A COMPLEMENT FIXATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STRAINS OF THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.
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Animals↗
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Adaptation of the type C cattle virus of foot-and mouth disease to the brain of the white mouse.
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Adaptation, Physiological↗
Antibodies in foot-and-mouth disease.
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Animals↗
[New developments in the method of vaccinia-foot and mouth disease complexes].
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Animals↗
Combination of foot- and mouth disease virus albumen and protamine.
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Albumins↗
[Foot-and-mouth disease: the nature and importance of the disease].
The Federal Republic of Germany is at present free from Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). In many countries of the world, however, FMD is still an enzootic disease. Therefore, countries free from FMD have to be constantly on guard against importing the disease. The plurality of the agent as well as ways of transfer of the disease are described. In particular, clinical signs and pathological injuries are described and illustrated by photographs. Methods of preparing specimens from infected animals for laboratory diagnosis are pointed out.
Animals↗
Identification of foot and mouth disease virus carrier and subclinically infected animals and differentiation from vaccinated animals.
Countries that are free of foot and mouth disease (FMD) are reluctant to use vaccine in the event of an outbreak because of the difficulties this can cause in re-establishing freedom from FMD status to the satisfaction of trading partners. The problem does not lie in distinguishing between vaccinated and recovered animals as vaccinated animals can be tagged or otherwise marked to show that they have been vaccinated; the difficulty is in identifying vaccinated animals that have had contact with live virus and become carriers. The traditional probang test is not sufficiently sensitive and is labour- and laboratory-intensive, but alternative serological tests such as those for antibodies to non-structural proteins (NSPs), or specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) are also not 100% sensitive. However, these newer tests do provide increased security by reducing the likelihood of trading carrier animals and can be used to help define the limits of an outbreak; the use of vaccine to help control an outbreak of FMD in a previously free country still has significant consequences on trade in FMD susceptible animals and their products.
Animals↗
Identification of novel foot-and-mouth disease virus specific T-cell epitopes in c/c and d/d haplotype miniature swine.
To identify foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) specific T-cell epitopes within the non-structural protein 3D in swine, pentadecapeptides were tested in proliferation and Interferon-gamma ELISPOT assays using lymphocytes from two strains of inbred miniature pigs (c/c and d/d haplotype) experimentally infected with FMDV. Lymphocytes of c/c pigs recognized peptides from three different regions in 3D, d/d lymphocytes recognized peptides from two regions, one of them being adjacent to an epitope of c/c pigs and comprising amino acid residues 346-370. Analyses of the response of d/d lymphocytes against peptides representing the structural protein 1A revealed another novel T-cell epitope. Investigation of the phenotype of responding lymphocytes showed a response of CD4(+)CD8(+)MHC-class-II(+) cells, identifying them as activated T-helper cells. This is the first report on FMDV specific T-cell epitopes recognized by swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) inbred swine and provides information useful for the design of novel vaccines against FMDV.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Construction and identification of recombinant adenovirus containing the polyproteins coding regions of O type foot-and-mouth disease virus by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli].
The gene coding for the polyprotein (PP) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)was obtained by PCR from recombinant plasmid rpMD18-T/PP. The PCR product was digested with Xba I and Not I and inserted into the cloning site of the adenovirus shuttle vector pAdTrack-CMV, previously digested with the same enzymes. This recombinant shuttle plasmid was designated rpAd-CMV/PP. The recombinant adenovirus vector rpAd/PP was obtained by homologous recombination of plasmid rpAd-CMV/PP and adenovirus skeletal vector pAdeasy-1 in E. coli. Plasmid rpAd/PP was linearized by Pme I and transformed into 293 competent cells to pack the adenovirus using liposome mediated gene transfer method and, as a result, the recombinant adenovirus rAd/PP that contained the polyprotein coding gene was obtained. Obvious CPE could be observed under an inverted microscope, the green fluorescence protein expression can be detected under fluorescence microscope and the empty capsid of FMDV was observed under electron microscope. These results indicated that the recombinant adenovirus rAd/PP expressed the PP protein and that this protein could be assembled into the empty capsid of FMDV. The recombinant adenovirus obtained in this study can be used for further research for making FMDV recombinant adenovirus vaccine.
Adenoviridae↗
Estimating the risk of importation of foot-and-mouth disease into Europe.
The opinions of a number of recognised world experts on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were sought in order to answer key questions relating to the importation of the disease into European countries from countries outside Europe. In addition, their opinions were sought on where in Europe a primary outbreak of FMD was most likely to occur and the number of outbreaks likely to occur within European countries in the next five years. The Balkans group of countries was considered to be the most likely group within Europe to have a primary outbreak of FMD and also most likely to have the highest number of primary outbreaks. Turkey was considered to be the country outside Europe which was most likely to be the source of an outbreak within Europe as a whole, and the illegal importation of livestock was considered to be the most likely route of introduction of FMD into Europe. Results specific to the Islands group of countries, which included the UK and Ireland, suggested that this group was likely to have a mean of one primary outbreak of FMD in the five years from September 2000, and that the importation of foodstuffs by people entering those countries from Turkey was the most likely source of an outbreak.
Animals↗
Use of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen in liquid-phase blocking ELISA.
A liquid-phase blocking ELISA is used by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease for the quantification of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. The potential for using inactivated FMDV antigens in the assay has been assessed by titrating bovine convalescent sera to all seven serotypes and comparing the titres obtained with live or inactivated antigens. The titres were similar indicating that either live or inactivated antigens can be used in the liquid-phase blocking ELISA. Removing the need to use live antigens in tests for FMD antibody would reduce disease security risk and widen the acceptability of kits for FMD antibody detection and assay.
Animals↗
Study on the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus I. production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against VP1.
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reported here were produced against the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that caused the devastating swine disease on 1997 in Taiwan. A panel (25) of MAbs were found to react with VP1 of O/Taiwan/97 (O/97) by ELISA with various potencies. The biological identities of these VP1 reacting MAbs, such as neutralization activity, isotype and capability to distinguish between two serotype O FMDVs, O/97 and O/Taiwan/KM1/99 (O/99), were further analyzed. Eleven out of the total eighteen O/97 neutralizing MAbs were able to neutralize heterologous O/99. Eight O/97 neutralizing and five non-neutralizing MAbs could differentiate two serotype O FMDVs by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) implied that these thirteen MAbs recognized O/97 specific epitope(s). Furthermore, reactivities of the VP1 reacting MAbs with a 29 amino acids synthetic peptide (P29) representing the betaG-betaH loop of VP1 were analyzed by ELISA and fourteen were found positive. MAb clone Q10E-3 reacting strongest with VP1 and P29, neutralizing both but not differentiating two serotype O viruses suggested that the antibody binding site might involve the RGD motif and its C terminal conserved region on betaG-betaH loop. MAbs with diverse characters presented in this study were the first raised against porcinophilic FMDV. The complete set of MAbs may be used for further studies of vaccine, diagnostic methods, prophylaxis, etiological and immunological researches on FMDV.
Animals↗
A generic spreadsheet model of a disease epidemic with application to the first 100 days of the 2001 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK.
A generic, stochastic spreadsheet model was developed to calculate the number of cases within the first 100 days of a propagating epidemic and with the ability to incorporate generic control measures. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics were simulated with a range of assumptions about the number of cases incubating the disease on day 1 and the efficiency of control measures. Particularly severe epidemics resulted from scenarios with low efficiency of control measures and high numbers incubating. Control measures that prevented 0.8 of cases from resulting in new cases were able to reduce substantially the cumulative number of cases. The results of various scenarios using the model were compared to the number of cases of FMD in the first 100 days of the 2001 outbreak in the UK, with specific reference to cases in Cumbria and Anglesey. Potential practical and educational applications of the model are discussed.
Animals↗
Epidemiological characteristics and financial costs of the 1997 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Taiwan.
Between March and July 1997, a devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), serotype O, occurred in pigs in Taiwan. A total of 6,147 pig farms with more than 4 million pigs were infected, and 37.7 per cent of the pigs in Taiwan either died (0.18 million pigs) or were killed (3.85 million pigs). The epidemic reached its peak during the fifth week after it was first recognised. During the eighth and ninth weeks, a two-dose blanket vaccination programme was instituted which led to a large reduction in new outbreaks. Except for two cities, the whole of Taiwan was declared an FMD-infected zone. During the four months in which new farm outbreaks occurred, 21.7 per cent of the pigs on infected farms showed clinical signs, and there was an overall mortality of 3.95 per cent. During the early stages of the epidemic, the incubation period was as short as 24 hours and the case fatality rates for suckling piglets reached 100 per cent. The financial cost of the epidemic was estimated at US$ 378.6 million, including indemnities, vaccines, carcase disposal plus environmental protection, miscellaneous expenses, and loss of market value. Owing to the ban on exports of pork to Japan, it is estimated that the total economic cost to Taiwan's pig industry will be about US$ 1.6 billion.
Animal Husbandry↗
Genetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from fatal and non-fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in Taiwan, 1998.
A large scale outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in Taiwan in 1998, in which more than 80 children died of shock syndrome with pulmonary edema/hemorrhage. Enterovirus 71 was implicated as the cause of this outbreak. In order to understand the virological basis responsible for mortality on this scale, nucleotide sequences of VP1 that is important for serotypic specificity, and the 5'-non-coding region (5'-NCR) that is important for replication efficiency, were analyzed comparatively. Phylogenetic analysis of both VP1 and 5'-NCR of nine EV71 isolates derived from specimens of fatal patients and seven isolates derived from uncomplicated HFMD patients showed that all but one isolate fell into genotype B. The one distinct isolate from a case of uncomplicated HFMD belonged to genotype C that was clustered along with one isolate from Taiwan in 1986. Complete sequence analysis of two selected isolates, one from the spinal cord of a fatal case and one from the vesicle fluid of a patient with mild HFMD, confirmed a high degree (97-100%) of identity in nucleotide sequence throughout the entire genome, except focal regions of 3C and 3'-NCR where the nucleotide homology was 90-91%. The identity of the deduced amino acid sequence in the 3C region that encodes viral proteinase dropped further to 86%, a result of missense mutations at the first nucleotide position of many codons.
5' Untranslated Regions↗
Nucleotide and amino acid sequence coding for polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A12.
The coding region for the structural and nonstructural polypeptides of the type A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus genome has been identified by nucleotide sequencing of cloned DNA derived from the viral RNA. In addition, 704 nucleotides in the 5' untranslated region between the polycytidylic acid tract and the probable initiation codon of the first translated gene, P16-L, have been sequenced. This region has several potential initiation codons, one of which appears to be a low-frequency alternate initiation site. The coding region encompasses 6,912 nucleotides and ends in a single termination codon, UAA, located 96 nucleotides upstream from a 3'-terminal polyadenylic acid tract. Microsequencing of radiolabeled in vivo and in vitro translation products identified the genome position of the major foot-and-mouth disease virus proteins and the cleavage sites recognized by the putative viral protease and an additional protease(s), probably of cellular origin, to generate primary and functional foot-and-mouth disease virus polypeptides.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
An outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Singapore.
Epidemiological studies were carried out during an extensive outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A 16 in Singapore in 1981. Most of the cases were concentrated in densely populated public housing estates, and the morbidity rate was highest in children under 5 years of age. The mean secondary attack rate for children under 12 years of age was 76.7% compared with an overall rate of 31.3%. The incubation period ranged from 1 to 7 days. Factors favouring the transmission of infection within a household included sharing of household and personal articles with the index case. The disease was mild and self-limiting.
Adolescent↗
Fluorescent antibody responses of cases and contacts of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
Paired sera from clinical cases, familial contacts, and school contacts of hand, foot, and mouth disease were tested by indirect immunofluorescence against a strain of coxsackie A16 virus which had been adapted to human fibroblast tissue-cultured cells. All of the 22 clinical cases developed immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies, and 11 responded with IgM and 10 with IgA antibodies. Seventeen of 21 familial contacts of cases showed subclinical infection as determined by development of IgG antibodies. Only seven and nine, respectively, of these had demonstrable IgM and IgA antibodies. Thirteen of 16 school classmates of three clinical cases were shown to have experienced subclinical infection by the development of IgG antibodies. Only five had antibodies in the IgM fraction, and three had antibodies in the IgA fraction. A comparison of IgG titers with those obtained by neutralization tests provides further evidence that the indirect fluorescent antibody technique represents a rapid diagnostic procedure for this disease.
Adolescent↗