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PubMed1983

Unusual sulfonolipids are characteristic of the Cytophaga-Flexibacter group.

Capnocytophaga spp. contain a group of unusual sulfonolipids, called capnoids (W. Godchaux III and E. R. Leadbetter, J. Bacteriol. 144:592-602, 1980). One of these lipids, capnine, is 2-amino-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the others are, apparently, N-acylated versions of capnine. The lipids were found, in amounts ranging from 2.5 to 16 mumol of capnoid sulfur per g of cells (wet weight), in two Cytophaga spp. and also in several closely related organisms: several Capnocytophaga spp., Sporocytophaga myxococcoides, two Flexibacter spp., and two Flavobacterium spp. With the exception of the flavobacteria, all of these bacteria have been shown to exhibit gliding motility. The two Flavobacterium spp. belong to a subset of that genus that shares many other characteristics with the cytophagas. Only the Capnocytophaga spp. contained large quantities of capnine as such; in all of the others, most (and possibly all) of the capnoids were present as N-acylcapnines. Capnoid-negative bacteria included some gliding organisms that may not be closely related to the cytophagas: two fruiting myxobacters, a gliding cyanobacterium (Plectonema sp.), Beggiatoa alba, Vitreoscilla stercoraria, Herpetosiphon aurantiacus, and Lysobacter enzymogenes. Nongliding bacteria representing nine genera were also tested, and all of these fell into the capnoid-negative group.

Alkanesulfonates↗

PubMed1981

Cellular fatty acid composition of organisms frequently associated with human infections resulting from dog bites: Pasteurella multocida and groups of EF-4, IIj, M-5, and DF-2.

The cellular fatty acid composition of Pasteurella multocida and four unclassified groups of gram-negative bacteria (EF-4, M-5, IIj, and DF-2) which are frequently associated with human dog-bite infections was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Strains of P. multocida were readily distinguished from the unclassified groups by the presence of 3-hydroxy myristic acid (3-OH- 14:0). Groups M-5 and EF-4 were characterized by the presence of 3-hydroxy lauric (3-OH-12:0) acid. Only group EF-4 organisms contained 2-OH-16:0, a-17:0, and 17:0 cyclopropane acids. Groups IIj and DF-2 differed from the other groups by the presence of large amounts of a branched-chain 15-carbon acid (i-15:0); they differed from each other by the presence of i-2-OH-15:0 and i-17:1 acids in IIj, which were absent in DF-2. The data indicate that gas-liquid chromatographic analysis for cellular fatty acids provides an additional test for rapid differentiation of these gram-negative organisms associated with dog-bite infections. Similarities observed in the fatty acid compositions of Flavobacterium, IIj, and DF-2 suggest that these two unclassified groups may be additional species of Flavobacterium.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Survey, purification, and properties of sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase among microorganisms.

Sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase was purified approximately 500- to 600-fold to apparent homogeneity from Escherichia coli B, Escherichia coli C, Escherichia coli var. communior, Escherichia acidilactici, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, and Saccharomyces cereviseae. The molecular weights of the enzyme as estimated by gel filtration ranged from 97 X 10(3) to 101 X 10(3). The enzyme was composed of two subunits with the same molecular weight which ranged from 50 X 10(3) to 52 X 10(3), as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Homogeneous enzyme preparations hydrolyse all the tested alpha-D-aldohexose 1-phosphate, D-(keto or aldo)hexose 6-phosphate, and pentose phosphate substrates significantly. When the microorganisms were transferred from growth medium with 1% glucose to that without glucose, there were dramatic increases in both the specific and total enzyme activities. At least three isozymes appeared to be present in S. cereviseae, and two appeared to be present in E. coli B, E. coli var. communior, and N. meningitidis. Rabbit antiserum immunized against sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase purified from E. coli B cross-reacted with both the crude extracts and purified preparations of the enzyme from the other microorganisms. The presence of neither sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase activity nor immunocrossreacting material was detected in the following microorganisms: Aspergillus niger, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, Citrobacter freundii, Clostridium butyricum, Corynebacterium xerosis, Flavobacterium aquatile, Flavobacterium synxanthum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Micrococcus coralinus, Neisseria perflava, Neurospora crassa, Penicilium expansum, Penicilium notatum, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Saccharomyces fermenti, Sarcina lutea, and Streptomyces antibioticus. At present, no conclusive relationship can be established between the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system and the enzyme sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase among microorganisms. The physiological role of sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase as a transferase and regulatory enzyme is discussed.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2002

Bacterial pathogens isolated from cultured bullfrogs (Rana castesbeiana).

A commercial bullfrog (Rana castesbeiana) operation in south Georgia had multiple epizootics of systemic bacterial infections over a 3-year period, 1998-2000. A number of potential pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) meningosepticum, Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) indolgenes, Edwardsiella tarda, Citrobacterfreundii, Pseudomonas spp., and (Streptococcus iniae) were isolated from various tissues. Clinically, frogs demonstrated acute onset of torticolis, stupor, and indifference to stimuli. Cutaneous hyperemia, subcutaneous and muscular hemorrhage, and peripheral edema were consistent gross findings. Histologically, clusters of lymphocytes, monocytes, and occasional acidophiles with scattered granulomas occurred in liver, kidney, and spleen. This is the first report of S. inae and C. meningosepticum as potential disease agents in R. castesbeiana. These findings suggest that a variety of bacteria may be associated with redleg and that culture results must be obtained for accurate diagnosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Chemical resistance of the gram-negative bacteria to different sanitizers in a water purification system.

BACKGROUND: Purified water for pharmaceutical purposes must be free of microbial contamination and pyrogens. Even with the additional sanitary and disinfecting treatments applied to the system (sequential operational stages), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas picketti, Flavobacterium aureum, Acinetobacter lowffi and Pseudomonas diminuta were isolated and identified from a thirteen-stage purification system. To evaluate the efficacy of the chemical agents used in the disinfecting process along with those used to adjust chemical characteristics of the system, over the identified bacteria, the kinetic parameter of killing time (D-value) necessary to inactivate 90% of the initial bioburden (decimal reduction time) was experimentally determined. METHODS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas picketti, Flavobacterium aureum, Acinetobacter lowffi and Pseudomonas diminuta were called in house (wild) bacteria. Pseudomonas diminuta ATCC 11568, Pseudomonas alcaligenes INCQS , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 3178, Pseudomonas picketti ATCC 5031, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 937 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as 'standard' bacteria to evaluate resistance at 25 degrees C against either 0.5% citric acid, 0.5% hydrochloric acid, 70% ethanol, 0.5% sodium bisulfite, 0.4% sodium hydroxide, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, or a mixture of 2.2% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 0.45% peracetic acid. RESULTS: The efficacy of the sanitizers varied with concentration and contact time to reduce decimal logarithmic (log10) population (n cycles). To kill 90% of the initial population (or one log10 cycle), the necessary time (D-value) was for P. aeruginosa into: (i) 0.5% citric acid, D = 3.8 min; (ii) 0.5% hydrochloric acid, D = 6.9 min; (iii) 70% ethanol, D = 9.7 min; (iv) 0.5% sodium bisulfite, D = 5.3 min; (v) 0.4% sodium hydroxide, D = 14.2 min; (vi) 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, D = 7.9 min; (vii) mixture of hydrogen peroxide (2.2%) plus peracetic acid (0.45%), D = 5.5 min. CONCLUSION: The contact time of 180 min of the system with the mixture of H2O2+ peracetic acid, a total theoretical reduction of 6 log10 cycles was attained in the water purified storage tank and distribution loop. The contact time between the water purification system (WPS) and the sanitary agents should be reviewed to reach sufficient bioburden reduction (over 6 log10).

Disinfectants↗

PubMed2002

Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors from the roots of Lindera strychnifolia F. Vill.

Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26) has been proposed to play a role in degradation of proline-containing neuropeptides involved in the processes of learning and memory, e.g., vasopressin, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). In the course of our search for bioactive constituents in medicinal plants, we studied the PEP inhibitory constituents of the roots of Lindera strychnifolia F. VILL and isolated two known tannins, epicatechin (1) and aesculitannin B (2), and four known sesquiterpenes, linderene (3), linderene acetate (4), linderalactone (5) and isolinderalactone (6) as inhibitors. On the inhibitory activities of six compounds against PEP from Flavobacterium meningosepticum and that from rat brain supernatant, compounds 1, 2 and 4 inhibited the enzyme from Flavobacterium more strongly than that from rat brain supernatant. However, compounds 3, 5 and 6 inhibited the enzymes from both origins to the same extent and furthermore, compound 6 was the strongest natural inhibitor against PEP from rat brain supernatant. The kinetic study of these inhibitors indicated that compounds 1, 2 are noncompetitive inhibitors and compounds 3-6 are competitive inhibitors. This is the first example of non-phenolic constituents showing significant competitive inhibitory activity being isolated from natural medicines.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

16S rRNA in situ probing for the determination of the family level community structure implicated in enhanced biological nutrient removal.

Knowledge of a discrete physiological group capable of excess biological phosphate removal (EBPR) remains unclear. Consequently, microbial community analysis of an enhanced continuous laboratory-scale activated sludge process displaying a strong EBPR mechanism was conducted. Unit design was configured upon the three-stage Phoredox process and characterization of the activated sludge bacterial community was carried out using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Fixed activated sludge samples were hybridized with fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes targeting the following bacterial phylogenetic divisions: a kingdom level probe specific for all bacteria (EUB338); family level probes specific for the alpha, beta and gamma subclasses of the class Proteobacteria; Gram positive bacteria with a high (G + C) DNA content (GPBHGC) or Actinobacteria; the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium (CF) subclass within the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteriodes division; and genus level probes specific for Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., and Acinetobacter spp. Bacterial predominance between the anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zones of the EBPR sludge were comparable and appeared as follows; beta (22%), alpha (19%), gamma (17%), GPBHGC (11%) and CF (8%). The incidence of Acinetobacter spp. appeared to be generally low with counts amounting to < 9% of the total bacterial count. A population shift in the alpha Proteobacteria subclass was evident between the non-nutrient removal seed sludge and the EBPR sludge, implicating this group in EBPR. The overall results indicate that the beta and alpha Proteobacteria can be metabolically functional in EBPR processes and reiterate the functional misconception of Acinetobacter spp. in EBPR systems.

Ecosystem↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Species composition of heterotrophic bacteria in the water of the Rybinek reservoir].

Twenty four cultures of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the water of the Rybinsk Reservoir on a medium containing organic matter. Bacteria belonging to the families Pseudomonadaceae and Achromobacteriaceae were most widely distributed; bacteria of the Mycobacteriaceae family were encountered less often. Predominating species which belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, and Corynebacterium were isolated from the central part of the Reservoir. The special composition depended on the season. Bacteria of the Caulobacter genus were isolated mainly by the end of July and in May. Bacteria of the Corynebacterium genus predominated in March. Microflora belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium was more constant. Bacteria isolated on media with the minimum content of organic matter (0.5 mg C per litre) belonged mainly to the Pseudomonas genus. Morphological, cultural, and physiological properties of the bacteria were studied. The bacteria grew on media containing carbohydrates and alcohols as a source of carbon though organic acids were assimilated to a less extent. The activity of catalase was found in the cultures, with an exception of the genera Caulobacter and Achromobacter.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2003

The microbial community analysis of a 5-stage BNR process with step feed system.

The microbial communities of 5-stage BNR activated sludge samples were analyzed using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and 16S rDNA characterization. The total cell numbers of each reactor were from 2.36 x 10(9) cells/ml to 2.83 x 10(9) cells/ml. From 56.5% to 62.0% of total DAPI cell counts were hybridized to the most bacterial specific probe EUB 338. Among them, beta-proteobacteria were most dominant in each tank. The number of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) was almost 50% of the total cell number in anoxic-1 tank, and these results indicate that this process has a high content of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (dPAOs). In contrast with FISH, 16S rDNA analysis showed that dominant groups were the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group and high G+C% gram-positive bacteria, which were determined as PAOs in anoxic-1 tank. The beta subclass Proteobacteria did not accumulate a large amount of polyphosphate. The overall results indicate that high G+C% gram-positive bacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group might play a key role as dPAOs in this process.

Bioreactors↗

PubMed1992

Isolation and characterization of heparan sulfate proteoglycans produced by cloned rat microvascular endothelial cells.

We have isolated heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) from cloned rat microvascular endothelial cells using a combination of ion-exchange chromatography, affinity fractionation with antithrombin III (AT III), and gel filtration in denaturing solvents. The anticoagulantly active heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGact) which bind tightly to AT III bear mainly anticoagulantly active heparan sulfate (HSact) whereas the anticoagulantly inactive heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGinact) possess mainly anticoagulantly inactive heparan sulfate (HSinact). HSact and HSinact were also isolated by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography, treatment with protease and chondroitin ABC lyase, and affinity fractionation with AT III. HSact and HSinact have molecular sizes of about 25-30 kDa with the same overall composition of monosaccharides except that HSact exhibits about nine glucuronsyl 3-O-sulfated glucosamines/chain whereas HSinact possesses about three glucuronsyl 3-O-sulfated glucosamines/chain. Direct isolation of the AT III-binding site of HSact by exposing carbohydrate chains to Flavobacterium heparitinase in the presence of protease inhibitor revealed only a single interaction site which contained two to three glucuronsyl 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residues. The core proteins of HSPGact and HSPGinact were isolated by treatment with Flavobacterium heparitinase and purification by ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular sizes of the core proteins were established by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their primary structures were examined by cleavage with trypsin or endopeptidase Glu-C as well as separation of peptides by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that both sets of core proteins exhibited three major components with molecular sizes of 50, 30, and 25 kDa, respectively. The 25-kDa species appears to be a proteolytic degradation product of the 30-kDa species. The peptide mapping revealed that HSPGact and HSPGinact possess extremely similar core proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Acquired bacteraemias at the intensive care unit].

Acquired bacteraemias in intensive care unit (ICU) have some serious consequences in terms of morbidity, mortality and costs. The emergence of multiresistant germs in ICUs, and the therapeutic difficulties that ensue, participate in the aggravation of the prognosis of these infections. The aim of this work was to study the epidemiological aspects of acquired bacteraemias in ICU and the responsible germs sensitivity, to determine strategies of adequate antimicrobial treatment. During the period of study, 31 positive blood cultures collected from 19 patients were considered to be true bacteraemias, giving an incidence rate of 6.3 for 100 admissions. The mean age of our patients was 27.7 years old. There were 16 men and 3 women. Traumatology was the underlying pathology in 52.63% of cases. The origin of the infection was unknown in 84.2%. Flavobacterium spp was the most frequent germ (42%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.2%), and Staphylococcus negative coagulase (10.6%). Only one anaerobic germ was isolated. Flavobacterium spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were in general sensitive to most antibiotics used with the exception of aminosides. Staphylococci negative coagulase were methi - resistant. The sensitivity of the anaerobic germ was not tested. The antimicrobial treatment was adapted in 84.2% of cases; the association ciprofloxacine-cefotaxime could be a good alternative in serious infections to Gram negative bacteria. The global death rate among our patients was 42%. The death was directly related to bactereamia in only 15.3% of cases. The existing committee for nosocomial infections control should be more effective in our hospital. The role of this committee is to carry out microbiological surveillance, to recommand and make sure of the application of preventive measures against nosocomial infections, to promote the accessibility of antibiotics such as imipeneme, aztreonam, ceftazidime, vancomycine...., and to propose an appropriate antimicrobial treatment strategy; these measures could reduce notably the morbidity and mortality related to nosocomial infections in general and bactereamias in particular.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial diversity in Pacific Arctic sediments].

Using PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) methods, bacterial phylogenetic diversity in three Pacific Arctic sediment samples were investigated, taken from different depths in the range of 47 m to 3850 m. DGGE profiles of different layers in the same sediment sample are not completely same. 16S rDNA sequences corresponding to 50 excised bands from three sediment samples were analyzed and fell into seven lineages of the domain Bacteria: alpha- beta-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group and Actinobacteria. However, the composition of bacterial phylotypes in three sediments is different. Fourteen sequences obtained from sediment B78 collected from the Canadian Basin belong to beta-, gamma- Proteobacteria, Comamonadaceae and Acidobacteria. Bacterial phylotypes in submarine plateau sediment P24 are alpha-, gamma-, delta-Proteobacteria; While seventeen sequences from sediment S11 colleted from continental slop in the Chukchi Sea are grouped into alpha-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon-Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group and Actinobacteria. It is suggested the different characteristics of three sediments may cause the difference in the composition of bacterial phylotypes. 16S rDNA sequences from members of gamma-Proteobacteria dominated three sediments samples. The majority of the sequences were most closely related to uncultured marine environmental sequences, especially marine sediment environmental sequences (88% - 100%).

Arctic Regions↗

PubMed1990

[Identification and classification of 204 strains of gram negative organisms isolated from poultry eggs].

Results of identification and classification of 204 strains of Gram negative bacteria isolated from poultry eggs are reported. Among 106 strains of glucose nonfermenting bacteria 105 (99%) strains could be further identified as: pseudomonas (87 strains), including P. fluorescens (63), P. putida (9), P. maltophilia (12), P. putrefaciens (2), and P. stutzeri (1); 2 strains of Alcaligenes, both identified as A. denitrificans; 7 strains of Flavobacterium, including F. multovorum (3) and Flavobacterium sp. (4); and 9 strains of Acinetobacter, including A. lwoffi (7) and A. anitratus (2). Among 98 strains of fermentors, 73 strains (74.5%) could be identified as; Escherichia (9), E. coli (12), Enterobacter Liquefaciens (31), Ent. cloacae (7), Ent. halfnia (8), Ent. aerogenes (1) and proteus (5); while 25 strains (25.5%) which split glucose and lactose or sucrose fermentative with acid but no gaseouse formation remain to be ascertained.

Eggs↗

PubMed1983

[Qualitative and quantitative determination of bacterial populations in aquatic habitats. 5. Comparison of 2 rapid sand filters].

The bacterial examinations of raw water and the effluent of two rapid sand filters showed differences with respect to the colony count, the identified species and the activity of the isolated bacteria. The raw waters of the treatment plants Si and Me are originated from an oligotrophic artificial lake and from ground-water respectively. The two raw waters contained only low numbers of bacteria, whereas the effluents of the filters showed a considerable increase of the bacterial counts. The results indicate a development of microbial populations in the filters. Furthermore there were also differences between the two filters examined. The first one led to the growth of Pseudomonas- and Flavobacterium species, the second one to Flavobacterium, Chromobacterium and Acinetobacter species. Comparing the raw water and the effluent, a reduction of special and total physiological activities of the isolated bacteria could be observed in filter I, whereas there wasn't any change in filter II.

Bacteria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of proteolytic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract flora of poultry.

Proteolytic bacteria were readily demonstrated among the upper respiratory tract flora of poultry in two chicken flocks and two turkey flocks. Between 20% and 50% of birds in each flock had highly proteolytic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract flora, and the amount of the bacterial flora determined to be highly proteolytic in any given bird ranged from none to a majority. Highly proteolytic bacteria recovered included five species of staphylococci, as well as two gram-negative bacterial species, Flavobacterium sp. and Vibrio alginolyticus. All species of staphylococci isolated have previously been recovered from animal sources, whereas Flavobacterium sp. and V. alginolyticus are usually reported to be associated with soil and surface-water origins. The protocols used to screen for proteolytic bacteria among the flora and to assess protease activity required minimal supplies and equipment.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Bacterial contamination of hospital disinfectants.

A study to determine contamination of diluted disinfectants at different points in preparation and use in 6 Malaysian hospitals was done using the in-use test. A growth of > or = 250 organisms/ml was taken as an indication of contamination. A total of 342 (7.9%) of the 4316 freshly diluted samples collected from disinfectant bottles in the pharmacy were found to be contaminated. The bacterial isolates obtained were Pseudomonas spp. (42.4%), Moraxella spp. (22.0%), Flavobacterium spp. (11.6%) and Enterobacter spp. (4.2%). Three hundred and sixty seven out of 2278 ward stock were contaminated. The isolates were Pseudomonas spp. (48.6%), Moraxella spp. (17.8%), Acinetobacter spp. (8.9%) and Flavobacterium spp. (7.0%). Of the 9265 disinfectants in-use, 1519 (16.4%) were contaminated. Among the organisms isolated were Pseudomonas spp. (44.3%), Bacillus spp. (13.0%), Enterobacter spp. (9.5%) and Acinetobacter spp. (7.3%). The results indicated a high level of contamination of diluted disinfectants prepared in the pharmacy, stored and used in the wards. This gave a high index of suspicion that recommendations for cleaning of disinfectant containers before refilling, handling of diluted stock solutions and using of disinfectants were not closely adhered to. Standard disinfection procedures outlined in the disinfection and sterilization policy by the Ministry of Health should therefore be followed.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1996

Differences in the nonreducing ends of heparan sulfates excreted by patients with mucopolysaccharidoses revealed by bacterial heparitinases: a new tool for structural studies and differential diagnosis of Sanfilippo's and Hunter's syndromes.

Enzymatic and chemical analyses of the structures of heparan sulfates excreted in the urine by patients with Sanfilippo's and Hunter's syndromes revealed that their nonreducing ends differ from each other and reflect the enzyme deficiency of the syndromes. The heparan sulfates from the different syndromes were treated with heparitinase II, crude enzyme extracts from Flavobacterium heparinum, and nitrous acid degradation. The heparan sulfates from patients with Sanfilippo A (deficient in heparan N-sulfatase) and Sanfilippo B (deficient in alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase) were degraded with heparitinase II producing, besides unsaturated disaccharides, substantial amounts of glucosamine N-sulfate and N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. The heparan sulfate from patients with Hunter's syndrome (deficient in iduronate sulfatase) were degraded by heparitinase II or crude enzyme extracts to several products, including two saturated disaccharides containing a sulfated uronic acid at their nonreducing ends. The heparan sulfate from patients with Sanfilippo's C syndrome (deficient in acetyl Co-A: alpha-glucosaminide acetyltransferase) produced, by action of heparitinase II, among other products, two sulfated trisaccharides containing glucosamine with a nonsubstituted amino group. In addition to providing a new tool for the differential diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses, these results bring new insights into the specificity of the heparitinases from Flavobacterium heparinum.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2002

Proposed minimal standards for describing new taxa of the family Flavobacteriaceae and emended description of the family.

In this paper minimal standards for the description of new genera and cultivable species in the family Flavobacteriaceae are proposed in accordance with Recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). In addition to specified phenotypic characteristics, the description of new species should be based on DNA-DNA hybridization data, and the placement of new taxa should be consistent with phylogenetic data derived from 16S rRNA sequencing. An emended description of the family is also proposed as several new taxa have been described since 1996. These proposals have been endorsed by the members of the Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Flavobacterium and Cytophaga-like bacteria of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes.

Animals↗