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PubMed2000

[Acupuncture massage vs Swedish massage and individual exercise vs group exercise in low back pain sufferers--a randomized controlled clinical trial in a 2 x 2 factorial design].

OBJECTIVE: Rehabilitation programs for low back pain (LBP) almost always contain massage and exercise therapy in one form or another. AIM: This study aimed to quantify the effectiveness of therapeutic 'Acupuncture' massage (APM; i.e. tonic stimulation of entire meridians) according to Penzel versus Swedish massage (SM) and individual medical exercises (IE) versus group exercises (GE) in LBP sufferers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 109 patients participating in a complex in-patient rehabilitation program were randomised to four groups in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Main outcome measures were functional ability/disability (Functional Questionnaire Hanover, FFbH) and pain intensity (10 cm visual analogue scale, VAS). Pre/post changes were evaluated by means of 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Additionally, lumbar motility was measured by a 2-inclinometer technique. RESULTS: Baseline mean FFbH score was 66 (SD = 18)%, mean pain intensity on VAS was 4.5 (SD = 2.4) cm. Lumbar flexion and extension were 49 (13) and 13 (7). Because of some differences between groups at baseline, group-standardized outcomes were used for analysis. APM showed beneficial effects for both disability and pain compared with SM (group differences: delta FFbH 7.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5-11.6], p = 0.003; delta VAS 0.8 cm [95% CI: 2-15], p = 0.024). Standardized response means were SRMFFbH = 0.5 and SRMVAS = 0.8 for APM, as opposed to SRMFFbH = -0.01 and SRMVAS = 0.4 for SM. Neither significant group differences between both exercise groups [delta FFbH -0.5% (95% CI -5.2 to 4.2); delta Vas 0.4 cm (95% CI 0.3 to 1.1)] nor significant interactions between medical exercise and massage were found. CONCLUSIONS: Given the fact that even the treatments considered to be the best available achieve at best moderate effects, the observed effect sizes with APM are promising and warrant further investigation in replication studies. In contrast to common view, no superiority of individual versus group exercises could be found in the present study.

Acupuncture Therapy↗

PubMed1993

A multivariate analysis of the diagnostic values of clinical examination, exercise testing and exercise radionuclide angiography in coronary artery disease.

Data of clinical examination, exercise testing and exercise radionuclide angiography in 102 patients referred for assessment of chest pain was included in a logistic regression to optimize the diagnosis of coronary artery disease with coronary arteriography as the reference investigation. None of the patients had other cardiac problems or previous myocardial infarction. In the absence of symptoms, exercise testing was continued until at least 80% of the theoretical maximal heart rate was attained. Each patient was characterized by the value of the logistic function or probability of coronary artery disease. A threshold value corresponding to 80% sensitivity of ROC graphs was determined. The significant variables were: a clinical variable--the type of chest pain as assessed by the clinical history; two radionuclide angiographic variables--the ejection fraction at peak effort and the corrected variation of ejection fraction between rest and stress, that is not taking into account possible decreases at the last increment of exercise. Coronary patients can be identified with an 80% sensitivity and 77% specificity on these criteria. This specificity is greater than that obtained by clinical examination and exercise testing alone (65%). Exercise radionuclide angiography may therefore reduce the number of unnecessary coronary arteriographies.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dobutamine stress echocardiography compared with exercise thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography in detecting coronary artery disease-effect of exercise level on accuracy.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and exercise thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were compared for the accuracy in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) in 51 consecutive patients. Twenty-six (group 1) of the 51 patients achieved adequate exercise end points, and 25 (group 2) did not. There were 38 patients with angiographically documented CAD. The overall sensitivity of DSE and thallium-201 SPECT in detecting CAD was 92 and 76% (p = NS), and the specificity was 77 and 77% (p = NS), respectively. The sensitivity of DSE is the same as that of SPECT in group 1 (90 vs. 90%; p = NS) and higher than that of SPECT in group 2 (94 vs. 61%; p < 0.05). In patients with CAD without a history of acute myocardial infarction or pathological Q wave on resting electrocardiogram, the sensitivity of DSE is the same as that of SPECT in group 1 (82 vs. 82%; p = NS) and also higher than that of SPECT in group 2 (90 vs. 40%; p = 0.03). The sensitivity in detecting individual coronary artery lesions with DSE and thallium-201 SPECT was not affected by the exercise level. The agreement between DSE and thallium SPECT in detecting patients with CAD was 88% in group 1 (kappa = 0.69; p < 0.001) and 76% in group 2 (kappa = 0.45; p = 0.01). The agreement in detecting vascular territories with ischemia was 68% in group 1 (kappa = 0.30; p < 0.01) and 75% in group 2 (kappa = 0.33; p < 0.001). The agreement in detecting vascular territories with a scar was 87% in group 1 (kappa = 0.55; p < 0.001) and 85% in group 2 (kappa = 0.44; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the sensitivity and specificity of DSE in detecting CAD are similar to that of thallium-201 SPECT with an exercise level > or =85% of the maximal predicted heart rate. However, in patients who cannot exercise adequately, DSE is more accurate than thallium SPECT. The agreement between DSE and thallium SPECT in detecting patients with CAD and identifying ischemia of individual vascular territories is also affected by the exercise level.

Cardiotonic Agents↗

PubMed1999

Results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial of exercise and long-term survival in myocardial infarction patients: the National Exercise and Heart Disease Project (NEHDP).

BACKGROUND: This study examined whether a supervised exercise program improved 19-year survival in 30- to 64-year-old male myocardial infarction patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: The men (n=651) were participants in the National Exercise and Heart Disease Project, a 3-year multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted in the United States (1976-1979). The treatment group (n=315) exercised for 8 weeks in a laboratory. Thereafter, they jogged, cycled, or swam in a gymnasium/pool setting guided by an individualized target heart rate. Participants in the control group (n=319) were to maintain normal routines but not participate in any regular exercise program. Participants were followed up until their death or December 31, 1995. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed the all-cause mortality risk estimates (95% CIs) in the exercise group compared with controls to be 0.69 (0.39 to 1.25) after an average follow-up of 3 years, 0.84 (0.55 to 1.28) after 5 years, 0.95 (0.71 to 1.29) after 10 years, 1.02 (0.79 to 1.32) after 15 years, and 1.09 (0.87 to 1. 36) after 19 years. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk estimates (95% CI) for the same follow-up periods were 0.73 (0.37 to 1.43), 0.98 (0.60 to 1.61), 1.21 (0.79 to 1.60), 1.14 (0.84 to 1.54), and 1.16 (0.88 to 1.52). However, each 1-MET increase in work capacity from baseline to the end of the original trial resulted in consistent reductions in all-cause and CVD mortality risk at each follow-up period, regardless of initial work-capacity level. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate exercise-program participation resulted in nonsignificantly reduced mortality risks early in the follow-up period. Benefits diminished as time since participation increased, which suggests that the protective mechanisms associated with the program may be short term. Contamination between groups over time could also explain the diminished effects, because increased work capacity provided survival benefits up to 19 years.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Immediate effects of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate combination on exercise capacity and exercise hemodynamics in patients with left ventricular failure.

Resting hemodynamics improve during vasodilator administration in patients, with congestive heart failure (CHF), but the effects of these agents on exercise is unknown. Twenty-two patients with class II or III CHF performed bicycle exercise to symptomatic maximum before and 90 minutes after random double-blind administration of oral hydralazine (100 mg) and isosorbide dinitrate (40 mg) (11 patients, group 1) or placebo (11 patients, group 2). Exercise duration was unchanged after treatment in either group. Maximal oxygen consumption changed insignificantly in both groups, from 12.6 +/- 1.2 (SEM) to 13.6 +/- 1.6 ml/kg/min in group 1, and from 11.7 +/- 1.4 to 13.4 +/- 1.7 ml/kg/min in group 2. Maximal cardiac index was unchanged in both group 1 (4.00 +/- 0.33 to 4.41 +/- 0.29 l/min/m2) and group 2 (4.11 +/- 0.43 to 4.14 +/- 0.42 l/min/m2). Systemic vascular resistance at peak exercise was also unchanged in both group 1 (14.1 +/- 1.6 to 11.8 +/- 1.0 units) and group 2 (14.7 +/- 1.6 to 13.5 +/- 1.6 units). at submaximal exercise (300 kilopond-meters/min), however, cardiac index after treatment increased in group 1 (0.51 +/- 0.18 l/min/m2, p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance decreased (-3.3 +/- 1.3 units, p less than 0.05), but were unchanged in group 2. Thus, although vasodilators do not improve maximal exercise capacity acutely, they can improve hemodynamics at lower work loads which may, therefore, be better tolerated in patients with CHF.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Evaluation of left ventricular function during upright exercise: correlation of exercise Doppler with postexercise two-dimensional echocardiographic results.

The relationship of regional and global left ventricular function to aortic flow dynamics during exercise was determined in 14 normal subjects and 14 patients with coronary artery disease. Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed before, during, and immediately after an exercise test by the Bruce protocol. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to determine the ejection fraction and new wall motion abnormalities. The peak ejection velocity, stroke index, and cardiac index were calculated from the pulsed Doppler tracing. In normal subjects the ejection fraction increased significantly (p less than .001) from rest (0.51 +/- 0.07) to peak exercise (0.61 +/- 0.07), while the response in coronary patients was blunted (0.49 +/- 0.11 vs 0.48 +/- 0.16). Similarly, the change in peak ejection velocity throughout exercise in normal subjects (from 0.71 +/- 0.12 to 1.50 +/- 0.35 m/sec) was significantly (p less than .01) greater than that in patients with coronary artery disease (from 0.61 +/- 0.13 to 0.90 +/- 0.29 m/sec). There was a good correlation between the percent change in peak ejection velocity and the percent change in ejection fraction from rest to peak exercise in the entire study group (rs = .64) and in the patients with coronary artery disease (rs = .84). These preliminary data suggest that exercise-induced changes in Doppler echocardiographic variables may offer a potential adjunct in the evaluation of patients with ischemic heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis, and abnormal cardiopulmonary regulation in exercise associated with adult skeletal muscle cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.

A 27-yr-old woman with lifelong severe exercise intolerance manifested by muscle fatigue, lactic acidosis, and prominent symptoms of dyspnea and tachycardia induced by trivial exercise was found to have a skeletal muscle respiratory chain defect characterized by low levels of reducible cytochromes a + a3 and b in muscle mitochondria and marked deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) as assessed biochemically and immunologically. Investigation of the pathophysiology of the exercise response in the patient revealed low maximal oxygen uptake (1/3 that of normal sedentary women) in cycle exercise and impaired muscle oxygen extraction as indicated by profoundly low maximal systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference (5.8 ml/dl; controls = 15.4 +/- 1.4, mean +/- SD). The increases in cardiac output and ventilation during exercise, normally closely coupled to muscle metabolic rate, were markedly exaggerated (more than two- to threefold normal) relative to oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production accounting for prominent tachycardia and dyspnea at low workloads. Symptoms in our patient are similar to those reported in other human skeletal muscle respiratory chain defects involving complexes I and III, and the exaggerated circulatory response resembles that seen during experimental inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These results suggest that impaired oxidative phosphorylation in working muscle disrupts the normal regulation of cardiac output and ventilation relative to muscle metabolic rate in exercise.

Acidosis, Lactic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Exercise behavior in a community sample with diabetes: understanding the determinants of exercise behavioral change.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with exercise behavior among adults with diabetes. METHODS: Exercise behavior (stage of exercise readiness and energy expenditure) and potential determinants were measured on a subsample (n = 46) of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes from a randomized population-based telephone survey. Participants were assessed at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Sociodemographic and biomedical characteristics did not significantly differ between the stages of exercise behavior. Scores on the psychosocial constructs of self-efficacy, behavioral processes, self-concept, and social support were significantly higher for those in the action stage than those in the preaction stage of exercise readiness. Self-efficacy and behavioral process of change were significantly associated with energy expenditure; self-efficacy was the strongest predictor in the longitudinal analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may generate direction for theory development and guide health and medical practitioners when intervening on the specific constructs. Population- and community-based surveys have utility for assessing diabetes health-related behavior (e.g., exercise behavior).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Peak systolic blood pressure in exercise testing is associated with scintigraphic severity of myocardial ischemia in patients with exercise-induced ST-segment depression.

Some electrocardiographic variables, including the degree of maximal ST-segment depression (STD), may not necessarily indicate the severity of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. The present study examined whether maximal STD correlates with the severity and extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia, as assessed by thallium-201 (201Tl) imaging, and which parameter of exercise testing reflects scintigraphic severity and extent in 270 patients who had a 1 mm or greater horizontal or down-sloping STD on exercise 201Tl imaging. The scintigraphic severity and extent of exercise-induced ischemia was assessed and correlated with maximal STD, number of positive leads, workload, peak heart rate, peak systolic blood pressure (SBP), rate-pressure product, chest pain and the Duke treadmill score. Most of the scintigraphic markers of the severity and extent of ischemia had significant but weak correlation with all of those parameters. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that peak SBP and the Duke treadmill score (chest pain in only simple variables model) correlated independently with scintigraphic severity and extent of ischemia. Furthermore, most of the patients with a peak SBP of 200 mmHg or more had milder and less extensive ischemia. In patients with exercise-induced STD, the scintigraphic severity and extent of ischemia may be estimated by peak SBP and the Duke treadmill score.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Exercise and diet determinants of overweight women participating in an exercise and diet program: a prospective examination of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the ability of direct and belief-based measures of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs to predict exercise and diet intention and behavior of overweight women. Participants were 117 overweight, community-dwelling women and university students enrolled in a 4-week exercise and diet program. Participants completed baseline measures of demographic characteristics and the TPB constructs. Their exercise and diet adherence were also recorded. We found that: (1) the direct measure of perceived behavioral control (PBC) predicted exercise intention, (2) the direct measures of instrumental attitude, subjective norm, and PBC predicted diet intention, and (3) none of the direct or belief-based measures of the TPB constructs predicted 4-week exercise or diet behavior. Furthermore, several beliefs were associated with the direct measures of attitude, subjective norm, PBC, and intention. Implications of these results for designing exercise and diet interventions with overweight women are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2024

Acute strength exercise training impacts differently the HERV-W expression and inflammatory biomarkers in resistance exercise training individuals.

BACKGROUND: Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are fossil viruses that composes 8% of the human genome and plays several important roles in human physiology, including muscle repair/myogenesis. It is believed that inflammation may also regulate HERV expression, and therefore may contribute in the muscle repair, especially after training exercise. Hence, this study aimed to assess the level of HERVs expression and inflammation profile in practitioners' resistance exercises after an acute strength training session. METHODS: Healthy volunteers were separated in regular practitioners of resistance exercise training group (REG, n = 27) and non-trained individuals (Control Group, n = 20). All individuals performed a strength exercise section. Blood samples were collected before the exercise (T0) and 45 minutes after the training session (T1). HERV-K (HML1-10) and W were relatively quantified, cytokine concentration and circulating microparticles were assessed. RESULTS: REG presented higher level of HERV-W expression (~2.5 fold change) than CG at T1 (p<0.01). No difference was observed in the levels of HERV-K expression between the groups as well as the time points. Higher serum TNF-α and IL-10 levels were verified post-training session in REG and CG (p<0.01), and in REG was found a positive correlation between the levels of TNF-α at T1 and IL-10 at T0 (p = 0.01). Finally, a lower endothelial microparticle percentage was observed in REG at T1 than in T0 (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: REG individuals exhibited a significant upregulation of HERV-W and modulation of inflammatory markers when compared to CG. This combined effect could potentially support the process of skeletal muscle repair in the exercised individuals.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Supported arm exercise vs unsupported arm exercise in the rehabilitation of patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Compare unsupported (UAEx) vs supported (SAEx) arm exercise in training of patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction (CAO). DESIGN: Randomized trial of UAEx vs SAEx training added to a 10-week outpatient program of lower extremity (LE) exercise training, respiratory muscle training, breathing retraining, psychological support, and teaching. SETTING: The Lahey Clinic Medical Center, a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Forty patients with CAO entered the rehabilitation program with 32 completing training and testing. INTERVENTIONS: All underwent progressive bicycle ergometer and treadmill training and respiratory muscle training using a threshold inspiratory pressure trainer. Patients were randomized to progressive SAEx training (arm cycle ergometer, n = 17) or UAEx training (raising weighted dowel, n = 18). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: There was no significant difference in disease severity or exercise capacity between the two groups. Twelve-min walk test, bicycle ergometer power output, and respiratory muscle function improved with no significant difference in improvement between the two groups. Both groups showed similar improvements in arm ergometer testing while those trained with UAEx showed greater improvement in dowel testing (UAEx > SAEx, p = 0.002). In 17 patients VO2isotime (time at which patient performed pre-training and post-training tests) was measured during dowel testing. Only those trained with UAEx showed decreases in VO2isotime (UAEx trained, p = 0.02; SAEx, p = 0.18). VO2 during the last minute of a 2-min period of simple arm elevation was also measured in 17 patients. Only those trained with UAEx showed decreases in VO2 (UAEx, p = 0.02; SAEx, p = 0.20). CONCLUSION: We confirm that a pulmonary rehabilitation program incorporating exercise training improves LE and respiratory muscle function. Arm exercise training improved arm activity with greater increases in unsupported arm activity seen in those trained with unsupported arm training. Metabolic cost of UAEx decreased only in those trained with UAEx. As UAEx is typical of activities of daily living in patients with CAO, the changes seen with UAEx training may be of greater clinical significance. Arm training should be incorporated in exercise training and a simple program of UAEx appears the optimal format.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Effects of montelukast and salmeterol on physical performance and exercise economy in adult asthmatics with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of montelukast and the long-acting beta(2)-agonist salmeterol on cardiopulmonary exercise economy and physical performance in adult patients with asthma during exercise. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Asthmatic patients (n = 18), aged 18 to 35 years with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), using a double-blind, double-dummy cross-over design. Montelukast, 10 mg/d, was compared to inhaled salmeterol, 50 microg bid. The study medication was administered for at least 5 days prior to testing, with a washout period of at least 5 days. Treadmill exercise tests (5.3% inclination, -15 degrees C ambient temperature) were performed at work loads of 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2)max) [6 min], rest (4 min), 60% of Vo(2)max (6 min), and finally step increments until exhaustion. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We investigated parameters of gas exchange, physical performance, and lung function. After montelukast, the oxygen pulse was higher than after salmeterol, at 80% of Vo(2)max (p = 0.035), and 6 min at 60% of Vo(2)max (p = 0.011). Lung function during exercise, running time to exhaustion, Borg score, lactate levels, Vo(2)max, carbon dioxide elimination, minute ventilation, ventilatory equivalents, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate were not significantly different between the two treatments. The maximal postexercise fall in FEV(1) from baseline occurred 2 min after run to exhaustion, and was greater after salmeterol than after montelukast: mean, 16.2% (SD, 11.0) vs 10.0% (SD, 12.2) [p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: In adult asthmatics with EIB, montelukast may have a more favorable effect on the oxygen pulse, thus suggesting improved gas exchange during exercise.

Acetates↗

PubMed2001

The influence of sensory cues on the perception of exertion during exercise and central regulation of exercise performance.

The perception of effort during exercise and its relationship to fatigue is still not well understood. Although several scales have been developed to quantify exertion Borg's 15-point ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale has been adopted as a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating whole body exertion during exercise. However, Borg's category-ratio scale is useful in quantifying sensations of exertion related to those variables that rise exponentially with increases in exercise intensity. Previous research has examined the extent to which afferent feedback arising from cardiopulmonary and peripheral variables mediates the perception of exertion. However, the literature has not identified a single variable that consistently explains exertion ratings. It is concluded that effort perception involves the integration of multiple afferent signals from a variety of perceptual cues. In a process defined as teleoanticipation, the changes in perceived exertion that result from these afferent signals may allow exercise performance to be precisely regulated such that a task can be completed within the biomechanical and metabolic limits of the body. The accuracy with which individuals can regulate exercise intensity based upon RPE values, the decrease in muscle recruitment (central drive) that occurs before fatigue, and the extent to which perceived exertion and heart rate can be altered with hypnosis and biofeedback training all provide evidence for the existence of such a regulatory system. Future research is needed to precisely quantify the extent to which efferent feedforward commands and afferent feedback determine pacing strategies such that an exercise event can be completed without irreversible tissue damage.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1993

Beta-endorphin response to endurance exercise: relationship to exercise dependence.

Considerable research has shown significant increases in beta-endorphin levels after aerobic activity. These increases and their accompanying euphoric effect have been suggested as a possible psychophysiological mechanism underlying the exercise-dependence syndrome. The relationship between plasma beta-endorphin levels and a tendency towards exercise dependence, however, has not been established. To examine this relationship, 8 women trained in aerobic dance completed an exercise-dependence assessment prior to participation in a 45-min. session of continuous aerobic dance. Plasma beta-endorphin concentration was measured both prior to and following the aerobics routine. A Student t test for paired observations indicated that mean plasma beta-endorphin levels (+/- SE) were significantly higher after the aerobics routine (11.96 +/- 1.3 pg beta-EP.ml-1) than preexercise levels (8.62 +/- 1.4). However, beta-endorphin difference values (% change) were not significantly correlated with scores on the exercise-dependence survey. Those data suggest that scores on exercise dependence are not related to changes in plasma beta-endorphin levels after aerobic exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Accuracy and reproducibility of an exercise prescription based on Ratings of Perceived Exertion for treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise.

The accuracy of regulating exercise intensity by Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was examined. Subjects underwent 4 production trials, 2 on a treadmill (P1A, P1B) and 2 on a cycle ergometer (P2A, P2B). 9 untrained subjects used only their perceptions of effort to regulate exercise intensity. Target intensity was the RPE equivalent to 60% VO2max. Exercise intensity (VO2) during P1A, P1B, and P2A did not differ from the target, but during P2B was lower than target. During P1A and P1B heart rate did not differ from the target but was lower than target during P2A and P2B. RPE seems a valid means of regulating exercise intensity during repeated bouts of treadmill exercise at 60% VO2max; however, exercise intensity during repeated bouts on the cycle ergometer may be lower than target.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Comparison of memory and combined exercise and memory-anchoring procedures on ratings of perceived exertion during short duration, near-peak-intensity cycle ergometer exercise.

The purpose of this study was to compare ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) following memory-anchoring and two different types of combined exercise and memory-anchoring during short duration, near-peak-intensity cycle exercise. Thirty recreationally trained males volunteered to participate. The M group, n = 10, received only verbal instructions prior to the experimental trial. The EM1 group, n = 10, and the EM2 group, n = 10, received the same verbal instructions, but these were administered while participants performed maximal, graded cycle ergometer exercise. The low perceptual anchor was established during light pedaling for both EM1 and EM2. The high perceptual anchor was established during the final stage of the maximal cycle test for EM1 and during a 30-sec. sprint immediately following the final stage of the maximal cycle ergometer testing for EM2. On the experimental trial pedaling at maximal intensity for 30-sec. was against a resistance equal to .10 x body mass (kg) on a cycle ergometer. The Borg 15-category RPE scale was used to record exertional perceptions. RPE was reported at 8, 13, 18, 23, and 28 sec. each trial. Ratings were similar among the three groups. Their linear regression slopes and intercepts were also similar. Memory-anchoring produced similar RPE for two different combined exercise and memory-anchoring procedures. In conclusion, memory-anchoring and combined exercise and memory-anchoring produce similar RPE during high intensity, short duration cycle exercise in young recreationally trained athletes.

Ergometry↗

PubMed1987

Effect of respiratory exercises on asthma. The Pink City lung exerciser.

Twelve subjects with mild asthmatic episodes in the form of nocturnal precipitation were studied. A two-week schedule of placebo administration, pranayamic breathing exercises using a Pink City lung exerciser alone, and exercises using the lung exerciser with hot, humid air were performed. Five of the 12 asthmatics showed highly significant increases in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) with the lung exerciser alone, while eight of the 12 cases showed highly significant increases in PEFR with exercise using hot, humid air. The frequency of nocturnal wheezing also declined. It can be inferred that slow breathing alone and in combination with hot, humid air has a nonspecific bronchoprotective or bronchorelaxing effect.

Adolescent↗