univariate analyses showed a decrease in drinks per drinking day and maximum number of heavy drinking days in a row at 2 and 4 months of follow-up. Survival analysis revealed a significant delay in time to first episode of heavy drinking, and close to a trend level of significance for time to first drink. There were significant time, but not time by treatment group, effects on multiple measures of mood. These pilot results are encouraging and support carbamazepine as a possible pharmacologic tool in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Adolescent alcohol drinking and its long-range consequences. Studies with animal models.

This chapter reviews findings, mainly obtained from the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) line of rats, on (a) the development of alcohol drinking during the peri-adolescent period, (b) neurobiological factors that may contribute to adolescent drinking, (c) interventions to prevent alcohol drinking during adolescence, and (d) some long-lasting consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking. The findings indicate that P rats readily initiate alcohol drinking during the early post-weaning, adolescent and peri-adolescent periods of development. The early age-of-onset of alcohol drinking in the P compared to the NP line is associated with (a) higher densities of serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptors in cerebral cortical and hippocampal regions; (b) lower densities of dopamine (DA) D2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA); (c) higher functional activity in several limbic, cortical and hippocampal regions; and (d) sensitivity to the low-dose stimulating effect of ethanol. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training during adolescence produces long-term effects on preventing high alcohol drinking behavior of P rats. Alcohol drinking during peri-adolescence by P rats produces long-lasting effects that increase the acquisition of ethanol self-administration in adulthood, and, in addition, increase craving-like behavior and the potential for alcohol relapse. With suitable animal models, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adolescent alcohol drinking and its long-range consequences can be attained.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

'Binge' drinkers at Massachusetts colleges. Prevalence, drinking style, time trends, and associated problems.

OBJECTIVE: To compare drinking patterns among college freshmen with those found among students at similar schools 12 years ago, and to describe in detail the differences between "binge" drinkers and "nonbinge" drinkers. DESIGN: Mailed survey. SETTING: Fourteen 4-year colleges in Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1669 first-year college students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The survey instrument contains a variety of self-report measures of drinking behaviors, attitudes, and consequences. "Binge" drinking is defined as the consumption of five or more drinks on one or more occasions in the past 2 weeks. MAIN RESULTS: The proportion of "frequent-heavy" drinkers remained constant between the 1977 and 1989 surveys (30% vs 31% of men; 13% vs 14% of women), but today's students get intoxicated more often and are more motivated to drink to get drunk. The proportion of students who said "to get drunk" was a "somewhat" or "very important" reason for drinking was two to three times as high in 1989 as in 1977. Among students surveyed in 1989, binge drinkers drank greater quantities, with greater regularity, and experienced more intoxication and alcohol-associated problems than did nonbinge drinkers. Close to half of the binge drinkers (46.5% of men, 48.3% of women) were drunk twice or more in the past month, compared with 5% or fewer of the nonbinge drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The stability over time of the prevalence of frequent heavy drinking among college students indicates an apparent failure of both social and institutional policies to alter this behavior. Binge drinkers in particular appear to be a population whose drinking patterns and attitudes place them and those around them at increased risk for adverse consequences.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Auditory entrainment of primate drinking rhythms following partial suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions.

In the absence of other environmental cycles, daily variations in auditory stimuli are normally not capable of entraining the circadian rhythms of drinking behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). However, the drinking rhythm appears to become entrainable by previously ineffective auditory cues after lesions are placed which destroy only the caudal portion of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. The results suggest specificity of function within the SCN and an increased influence of auditory stimuli in animals with impaired SCN function.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1998

The dipsogenic effects of rat relaxin: The effect of photoperiod and the potential role of relaxin on drinking in pregnancy.

Experiments were done to examine whether rat relaxin is dipsogenic and whether such dipsogenic effects of rat relaxin are related to time of injection during the light-dark cycle. Female rats were fitted with a chronic intra-cerebro-ventricular (i.c.v.) cannula. Rat relaxin (2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 ng/2 microl in 0.9% saline) was injected into the right lateral ventricle at either morning (0800-1000 h), afternoon (1400-1600 h), or night (2200-2400 h), and water consumption was measured. Relaxin caused a dose-dependent dipsogenesis at doses > or = 5 ng, but the sensitivity and magnitude of the response varied with the photoperiod. Water consumption was smallest (3.5 +/- 0.7 ml at 50 ng) and least sensitive (minimal effective dose at 25 ng) in the afternoon and maximal (17.7 +/- 2.3 ml at 50 ng) and most sensitive (minimal effective dose 5 ng) at night. The latency from injection to drinking was 55.8 +/- 10.4 sec (mean +/- SEM) and did not vary significantly with either the dose or time of day. A second set of experiments was done to examine the effects of neutralizing the central actions of relaxin on drinking behavior in pregnancy. Pregnant rats were injected daily, through a chronically implanted i.c.v. cannula, with either a specific monoclonal antibody raised against rat relaxin from day 12 to day 22 of gestation or with saline as a control. Drinking and eating behavior and weight gain were monitored every 12 h during pregnancy. There was a significant decrease in water consumed at night, but no effect on drinking during the day in relaxin-neutralized rats. These animals also showed a decrease in weight gain during pregnancy compared with controls and gave birth to lighter-weight litters. These data provide evidence that the dipsogenic response to exogenous rat relaxin in female rats varies with time of injection during the light-dark cycle and suggest that relaxin in the brain may have a role in nighttime drinking behavior during the second half of pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

A system for studying the microstructure of ingestive behavior in mice.

A system for long-term monitoring of mouse eating and drinking behavior with 6-s resolution is described. The apparatus utilizes infrared beams to monitor activity at a single feeding port and electronic contact detector circuitry to record individual licks at two drinking ports. Eight SWR/J mice were monitored using this system and data from the last day of testing with food and water were analyzed. Mice ate an average of 4.54 +/- 0.40 g of powdered food and drank an average of 5.81 +/- 0.65 ml of water. Mice had an average of 36.25 +/- 3.96 food bouts and 32.25 +/- 7.56 water bouts lasting 3.00 +/- 0.48 and 0.88 +/- 0.35 min, respectively. Information regarding the temporal association between eating and drinking and the circadian patterns of ingestion was provided, utilizing customized software that augments the system. Important implications for the use of mice in ingestion pattern research are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

(+)-Amphetamine oral 'drug taking behavior' in naive and tolerant rats.

The drinking behavior of naive rats changes predictably in a free choice experiment involving water vs. 0.02%, 0.01% and 0.003% (+)-amphetamine solutions: The higher the concentration of the amphetamine solution, the sooner a number of rats quit drinking it, and the less is ingested by those still drinking it. Physically dependent rats having undergone three withdrawals immediately reject (+)-amphetamine solution in a free choice test with water available. The avoidance of withdrawal symptoms does not motivate further self-administration. Therefore, (+)-amphetamine self-administered in drinking water is neither a reinforcer for naive nor for physically dependent rats in sustaining drug taking behavior. In acute and chronic experiments, the transition from increased motor activity to stereotypical behavior could be demonstrated and evidence was produced that tolerance develops to the (+)-amphetamine-induced increase in motor activity.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1982

Effects of opiate antagonists and putative mu- and kappa-agonists on milk intake in rat and squirrel monkey.

The effects of a number of relatively pure opiate antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone, diprenorphine), and putative mu- (morphine, etorphine) and kappa- (ketocyclazocine, ethylketocyclazocine) receptor agonists on sweetened condensed milk intake were examined over a broad range of doses in non-deprived rats and squirrel monkeys. The antagonists consistently decreased milk intake in both the rat and squirrel monkey. There were, however, species differences: diprenorphine was 30 times more potent than either naloxone or naltrexone in the squirrel monkey, but was of similar potency in the rat. The effects of the opiate agonists were more variable than those of the antagonists. In both species, all agonists decreased milk intake at high doses that also produced behavioral depression. Significant increases in drinking were produced only by low doses of ketocyclazocine and ethylketocyclazocine in the rat. The suppression of milk intake by the antagonists supports a modulatory role of opiate receptors in the control of drinking behavior, however, the effects of the agonists on drinking are less easily interpreted within this conceptual framework.

Animals↗