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Histochemical study on the external ear of Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew).

The histochemical study of the Ear of female Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) was studied by the use of the cholinesterase technique. Good and sharp results were obtained while studing the AChE activity in the hair, hair follicle, hair papillae, muscle spindle, and nerve endings. The investigations were performed under constant pH, temperatures 37 degrees C to 40 degrees C, and incubation times, from 16 hours to 18 hours. The hair follicle and hair shafts showed strong positive reaction; hair papillae also showed strong positive reaction of AChE activity, while hair showed the banded appearance and the muscle spindles showed mild reaction of the AChE activity.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

[Total reconstruction of the posterior wall of the external ear canal with allogenic rib cartilage. Technique and results].

Middle-ear reconstruction using a closed surgical technique has the same surgical stages as in combined-approach tympanoplasty. The only special feature is the reconstruction of the posterior canal wall and scutum, an essential step. This reconstruction process is carried out with allogenic costal cartilage affixed to two deep bony slots with fibrin glue. In 90% of cases surgery is done in two stages.

Adolescent↗

Nonlinear mechanics of the inner ear and its relation to otoacoustic emissions: two steps on the way to a mathematical model of DPOAE generation.

Among clinical users of the registration of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), the understanding of the basic causality and interpretation of the phenomenon is not yet widely spread, nor is the expected influence of the middle ear and ear canal clear. On the other side, the effort in mathematical modeling of middle and inner ear structures is driven very far by now. We are convinced, though, that the essentials of an effect as DPOAE generation must be understandable from quite simple models. In a first step de Boer's one-dimensional model was adopted and expanded by a weak frictional and a weak elastic nonlinearity, respectively. By means of perturbation theory the weakly nonlinear problem is converted in an approximation series of linear problems. So it is solvable by the common methods of linear differential equations (DEs), above all the superposition principle can be used. At the same time a structure of causality is introduced: Sources for outgoing waves are in first order approximation formed by incoming waves, and so they can be localized. The calculations show clearly that of all six cubic distortions only the 2f(1) - f(2) term does have a source in its 'allowed' region and so can travel outward. We can use the calculated DPOAE to study the influence of middle ear, external ear canal and probe plug. Some problems remain: the weakly nonlinear model in first order does not give account for proper L(dp) = f(L(1), L(2)) and L(dp) = f(f(2)/f(1)) dependency, nor does it deliver additional sources or the effect of additional suppressor tones. In a second step, therefore, we replace de Boer's simple model basilar membrane (BM) by a doubly resonant, coupled tectorial/basilar membrane (TM/BM) system. By feedback now we introduce a strong nonlinearity, which we can mathematically care for by an iterative feedback loop. The algorithm shapes the incoming waves according to strong compressive nonlinearity. More relastic incoming waves yield better source terms, and after optimization of the mistuning function between TM and BM the model now is able to deliver qualitatively correct L(dp) (L(1),L(2)) and L(dp)(f(2)/f(1)) dependencies.

Basilar Membrane↗

Congenital ear deformities.

External ear deformities by themselves do not require emergent treatment, but associated abnormalities need to be defined to enable long-term planning. The pediatrician can orchestrate the specialists and keep parents and patient informed maximally.

Child↗

The surgical technique for implantation of the temporal bone stimulator (Audiant ABC).

Microsurgical techniques and modern hearing aids are very limited in providing hearing improvement to patients with a vast number of middle ear and external ear canal conditions. A new electromagnetic temporal bone stimulator (TBS), capable of direct stimulation of the cochlea, has been developed. Nothing is placed in the external ear canal. The internal portion of the device is placed in the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, thus completely bypassing the external canal, the ossicles, and the middle ear. This provides stimulation to the inner ear regardless of the condition of the external canal and the middle ear. Unilateral hearing losses may also be benefited by transfer of energy to the opposite ear. Selection of patients, the surgical technique, and the instrumental armamentarium are discussed. The pitfalls and expected results are described.

Audiometry↗

Morphologic measurements of the external horizontal ear canal of dogs.

Microscopic anatomy of the horizontal part of the external ear canal was evaluated in 24 dogs. Sixteen dogs were from breeds known to have a predisposition to otitis externa. The remaining 8 dogs were from breeds that do not have a predisposition to otitis externa. Dogs were separated into groups according to predisposition to otitis externa: group 1-predisposed dogs without otic inflammation, group 2-predisposed dogs with otic inflammation, and group 3-nonpredisposed dogs without otic inflammation. Qualitative microscopic evaluation of distribution of hair follicles revealed hair within proximal, middle, and distal regions of the horizontal ear canal in all breeds. The degree of keratinization was directly proportional to the presence of otic inflammation and was excessive in group-2 dogs. Quality of sebaceous glands within the horizontal ear canal was similar among dogs with and without otitis externa, whereas the quantity of apocrine tubular glands was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in dogs with otitis. Quantity of apocrine tubular glands was also greater in group-1 dogs than in group-3 dogs. Thickness of the soft tissue in the external ear canal increased in direct proportion to the progression of disease and was greatest in the proximal region of the affected ear canal. Soft tissue located caudally between nonopposing ends of the annular cartilage, within the proximal region of the horizontal ear canal, contained few glands and hair follicles in dogs without otitis externa. In dogs with otitis externa, this region was infiltrated by distended apocrine tubular glands.

Age Factors↗

[Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in middle ear cholesteatoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the pathogenetic mechanism of middle ear cholesteatoma, the aim of this study is to detect the expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in middle ear cholesteatoma and normal external ear canal skin. METHOD: We used the technology of immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in thirty-one middle ear cholesteatomas and ten samples of normal external ear canal skin. RESULT: The expression of HIF-1alpha was extremely higher in middle ear cholesteatomas than in normal external ear canal skin (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: We found that the higher expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in middle ear cholesteatomas, so we think that Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha play an important role in the pathogenetic process of middle ear cholesteatoma, and hypoxia may be an incentive in the pathogenetic mechanism of middle ear cholesteatoma.

Adolescent↗

Role of Bcl-xL protein in differentiation and apoptosis of human middle ear cholesteatoma epithelium.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in middle ear cholesteatoma epithelium with those of normal external ear canal epithelium. DESIGN: The localizations of the expression of Bcl-xL protein and involucrin and the presence of apoptotic cells were determined for tissue slices of middle ear cholesteatoma epithelium and compared with the findings for normal external ear canal epithelium. In addition, SCC-25/bcl-xL transfectants showing the overexpression of Bcl-xL were used to investigate the effect of this protein on the expression of involucrin, which is a marker of epithelial cell differentiation. MATERIALS: Cholesteatoma tissue specimens were surgically excised from 10 patients. Normal skin specimens collected from the external ear canal of the 10 patients were used as control specimens. RESULTS: The expression of Bcl-xL was detected in the vicinity of the basal cell layer of both the cholesteatoma epithelium and the normal external ear canal epithelium. Conversely, the expression of involucrin (ie, a marker of epithelial cell differentiation) increased in proportion to the shallowness of the epithelial layer. In situ labeling detected apoptotic cells in the spinous and granular cell layers of cholesteatoma tissue sections and similar findings in the normal external skin specimens. Western blot analysis confirmed that the expression of involucrin protein was the same in both wild-type SCC-25 cells and the SCC-25/bcl-xL transfectants. CONCLUSIONS: In both the cholesteatoma epithelium and the normal external ear canal epithelium, differentiation and apoptosis begin when the epithelial cells separate from the basal cells. The mechanisms behind these changes, at least in apoptosis, appear to be controlled by the expression of the Bcl-xL protein.

Adult↗