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PubMed2005

[Improvement of protection given by vaccination for socially underprivileged groups on the basis of "key persons approach" -- results of an intervention based on cultural and language aspects for children of immigrants in Altlander Viertel provided by the Health Department of Stade].

In January 2002, a vaccination campaign against measles, mumps and rubella was carried out in the Altlander Viertel, a district in Stade, Germany. The campaign was directed towards children of immigrants, a group often at a disadvantage in terms of health. This campaign was organised and carried out by the public health department in Stade for the first time in September 2002. During regular health screenings when children were enrolled for school it was found that they children were poorly protected by vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella. Since several attempts to improve the situation, for example by organising information events, had not been successful, it was decided to develop special measures for this particular group in order to improve their health. Together with the Ethno-Medical Centre in Hanover the concept of a vaccination campaign considering the special situation of immigrants was developed. The core measures were to find, train and use key persons within the groups of immigrants are living in the Altlander Viertel in Stade. These key persons helped to inform and motivate the immigrants to go to the vacciantion stations set up in the district. In this way it was possible to carry out a successful intervention (vaccination campaign).

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Beta thalassemia in Germany: molecular genetics and clinical phenotype in immigrant and in the native population].

BACKGROUND: In Germany there are about 300-400 patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia who immigrated from endemic regions mostly in the Mediterranean. In the non-immigrant population beta-thalassaemia is rare with only single case reports of homozygous patients. Heterozygous beta-thalassaemia, however, is more common and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypochromic anemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Here, clinical and molecular data of 221 homozygous patients from immigrant families and 256 non-immigrant German heterozygous individuals are presented. RESULTS: Clinically, 87% (n = 192) of the homozygotes are regularly transfused and classified as thalassaemia major (TM). The other 13% (n = 29) are not (regularly) transfused and thus classified as thalassaemia intermedia (TI). There is a wide spectrum of 39 beta-globin gene mutations and even the most common three, IVSI-110G-A, NS 39, and IVSI-6 T-C occur with relatively low frequencies of 28%, 22%, and 9%, respectively. In 17/29 (58%) TI patients "mild" mutations are found that inactivate the affected gene incompletely. In 16/29 (55%) there are mutations that are associated with increased gamma-globin gene activity. alpha-Thalassaemia is rare and only found in 3/29 TI-patients. In the 256 Germans with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia there are 27 different beta-globin gene mutations. The 3 most common are Mediterranean mutations together accounting for 61%. Also-relatively common (5%; n = 13) is an otherwise rare frameshift mutation of codon 83 (FS83 delta G). The other mutations occur in < 10 individuals only. Two mutations described here are novel. One of them affects position-2 of the intron 1 splice acceptor site (IVSI-129 A-G) and the other is a deletion of a single G in codon 15/16 (FS 15/16 delta G). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, a plausible molecular pathogenesis for the observed phenotype (TM vs. TI) can be identified in most homozygous patients thus allowing for rational counselling of the affected families. In heterozygous Germans beta-thalassaemia has probably been imported from the Mediterranean in about 2/3 of the cases whereas in the remaining 1/3 it has probably originated locally.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Immigration to Western Europe, 1952-1982: a time-series analysis of movement to Sweden, France, and Essen.

"Two contradictory approaches--an equilibrium view based on neoclassical economic principles and a structuralist view based on labour needs of core economies--dominate contemporary international migration research. Using a monthly time-series for Essen [Federal Republic of Germany], Sweden, and France for 1952-1982 of immigration by different nationalities, a specific hypothesis derived from the neoclassical view, relating immigration to economic growth and stagnation, was tested using the Box-Jenkins ARIMA modelling approach." The only support for the hypothesis came from the example of the local labor market in Essen. The author notes that "most migration flows are described by complex ARIMA models. Immigration legislation had a stronger and more direct effect on the strength and timing of flows than economic trends. Predictions based on univariate and bivariate models are not very useful: immigration trends over the past decade are significantly different from earlier flows."

Demography↗

PubMed2005

Molecular analysis reveals tighter social regulation of immigration in patrilocal populations than in matrilocal populations.

Human social organization can deeply affect levels of genetic diversity. This fact implies that genetic information can be used to study social structures, which is the basis of ethnogenetics. Recently, methods have been developed to extract this information from genetic data gathered from subdivided populations that have gone through recent spatial expansions, which is typical of most human populations. Here, we perform a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and Y chromosome diversity in three matrilocal and three patrilocal groups from northern Thailand to infer the number of males and females arriving in these populations each generation and to estimate the age of their range expansion. We find that the number of male immigrants is 8 times smaller in patrilocal populations than in matrilocal populations, whereas women move 2.5 times more in patrilocal populations than in matrilocal populations. In addition to providing genetic quantification of sex-specific dispersal rates in human populations, we show that although men and women are exchanged at a similar rate between matrilocal populations, there are far fewer men than women moving into patrilocal populations. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that men are strictly controlling male immigration and promoting female immigration in patrilocal populations and that immigration is much less regulated in matrilocal populations.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMed1997

Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes.

Immigration is an important force shaping the social structure, evolution, and genetics of populations. A statistical method is presented that uses multilocus genotypes to identify individuals who are immigrants, or have recent immigrant ancestry. The method is appropriate for use with allozymes, microsatellites, or restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and assumes linkage equilibrium among loci. Potential applications include studies of dispersal among natural populations of animals and plants, human evolutionary studies, and typing zoo animals of unknown origin (for use in captive breeding programs). The method is illustrated by analyzing RFLP genotypes in samples of humans from Australian, Japanese, New Guinean, and Senegalese populations. The test has power to detect immigrant ancestors, for these data, up to two generations in the past even though the overall differentiation of allele frequencies among populations is low.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary and clastogenic factors in children who immigrated to Israel from regions contaminated by the Chernobyl accident.

The authors evaluated the possible association between dietary history and plasma clastogenic factors in children who immigrated to Israel between 1989 and 1993 from regions contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. The authors compared questionnaire data about demographic variables, dietary histories before and after immigration occurred, and health status with clastogenic factor scores for 162 immigrants. Logistic regression analysis revealed a negative association between clastogenic factor scores and frequency of consumption of fresh vegetables and fruit among children < or = 7 yr of age during the postimmigration period. Intake of eggs and fish by boys who were < or = 7 yr of age prior to immigration was associated positively with clastogenic factor scores. Consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits afforded protection to the immune systems of children who were < or = 7 yr of age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

A cross-national study of posttraumatic stress disorder in Dutch-Australian immigrants.

OBJECTIVE: Studying the rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people who experienced World War II, but who have subsequently lived in different environments is a way of looking at the impact of recovery environment on PTSD. Immigrants had less support in terms of the social cohesion in their home country, but were not subjected to the same triggers of war-related intrusions. METHOD: Posttraumatic stress disorder was investigated in citizens from the Netherlands who emigrated to Australia in the post-World War II years (n = 251). Immigrants born between 1920 and 1930 (n = 171) were compared with a same-aged group living in Holland (n = 1461) for stressful war experiences and the extent of PTSD. RESULTS: Those who had been exposed to the most severe war stress were overrepresented in the immigrant group. Immigrants with current PTSD more often stated that motives for migration were threat of a third world war, disappointment with Dutch society and personal problems. We were unable to demonstrate specific effects of emigration on the prevalence of current PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that exposure to severe war stress promoted the need to emigrate. The comparable PTSD scores of the groups of war victims living in Australia and the Netherlands support the notion that extreme war stress may be considered the primary determining factor in the development of PTSD, and that actual post-war living circumstances are, in the long term, of subordinate importance.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

In-group favoritism among Native and immigrant Turkish Cypriots: trait evaluations of in-group and out-group targets.

The authors investigated whether in-group favoritism manifests itself as praise for the in-group- or as denigration of the out-group. A total of 450 Turkish Cypriots (248 native, 202 immigrant) judged the applicability of positive and negative trait words to in-group and out-group targets. Both the native and the immigrant groups judged the positive traits as more applicable to their respective in-groups than to the out-group. The native group evaluated the negative social traits as more applicable to the immigrant group. The immigrant group also judged the negative social traits as more applicable to themselves. The two groups did not differ in their judgments for more personal negative traits.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Political rhetoric, immigration attitudes, and contemporary prejudice: a Mexican American dilemma.

The authors examined political candidates' social stereotypes of Mexican immigrants in mainstream media accounts. From those popular themes, they formed semantic differential scales, which they administered to participants (N = 201) with 1 of 4 scenarios describing an illegal immigrant: of Mexican vs. English Canadian descent and with vs. without several parking tickets. Consistent with contemporary theories of prejudice (J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner, 1996), the participants indicated the greatest agreement with the pejorative themes when the immigrant described was of Mexican descent and had accumulated parking tickets. Psychologically, the parking tickets served as a nonethnic rationale for discriminating against that ethnic group. The authors discuss the social and public policy implications of Mexican immigration as a political phenomenon.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Help-seeking behaviors by Korean immigrants for depression.

Underutilization of mental health services by Asian immigrants has been an ongoing concern for those attempting to provide accessible care for people suffering from mental illness. The author investigated Korean immigrants' help-seeking behaviors for depression to understand their underutilization of mental health services. The study involved 6 focus group discussions and 24 in-depth interviews with 70 Korean immigrants in New York City. Prolonged care within family and traditional Asian practices led to a delay in seeking mental health services, keeping many Korean immigrants with depression out of the delivery system. The lack of interface between formal service providers and psychiatric service providers also caused delayed treatment. This study suggests the need for a comprehensive care model based on community education, linking mental health care with other services, and cultural brokering, as ways to connect population needs with mental health service delivery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Perceptions of mental health among recently immigrated Mexican adolescents.

Rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation are high among Latino adolescents in the U.S., many of whom are immigrants. Immigration during adolescence creates risk factors for mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to explore the health-related perceptions of Mexican-origin immigrant adolescents to inform the design of culturally and developmentally appropriate mental health services. This focused ethnography was guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological framework and symbolic interactionism. Fourteen adolescents were recruited from two non-health-based community settings. Data from one-to-one semi-structured interviews and a visual narrative project were coded and analyzed inductively. Three thematic patterns were identified: "mentally healthy," "mentally unhealthy," and "health promotion." Increased awareness of cultural influences and immigration on Latino adolescents' mental health is needed. Mental health nurses are in a unique position to educate and to influence accessibility of services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

"White aliens": the control of European immigration to Australia 1920-30.

The author reviews Australian and British policies restricting non-British immigration to Australia after World War I. "The intense desire in many quarters to maintain a 'white Australia' led not only to the active encouragement of British immigrants but to the restrictions and regulations upon European immigration in the period under review. These restrictions took two forms. Statutory powers of exclusion and restriction were conferred through...legislation.... At the same time...administrative techniques were used to limit further and control 'white alien' immigration. These techniques, such as quotas and the discretionary power of the Minister to limit visas and landing permits, changing in response to economic conditions and public opinion, were perhaps more important in the government's policy of ensuring Australia's racial purity."

Attitude↗

PubMed2006

Help-seeking rates for intimate partner violence (IPV) among Canadian immigrant women.

We examined rates of help seeking for intimate partner violence (IPV) among recent (0-9 years in Canada) and non-recent (10+ years in Canada) immigrant women. Data from a national, cross-sectional, telephone survey were used. Help-seeking variables included disclosure of IPV, reporting IPV to police, use of social services subsequent to IPV, and barriers to social service use. Recent immigrant women, compared with non-recent immigrant women, were significantly more likely to report IPV to police and less likely to use social services. Findings have important implications for prevention and detection of IPV in immigrant communities and in future research.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Illegal immigration in the presence of labor unions.

"This paper develops a general equilibrium framework of a two-sector economy which incorporates illegal immigration in the presence of labor unions. It demonstrates that stricter enforcement of immigration laws, by reducing the demand for or supply of illegal aliens, benefits all legal workers in the economy. The model is used to evaluate the impact of these policy changes on national income. Results indicate that national income does not necessarily fall when immigration controls are tightened. The existence of a union mitigates the negative welfare impact of a reduction in the number of illegal immigrants."

Demography↗

PubMed2006

Attitudes, knowledge, and health-seeking behaviors of five immigrant minority communities in the prevention and screening of cancer: a focus group approach.

Despite an observed decrease in overall cancer death rates in the USA, immigrant minorities continue to experience disproportionately higher cancer incidence and mortality rates. Thirteen focus groups were conducted in the Haitian, English-Speaking Caribbean, Latino, Korean, and Chinese communities of New York City to better understand their health-seeking behaviors with respect to cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. Focus groups addressed the degree to which cultural, linguistic, and systematic barriers impact these behaviors and explored methods to support salutary behaviors. Findings underscored that, while there are many similarities across immigrant groups, there are significant variations between the immigrant groups to necessitate a tailored community-based approach. The prevalent misinformation observed among all groups warrants the prompt development of culturally competent programs for cancer control with immigrant minorities.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Formal determinants of informal arrangements: housing and undocumented immigrants in Rotterdam.

"Using data on undocumented immigrants in the city of Rotterdam, it is argued that peculiarities of the Dutch housing market, especially the large degree of decommodification of the housing stock, lead to a specific housing situation and housing career of illegal immigrants.... The housing situation of undocumented immigrants in Rotterdam clearly shows how formal arrangements create conditions for informal practices.... A comparison between Dutch and U.S. data shows that differences in formal arrangements have substantial effects on the potential of ethnic solidarity within immigrant communities."

Americas↗

PubMed2004

Emergency room utilization in Copenhagen: a comparison of immigrant groups and Danish-born residents.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate whether utilization of the emergency room differed between immigrant groups and Danish-born residents in Copenhagen, Denmark. METHODS: The authors compared the number of emergency room contacts during 1997 among different ethnic groups in the study population. Data were provided by the Statistical Office of the Municipality of Copenhagen. The study population consisted of 183,478 citizens residing in the catchment area of Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen on 1 January 1998. "Contacts" included 22,026 visits made to the emergency room at Bispebjerg Hospital during 1997. Both the study population and "contacts" were characterized by gender, age, income, and country of birth. The immigrants comprised nine ethnic groups according to country of birth. Data were analysed by Poisson regression comparing rate ratios. RESULTS: Persons born in Somalia, Turkey, and ex-Yugoslavia had higher utilization rates of emergency room than Danish-born residents. All other non-Western-born residents had utilization rates similar to Danish-born residents. Persons born in other Western and European countries showed a tendency towards less utilization. CONCLUSION: Higher utilization rates among some immigrant groups may be explained by disparities in health or lack of knowledge about the Danish healthcare system as well as barriers to seeking primary care including language, fear of discrimination, and low satisfaction with primary care. The challenge remains to identify these causal relations, and to find out why utilization patterns vary between immigrant groups.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

East-west health divide and east-west migration: Self-reported health of immigrants from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union in Sweden.

AIM: Research on the east-west health divide has provided extensive evidence of poorer health in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union than in Western Europe. This study focuses on immigrants from Eastern to Western Europe and analyses whether they have an increased risk of self-reported poor health compared with the host population and what determines that. METHODS: This cross-sectional study is based on 373 immigrants from Poland, other East European countries, and the former Soviet Union, aged 25-84, who arrived in Sweden after 1944 and were interviewed during 1993-2000 along with their 35,711 Swedish counterparts. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted unconditional logistic regression showed in general a 92% higher risk of reporting poor health among immigrants than among Swedish-born respondents. The risk also persisted after adjustment for several potential confounders (living singly, having a poor social network, low socioeconomic status, and smoking) and after an additional adjustment for acculturation (language at home), and years in Sweden. CONCLUSIONS: Being born in Eastern Europe or the former Soviet Union was an independent risk factor for reporting poor health. It is therefore suggested that it is important for primary and public care services to be aware of the health status and needs of immigrants from these countries.

Adult↗