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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Value of dietary protein for hyperplastic growth at restricted energy intakes.

The study describes three experiments of similar design relating dietary protein to growth over a period of 16 days in rats prematurely weaned at 19 days of age. In experiment 1, group 1 was fed ad libitum a 10% caseindiet. Group 2 was pair-fed an isoenergetic 40% casein diet. Groups 3 and 4 received 3 g of the 10% casein and 40% casein diets, respectively. The experiment demonstrated that protein may be used to sustain growth when energy intake is restricted. In experiment 2, all rats were given 3 g of diet per day. Group 1 was given the 10% casein diet, group 2 the 40% casein diet, group 3 a diet with 10% casein plus 30% of a mixture of dispensable amino acids and group 4 the 10% casein diet plus an energy supplement. Results showed that amino nitrogen seems to be a requisite for organ protein synthesis. In experiment 3, group 1 ate the 10% casein diet, group 2 the amino acid-supplemented diet and group 3 the latter minus glycine. Group 3 showed increased liver and kidney growth. The inclusion of glycine in group 2 caused a further increment in organ protein content.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of diet and energy intake on kinetics of glucose metabolism in steers.

To test the hypothesis that glucose utilization in ruminants is related to energy consumption independent of diet composition or energy content, eight Holstein steers (165-230 kg) were fed either a high grain (70% corn, 20% alfalfa, 8.8% soybean meal) or high hay (70% alfalfa, 28% corn) diet. The two diets were fed in quantities that allowed comparisons to be made either isocalorically based on calculated net energy for gain (NEg) or at identical dry matter intakes. The daily ration was divided into 12 equal portions and dispensed every 2 hours by automatic feeders to achieve steady-state conditions with respect to glucose metabolism. After adaptation to the dietary regimen, rates of glucose irreversible loss were measured following a single injection of 500 muCi of [6-3H]glucose. Glucose irreversible loss also was measured after a 7-day fast. Glucose irreversible loss was equal when both diets were fed isocalorically, was larger among steers fed the grain diet when comparisons were made at equal intakes of dry matter, and increased when the intake of either diet was increased. The increase in glucose irreversible loss with increasing energy intake showed a highly significant linear relationship over the range of intakes for both diets. It was concluded that energy intake, in contrast to diet composition, is responsible for the regulation of glucose irreversible loss.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

The age-related incidence of meconium ileus equivalent in a cystic fibrosis population: the impact of high-energy intake.

During the decade from 1976 to 1986, the age-related incidence of meconium ileus equivalent (MIE) was calculated on the basis of 240 Danish cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In the first 5 years, the patients were given enteric-coated granules of pancreatic enzymes (Pancreatin, Rosco, Denmark), and a low fat diet was recommended. In the last 5 years, the Center recommended supplementation with acid-resistant, enteric-coated, encapsulated microspheres (Pancrease, Cilag, Birkerød, Denmark), and high-energy intake with a 40% fat content and no dietary restrictions. There was no difference in the incidence of MIE when these two 5-year periods were compared, and the overall incidence of MIE was low (5.4 MIEs/1,000 patient years). This may, at least in part, be due to the rather high intake of exocrine pancreas enzyme supplementation (EPES) (a mean intake of 0.9 capsules/kg/day). MIE occurred almost exclusively among patients greater than 15 years old and peaked in young adults aged 20-25 years (35.5 MIEs/1,000 patient years). The daily intake of EPES/kg of body weight declined significantly with age, and the patients who developed MIE received even less than average per day. Both of these points strengthen the view that a low enzyme dosage is likely to have an effect on the incidence of MIE.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2005

To what extent do variabilities in hormones, metabolites and energy intake explain variability in milk yield?

The objective of the present paper is to describe the extent to which variability in milk yield can be explained by variability in plasma hormones, metabolites and DE intake. Results from a study including 317 cows and 634 lactations were used. Detailed registration of performance was carried out on these cows and 10,809 plasma samples analyzed for selected hormones and metabolites. Univariate analysis was carried out on energy-corrected milk yield and concentrations of selected plasma hormones (insulin, growth hormone (GH) and triiodothyronine (T3)), metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)), glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and urea nitrogen (BUN), and digestible energy intake (DE intake) to estimate between-cow variation through lactations. Partial least square (PLS) models were subsequently run to estimate the extent to which between-cow differences in energy-corrected milk yield could be explained by between-cow differences in hormone concentrations, metabolite concentration or DE intake. The between-cow variability in energy-corrected milk yield and the hormones and metabolites were generally found to be considerable and total variance changed through lactation, particularly for GH, T3, NEFA and BOHB. In this study, the total variance was highest in third lactation cows. When analyzed separately using partial least square models, hormones, metabolites and DE intake accounted for 24, 25 and 26% of the variability in ECM, respectively. Insulin and glucose were the single most important predictors among the selected hormones and metabolites. When including both the hormones and metabolites, the model explained 36% of the between-cow variability in ECM and this figure was increased to 53% if DE intake was also included. The lack of additivity in the variability explained shows that hormones, metabolites and DE intake were correlated illustrating the integration and orchestration of metabolism and intake. Perspectives of the analysis for use in prevention of diseases and reproduction are briefly discussed.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1995

Improved energy intakes using amylase-digested weaning foods in Tanzanian children with acute diarrhea.

Amylase from germinating cereal grains enables the preparation of porridge with a higher energy density than conventional weaning foods. This food can be combined with fermentation, which inhibits pathogen growth. These food technologies are inexpensive, can be implemented at the household level, and are therefore particularly appropriate for use in developing countries. In a controlled clinical trial, 75 children aged 6-25 months admitted to hospital with acute diarrhea were rehydrated and then randomly allocated to three corn porridge dietary groups: conventional, amylase-digested (AMD), and fermented and amylase-digested (FAD). The study diets were given ad libitum five times daily, and all intakes except breast milk were weighed. Mean daily energy intakes over 4 days in the conventional AMD, and FAD groups, respectively, were 32.4 (95% CI 28.7-36.6), 46.0 (CI 39.6-53.4), and 37.3 (CI 31.8-43.9) kcal/kg/day. The energy intake in the AMD group was 42% higher than the conventional group (p = 0.003). There were no significant differences between the groups for duration of diarrhea, frequency of stooling, or vomiting. Starch digestion using amylase from germination is an effective way of improving energy intake in children with acute diarrhea.

Amylases↗
PubMed1985

Energy intake can determine albumin synthesis in man after surgery.

Albumin synthesis rate, nitrogen balance, plasma hormone levels, and selected substrates were measured after operation in 12 patients who underwent colonic operations who were randomized to receive an intravenous fluid regimen that contained either 3.5% amino acids with 20% fat and 2.5% glucose or 3.5% amino acids with 20% fat alone. The albumin synthesis rate was higher in patients who received the first of these intravenous mixtures (357 +/- 34 mg/kg/day versus 216 +/- 22 mg/kg/day; p less than 0.01), but they also had a significantly higher intake of calories (10.2 +/- 1.1 calorie/kg/day versus 6.4 +/- 0.6 calorie/kg/day; p = 0.01). The mean albumin synthesis rate in the group who received amino acids with glucose and fat is the highest we have measured in our series of studies. Although a previous trial in a similar group of patients suggested that glucose acts on albumin synthesis by diverting uptake of amino acids into skeletal muscle, it is possible that the impressive increase in the albumin synthesis rate in patients of the present series who received supplementary glucose is related to the extra energy infused. In contrast, nitrogen balance was similar in both groups, and thus was not predictive of protein synthesis. In addition, myofibrillar protein degradation appears to be equivalent in the two groups, as indicated by 3-methylhistidine output. Plasma albumin synthesis thus may be sensitive, especially to energy intake.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

[The effect of the energy intake of cows on the rumen metabolism studied using the excretion of allantoin in milk].

With two groups of dairy cows (A: 12 German Black and White- and 6 German Simmental Cows; B: 16 German Black and White- and 11 German Simmental Cows) allantoin concentrations of blood plasma (A) and milk (A and B) were analysed by HPLC. There exists a close correlation (r = 0.758) between allantoin concentration in blood plasma (370.6 +/- 79.1 mumol/l) and milk (474.1 +/- 78.9 mumol/l). The relation between milk yield and allantoin excretion with milk seems to be non-linear (r = 0.936). On the other hand there is a close correlation between energy intake with feed and allantoin excretion via milk (r = 0.885). In a further experiment the allantoin concentrations in blood plasma of 5 Angler steers were monitored for 24 h every second hour with feeding twice daily. There were remarkable fluctuations in the allantoin concentration from nearly 156 to 129 mumol/l. After that the rumen of the steers was emptied, while plasma concentrations were still monitored the same way as before. Concentrations of allantoin declined for about 55% to 65 mumol/l.

Allantoin↗
PubMed2003

Digestible energy intake, dry matter digestibility and effect of increased calcium intake on bone parameters of grazing Thoroughbred weanlings in New Zealand.

AIMS: To measure the nutritive value of pasture in terms of digestible energy intake (DEI) and dry matter (DM) digestibility, and the effects of increased calcium (Ca) intakes on apparent mineral absorption and bone characteristics in grazing weanling Thoroughbreds. METHODS: DM intake (DMI) and DEI were determined in 16 weanling Thoroughbreds grazing pasture from their daily faecal DM output, measured over 8 days, divided by the DM indigestible fraction (1-digestible DM) determined in a 6-day digestibility trial. The DM, gross energy content, crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, lipid, Ca, phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium(K), sulphur (S) and magnesium (Mg) composition of perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture and faeces were determined and their digestibility and/or apparent absorption calculated. Calcium intake and bone growth studies used 17 weanlings, randomly divided into three groups and fed perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture and 0.5 kg grain, with or without a CaCO3 supplement, for 84 days. The animals in Group 1 (n=6) were on a low Ca diet (3.5 g/kg DM) and were fed pasture only; those in Group 2 (n=5) were on a medium Ca diet (6.3 g/kg DM);and those in Group 3 (n=6) were on a high Ca diet (12.0 g/kg DM). After 44 days the apparent absorption of Ca was determined from the differences between the Ca intakes and faecal Ca outputs. At periods just before and after Ca supplementation the horses were anaesthetised and the left radius, third metacarpus(Mc3) and first phalanx of the left foreleg were scanned using a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scanner to determine cortical mineral content, density, area, periosteal circumference and bone strength. To investigate gastrointestinal tract transit time and DM digestibility, five randomly selected horses were administered Swiss screen bags on several occasions via a nasogastric tube. Each 60 x 10mm bag contained 3.21 (SE 0.37) g of frozen minced grass. Bags were recovered from the freshly passed faeces and frozen until analysis. RESULTS: The DM digestibility of the pasture was 0.62, while the DMI and DEI of weanlings (300 kg, gaining 0.7 kg/day) were 5.5 kg/day and 63 MJ/day, respectively. Increasing Ca intake had no significant effect on DEI, DM digestibility or on the apparent absorption of Ca, P, Na and K, but decreased the apparent absorption of Mg from 0.50 to 0.38. Regardless of Ca intake, the apparent absorption of Ca was 0.56. During the Ca administration trial there were significant increases overtime in the bone strength (strain stress index) of the proximal phalanx, Mc3 and radial diaphysis. However, the increase in bone strength was not associated with increase in dietary Ca, as neither the medium- nor high-Ca intake groups differed significantly from the low-Ca controls. The mean transit time for the Swiss screen bags was 25.46 (SE 0.09) h, and transit times were similar whether the horses were grazing or confined in loose boxes, being 26.64 (SE 0.23) h and 24.33 (SE 0.13) h, respectively. The DM digestibility determined using the bags was 0.54, which was significantly lower than the 0.62 determined by direct faeces collection. CONCLUSIONS: Good growth rates were achieved in Thoroughbred weanlings grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture containing 3.5 g Ca/kg DM and a DE of 11.4 MJ/kg DM. Increasing dietary Ca intake 3.5-fold for 3 months had negligible impact on bone growth and development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Energy intake: its relationship to colon cancer risk.

A case-control study was conducted to assess the role of diet in the etiology of colon cancer. Diet was measured by means of a comprehensive quantifiable food frequency history instrument in 246 cases and 484 controls drawn from the general population of Utah. Each subject's diet was described by major nutrient groups and total energy based on the nutritional content of foods reported. Cases reported higher daily food intake 5 years preceding diagnosis than controls [men, rate ratio (RR) = 2.5; women, RR = 3.6], as measured by total energy content of the diet. Higher risk of colon cancer with increasing energy intake was independent of stage of disease at diagnosis and obesity, as measured by body mass. Fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake all had elevated RRs but could not be assessed as risk factors independent of energy intake because of their strong correlations with total calories. Due to the higher energy intake of the cases, odds ratios for the daily intake of dietary fiber and vitamins A and C were also greater than 1. However, adjusting for caloric intake removed this effect, and dietary fiber showed a weak protective effect. Total energy intake must be evaluated before attempting to assign a causal role to any food or nutrient that may be postulated to play a role in colon cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effects of energy intake and dietary protein on nitrogen retention, growth performance, body composition and some aspects of energy metabolism of baby pigs.

1. The effects of level of feeding of either a protein-adequate or a protein-deficiency diet on nitrogen retention (NR), growth performance, body composition and some aspects of energy utilization in pigs growing from 1.8 to 6.5 kg live weight (LW) were investigated in two experiments. 2. In Expts and 2 piglets were given a protein-adequate diet at four levels of intake (0.93, 1.44, 1.83 and 2.30 MJ gross energy (GE)/kg LW0.75 per d) and a protein-deficient diet at five levels of intake (1.14, 1.38, 1.68, 1.95, and 2.30 MJ GE/kg LW0.75 per d) respectively. 3. For pigs given the protein-adequate diet (Expt 1) NR was linearly (P less than 0.001) related to energy intake (EI) and independent of N intake (NI). NR in pigs given the protein-deficient diet (Expt 2) was linearly (P less than 0.001) related to NI and independent of EI. 4. Average daily LW gain responded linearly to increases in EI in both experiments. However, at equivalent levels of EI pigs given the protein-adequate diet exhibited more rapid and efficient growth than those given the protein-deficient diet. The results also indicated an interaction between the effects of EI and dietary protein content for feed conversion efficiency. 5. Body fat at 6.5 LW increased in a curvilinear fashion with increasing EI in both experiments. However, over the range of EI tested (from approximately 1.8 to 4.6 times energy for maintenance) body fat increased by 153% in Expt 1 and by only 27% in Expt 2. Pigs given the protein-deficient diet were also markedly fatter than those given the protein-adequate diet. Body protein at 6.5 kg LW decreased (P less than 0.01) with increasing EI in Expt 1 but was unaffected by EI in Expt 2. 6. As estimated by multiple regression analysis, the values for the deficiency of energy utilization for protein (kp) and fat (kt) deposition were 0.76 and 0.78 respectively in Expt 1 and 0.42 and 0.89 respectively in Expt 2. The estimates of metabolizable energy required for maintenance were 4.45 and 532 kJ/kg LW0.75 per d for Expts 1 and 2 respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The Atwater energy equivalents overestimate metabolizable energy intake in older humans: results from a 96-day strictly controlled feeding study.

The Atwater energy equivalents of 16.7, 16.7 and 37.7 kJ/g of protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively, are the standard values used to calculate the macronutrient intakes required to meet a person's metabolizable energy requirement. The aim of this study was to compare in older people the measured metabolizable energy intake (MEI(MEAS)) required to achieve and maintain stable body weights with the MEI estimated using the Atwater energy equivalents (MEI(AT)). During a 96-d (14-wk) strictly controlled dietary period, 11 men and 17 women (55-78 y old) were each provided a MEI(AT) to maintain body weight within +/- 0.5 kg of baseline weight. The MEI(MEAS) was determined retrospectively from the gross energy contents of food, urine and feces samples collected during week 14. Resting energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. At wk 14, MEI(AT) overestimated MEI(MEAS) by 26%. These results suggest that the Atwater energy equivalent values may overestimate the actual MEI of older people.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Body mass and composition responses to short-term low energy intake are seasonally dependent in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus).

Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were fed restricted iso-caloric amounts of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) or walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) for 8-9 days, four times over the course of a year to investigate effects of season and prey composition on sea lion physiology. At these levels, the sea lions lost body mass at a significantly higher rate during winter (1.6 +/- 0.14 kg day(-1)), and at a lower rate during summer (1.2 +/- 0.32 kg day(-1)). Decreases in body fat mass and standard metabolic rates during the trials were similar throughout the seasons and for both diet types. The majority of the body mass that was lost when eating pollock derived from decreases in lipid mass, while a greater proportion of the mass lost when eating herring derived from decreases in lean tissue, except in the summer when the pattern was reversed. Metabolic depression was not observed during all trials despite the constant loss of body mass. Our study supports the hypothesis that restricted energy intake may be more critical to Steller sea lions in the winter months, and that the type of prey consumed (e.g., herring or pollock) may have seasonally specific effects on body mass and composition.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of lactation and rebreeding phase energy intake on primiparous and multiparous sow performance.

Fifty-three primiparous sows were used to study the effects of a high-energy, fat-supplemented diet on sow lactation and rebreeding performance. Sows received either a low [Lo, 12.5 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/d] or high (Hi, 16.0 Mcal ME/d) energy sorghum-soybean diet during a 28-d lactation. At weaning, sows were randomly allotted, within lactation treatment, to a low (lo, 5.54 Mcal ME/d) or high (hi, 9.61 Mcal ME/d) energy sorghum-soybean diet until the day of first postweaning estrus. Primiparous sows fed Lo weaned larger (P less than .05) litters than sows fed Hi; however, average pig weight was not affected by lactation treatments. Primiparous sows fed Hi had more backfat at weaning (P less than .01) than Lo sows. In contrast, sow weight was not affected by dietary treatments. Neither lactation nor rebreeding treatments influenced days to rebreeding; however, an interaction (P less than .01) was observed. Mean days from weaning to rebreeding for Lolo, Lohi, Hilo and Hihi sows were 10.0, 7.6, 6.9 and 17.1, respectively. Forty sows were maintained on the same dietary treatments during their second parity. Sows receiving Lo during their second parity farrowed and weaned more (P less than .05) pigs than Hi sows. Multiparous sows fed Hi nursed heavier (P less than .05) pigs on d 21 of lactation and at weaning compared with Lo sows. Sows fed Hi were heavier (P less than .05) and had more (P less than .01) backfat at weaning of their second litter compared to Lo sows. Days to postweaning estrus were not affected by lactation or rebreeding diets. Mean length of the second parity rebreeding interval for Lolo, Lohi, Hilo and Hihi sows was 6.2, 10.2, 7.0 and 10.5 d, respectively. These results suggest that feeding levels during lactation of 12.5 Mcal ME/d or higher supported adequate rebreeding performance. Postweaning feeding levels did not influence days to first estrus. Feeding a high energy diet continuously throughout the lactation and rebreeding phases in primiparous sows may lengthen the postweaning interval to estrus.

Animals↗