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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Histopathological findings in the proprioception of the shoulder joint].

Purpose of this study was the evaluation of distribution and morphology of mechanoreceptors in the glenohumeral joint capsule and rotator cuff in comparison to the coracoacromial ligament by means of specific immunfluorescence microscopy. The complemente joint capsules, rotator cuffs and coracoacromial ligaments of three fresh cadaver shoulder were harvesed. Serial cryostate sections were taken and alternately incubated with antiserum against neurofilament, lamin or myelin of peripheral nerves. The antibody-reaction was visualized with fluorescin lg-G. The nerve endings were photographed and computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstructions were performed. Three types of corpuscular and free nerve endings of different morphology were found in different distributions: whereas the Ruffini corpuscles were much more frequent in the coracoacromial ligament and rotator cuff, Pacini endings were predominantly found in the joint capsule. Generally corpuscular nerve endings were more frequent in the coracoacromial ligament and the rotator cuff than in the antero-inferior capsule and the number of corpuscles increased from medial to lateral within the anterior and inferior parts of the capsule. The dense ligamentous tissue was almost aneural whereas the periarticular fatty or loose connective tissue contained nerve fibres and nerve endings. In view of the results of other experimental and clinical studies the high frequency of Ruffini and Pacini endings in the rotator cuff and coracoacromial ligament suggest, that both are involved in the neurosensory control of glenohumeral stability and subacromial impingement. In contrast our findings in the joint capsule do not clearly prove, that those joint receptors predominantly maintain joint stability.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed2003

Proprioceptive population coding of limb position in humans.

The present study investigates the coding of positions reached in a two-dimensional space by populations of muscle spindle afferents. The unitary activity of 35 primary muscle spindle afferents originating from the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus lateralis muscles were recorded from the common peroneal nerve by the microneurographic technique. The steady mean frequency of discharge was analyzed during 16 passively maintained positions of the tip of the foot. These positions were equally distant from and circularly arranged around the "neutral" position of the ankle. The results showed that a same position of the foot was differently coded depending on whether it was maintained for several seconds or whether it was attained after a movement. Muscle spindle activity was increased or decreased, respectively, when the previous movement lengthened or shortened the parent muscle; the magnitude of change in activity depended on the amount of lengthening or shortening in relation to movement direction. Each muscle surrounding the ankle joint was shown to encode the different spatial positions following a directional tuning curve. Data were analyzed by using the "neuronal population vector model". This model consists of calculating population vectors representing the mean contribution of each muscle population of afferents to the coding of a particular position, and by finally calculating a sum vector. The direction of the sum vector was shown to accurately describe the direction of a given maintained position compared to the initial position. We conclude that muscle spindle position coding is based on afferent information coming from the whole set of muscles crossing a given joint. A given spatial position is associated with a stable muscle afferent inflow where each muscle makes an oriented and weighted contribution to its coding.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1998

Role of proprioceptive information in the temporal coordination between joints.

Ten subjects made rapid, simultaneous movements of jaw (elevation or lowering) and right foot (ankle flexion or extension) in two experimental situations: (1) in response to an external signal (reaction-time situation), and (2) in a self-paced situation. We calculated the mean time intervals between the onsets of electromyographic (EMG) activity of agonist muscles (tibialis anterior or gastrocnemius lateralis compared with masseter or digastricus pars anterior) and those between the onsets of movement acceleration at each joint. Despite the fact that subjects reported simultaneous jaw-foot movements, there was always a short time interval between the two movements as between the agonist EMG activities. When the subjects were asked to perform a jaw elevation movement simultaneously with an ankle movement (flexion or extension), the sign of the time interval was dependent on the situation of movement initiation. In the reaction-time situation, the jaw motor activity preceded that of the ankle, whereas the reverse temporal order was observed in the self-paced situation. This is consistent with a previous hypothesis suggesting that the simultaneity of two motor actions is centrally established through two separate central processes: reactive or predictive. When subjects tried to perform simultaneous jaw lowering and foot flexion or extension movements, the strict temporal order observed when considering jaw elevation and ankle movements disappeared. The jaw motor activity generally preceded that of ankle in the reactive situation, but, depending on the subjects, it preceded or followed the ankle motor activity during self-paced movements. It is likely that the specific spindle supply of jaw muscles accounts for these results. Indeed, the jaw depressor muscles, in contrast to the elevators, lack muscle spindles. Our results suggest that the kinesthetic inputs used by the upper central nervous system to synchronize two rapid voluntary movements are mainly those from spindles located in the muscles that accelerate the movement, suggesting a strong alpha-gamma linkage.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2001

Proprioceptive regulation of interlimb behavior: interference between passive movement and active coordination dynamics.

The coordination of homolateral effectors (right arm/right leg) according to the in-phase or anti-phase mode was perturbed through passive movement of a third segment (left arm or left leg) imposed by the experimenter. The manipulated parameters of the passive segment were frequency and amplitude along with their degree of scaling. Results showed that passive movement degraded anti-phase patterns more than in-phase patterns. Furthermore, the anti-phase mode deteriorated profoundly during frequency manipulation, but scaling did not induce additional effects, whereas a linear association was observed between anti-phase deterioration and amplitude manipulation. Together, these data indicate that passive movement disturbed the coordination dynamics of an actively performed task. The fact that interference depended on the manipulated parameter suggests a distinction in the degree of intrusiveness of the irrelevant afferent information induced by the passive limb. It is concluded that sensory discrimination between irrelevant and relevant input is critical in performing a coordinated task adequately under perturbed conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Proprioception of the cruciate ligaments: receptor mapping in an animal model.

Ten anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL) harvested from adult sheep were investigated under light microscopy for data on the frequency and localisation of neural structures. Serial sections of 25 microns thickness were stained with a modified gold chloride technique. Receptors were classified according to their histological structure. Topographic distribution and frequency within the ligament texture were determined with the help of computerized image analysis. Three distinct neural structures could be identified: Ruffini endings, Ruffini corpuscles of the Golgi tendon organ-like type and Pacinian corpuscles. Golgi tendon organs were not found. In total, 274 and 238 neural structures were present in the 10 ACL and 10 PCL, respectively. Pacinian receptors were the most common structures, with a mean frequency of 13.6 +/- 5.3 (ACL) and 12.4 +/- 5.1 (PCL), followed by Ruffini endings with 8.9 +/- 3.2 (ACL) and 7.8 +/- 2.9 (PCL), whereas Ruffini corpuscles had the lowest frequency with a mean value of 4.9 +/- 2.1 (ACL) and 3.4 +/- 1.1 (PCL). The majority of the neural structures were located in the subsynovial sheath or closely associated with endotenon structures. The tibial and femoral insertion areas had a significantly increased receptor density compared with the midpart of the ACL and PCL (P < 0.001), where only 19.3% and 23.7% of the receptors were located. These results emphasise the complex sensory structure of the cruciate ligaments and provide a valid morphological basis for further neurophysiological investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Responses of primate spinothalamic neurons located in the sacral intermediomedial gray (Stilling's nucleus) to proprioceptive input from the tail.

Extracellular an intracellular recordings were obtained from 24 spinothalamic neurons located in the intermediomedial gray (Stilling's nucleus) in the S2 and S3 spinal segments of anesthetized adult monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Most units were spontaneously active. They lacked cutaneous receptive fields but could be excited by subcutaneous receptors. Bending the tail to one side of the animal's body axis excited cells located on the contralateral side of the cord an inhibited ipsilateral cells. The firing rate of each cell was a reproducible function of the angle of the portion of the tail distal to the innervated segment. Cells responded with a burst of spikes to electrical stimulation of low threshold ipsilateral primary afferent fibers in the homosegmental dorsal root. The latency of the underlying synaptic potential was 0.5-0.7 ms from the time of arrival of the afferent volley at the cord, indicating monosynaptic input. Low intensity stimulation of the contralateral homosegmental dorsal root inhibited back-ground activity. The latency of the underlying inhibitory synaptic potential was 0.8-1.1 ms, suggesting crossed disynaptic inhibition. We conclude that sacral spinothalamic tract neurons located in the intermediomedial gray participate in signalling the spatial orientation of the animal's tail.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Proprioception in extraocular muscles of the rat.

Stretch receptor afferents from extraocular muscles were found in the rat. Their first-order somata, responding specifically to eye muscle displacements, were restricted to the ipsilateral semilunar ganglion. Over a broad range of stimulus frequencies the sensitivity of receptors increased by a factor of 2.2 per decade with a mean sensitivity of 125 imp. s-1 mm-1 at 1 Hz.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Proprioceptive control of a muscle receptor organ in the locust leg.

In the locust hind leg a muscle receptor organ (MRO) consisting of a single multipolar sensory neuron and a receptor muscle spans the joint between coxa and trochanter. Several other proprioceptors of the same joint exert reflexes onto the single excitatory motoneuron specific to the receptor muscle. The resulting changes in muscular tension in turn strongly affect afferent discharge of the MRO.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Functions of a proprioceptive sense organ in freely moving insects: characteristics of reflexes elicited by stimulation of the locust metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ.

(1) The metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ is an identified joint angle receptor of the locust hindleg. In order to assess and quantify the functions of this sense organ in the control of posture, mechanical stimuli were applied to the main ligament of the receptor in freely standing locusts. These stimuli produced an afferent discharge that mimicked a sudden small (10-15 degree) change in the angle of the femoro-tibial joint of the hindleg. The reflex effects that resulted from afferent stimulation were monitored myographically in the tibial extensor and flexor muscles. The angle of the femoro-tibial joint at the onset of sensory stimulation was also recorded by still photography. (2) As previously reported, stimulation of the chordotonal organ in freely standing animals produced resistance reflexes in tibial muscles that opposed the apparent joint movement. However, we also found that, at certain joint angles, a different mode of reflex response was elicited in which motoneurons to the tibial flexor muscle fired in response to apparent movements in any direction. (3) In this study, characteristics of resistance reflexes in the tibial extensor muscle were analyzed quantitatively, as that muscle is innervated by only one slow excitatory motoneuron. The gain of the resistance reflex (ratio of the firing frequency during afferent stimulation versus the rate of activity prior to the stimulus) was quite high in all preparations, and represent a greater than two-fold increase in motoneuron frequency (mean 2.11 +/- 0.54 S.D.). The reflex gain was also highest at the lowest initial rates of motoneuron activity (circa 5 Hz) and declined for higher firing frequencies (maximum 35 Hz).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗