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PubMed1998

The effect of recombinant recoverin on the photoresponse of truncated rod photoreceptors.

Recoverin is a heterogeneously acylated calcium-binding protein thought to regulate visual transduction. Its effect on the photoresponse was investigated by dialyzing the recombinant protein into truncated salamander rod outer segments. At high Ca2+ (Ca), myristoylated recoverin (Ca-recoverin) prolonged the recovery phase of the bright flash response but had less effect on the dim flash response. The prolongation of recovery had an apparent Kd for Ca of 13 microM and a Hill coefficient of 2. The prolongation was shown to be mediated by inhibition of rhodopsin deactivation. After a sudden imposed drop in Ca concentration, the effect of recoverin switched off with little lag. The myristoyl (C14:0) modification of recoverin increased its activity 12-fold, and the C12:0 or C14:2 acyl group gave similar effects. These experiments support the notion that recoverin mediates Ca-dependent inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation and thereby controls light-triggered phosphodiesterase activity, particularly at high light levels.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed2002

Role of intracellular calcium stores in cell death from oxygen-glucose deprivation in a neuronal cell line.

To determine the role of calcium homeostasis in ischemic neuronal death, the authors used an in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation in neuronal cell lines. Exposure of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to 10-to 16-hour oxygen-glucose deprivation decreased viability to 50% or less, and longer exposure times killed almost all cells. The death following 10-to 16-hour oxygen-glucose deprivation was not manifested until 24 to 72 hours after exposure. Deprivation of both glucose and oxygen together was required for expression of toxicity at these exposure times. Dantrolene, which blocks the release of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores, partially protected SH-SY5Y cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation toxicity. The addition of dantrolene during the deprivation phase alone produced the maximal drug effect; no further protection was obtained by continued drug exposure during the recovery phase. Prevention of Ca2+ influx by chelation or channel blockade or the chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ did not inhibit oxygen-glucose deprivation toxicity. In contrast, increasing extracellular Ca2+ or stimulating Ca2+ influx did inhibit toxicity. Calcium measurements with fura-2 acetoxymethylester revealed that oxygen-glucose deprivation caused a significant reduction in thapsigargin-releasable endoplasmic reticular stores of Ca2+. These studies suggest that an important component of the neuronal toxicity in cerebral ischemia is due to disruption of calcium homeostasis, particularly to the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores.

Calcium↗

PubMed2006

Practical management of iliotibial band friction syndrome in runners.

This article outlines the practical management of iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBFS) in running athletes. ITBFS is the most common cause of lateral knee pain in runners and is related to repetitive friction of the iliotibial band sliding over the lateral femoral epicondyle. Runners predisposed to this injury are typically in a phase of over training and often have underlying weakness of the hip abductor muscles. The diagnosis of ITBFS is clinical and is based on a thorough patient history and physical exam. In the acute phase, treatment includes activity modification, ice, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and corticosteroid injection in cases of severe pain or swelling. During the subacute phase emphasis is on stretching of the iliotibial band and soft tissue therapy for any myofascial restrictions. The recovery phase focuses on a series of exercises to improve hip abductor strength and integrated movement patterns. The final return to running phase is begun with an every other day program, starting with easy sprints and avoidance of hill training with a gradual increase in frequency and intensity. In rare refractory cases that do not respond to conservative treatment, surgery can be considered.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders↗

PubMed1984

Pharmacological characterization of amine receptors on embryonic chick sensory neurones.

The effects of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were investigated on the duration of the action potential of embryonic chick sensory neurones in vitro. All three amines, like gamma-aminobutyric acid, decreased the duration of the action potential evoked by current injection. The onset of the noradrenaline-induced decrease in action potential duration was fast (less than 1s) and the recovery phase was dependent upon the dose of noradrenaline applied. Rapid washout of the noradrenaline revealed a minimum 30s recovery time which was independent of the initial noradrenaline concentration. Dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine could mimic the effects of noradrenaline on action potential duration. The ED50 for all three amines was approximately 1 microM. At a saturating concentration of 10 microM, noradrenaline was more potent than dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Saturating doses of noradrenaline and dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine were not additive. Responses to all three amines were affected similarly by antagonists: they were antagonized by yohimbine, phentolamine, haloperidol and mianserin but not by propranolol, prazosin, domperidone, spiperone or methysergide. Clonidine and xylazine (alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists) were also without effect. In contrast to the amines, saturating concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid were additive with those of noradrenaline. Responses to GABA were not antagonized by the amine receptor antagonists. The evidence described here suggests that the amines and gamma-aminobutyric acid acid decrease sensory neurone action potential duration via pharmacologically-distinct membrane receptors. In addition, it is likely that the amines are acting via a single class of receptor whose pharmacology is different from classical adrenoceptors, dopamine receptors and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1984

Usefulness of the postexercise response of systolic blood pressure in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

The normal decline in systolic blood pressure (SBP) during the recovery phase of treadmill exercise does not occur in some patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In others the recovery values of SBP exceed the peak exercise values. To examine the diagnostic value of this observation, we studied 31 normal subjects and 56 patients undergoing treadmill exercise before coronary cineangiography. Because of large differences in peak exercise pressures between the two groups, recovery ratios were derived by dividing the SBP at 1, 2, and 3 min after exercise by the peak exercise SBP. The 1, 2, and 3 min ratios in the normal subjects declined steadily from 0.85 +/- 0.07 (SD) to 0.79 +/- 0.06 and to 0.73 +/- 0.06, respectively, while the ratios in the patients with CAD remained elevated at 0.97 +/- 0.12 to 0.97 +/- 0.11 to 0.93 +/- 0.13. With use of the upper limits defined by two SDs of the normal value, recovery ratios were compared with the occurrence of angina and with ST segment depression on the exercise electrocardiogram in the patients with CAD. Abnormal ratios were more frequent in patients with CAD (53/56, 95%) than in those with ST segment depression (33/56, 59%), angina (37/56, 66%), and either ST segment depression or angina (42/56, 75%). Twenty of the patients with CAD who were on no medication underwent an additional treadmill exercise test on a separate day and no significant differences were found in the ratios from the two tests. Ten additional patients with CAD underwent treadmill exercise testing while on placebo and while on a beta-blocker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed2005

Circulatory response to blood gas perturbations in vasospasm.

PURPOSE: To investigate the response of the optic nerve head and the choroidal circulation to blood gas perturbations in otherwise healthy subjects with a history of cold hands. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy subjects were selected and grouped according to the related history of cold hands. All 12 selected male subjects, aged 21 to 38 years (mean +/- SD = 28 +/- 5.2 years) had a negative history of cold hands. Female subjects were almost equally divided between the groups with a negative (11 subjects, aged 18-36 years; mean, 25.7 +/- 5.5) or positive (12 subjects, aged 19-45 years; mean, 25 +/- 6.8) history of cold hands. Blood gas perturbations were created by having subjects breath a gas mixture consisting of 21% O(2), 74% N(2), and 5% CO(2). The partial pressures pCO(2) and pO(2) were continuously monitored transcutaneously. Choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow response was evaluated by means of laser Doppler flowmetry. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP at baseline, three-group average: 111.2/71.9 mm Hg), heart rate (HR; 70.3 bpm), and intraocular pressure (IOP; 14.7 mm Hg) increased during the blood gas perturbation phase (123.1/77.7 mm Hg, 78.5 bpm, and 15.6 mm Hg, respectively) and returned to baseline in the recovery phase (109.9/73.4 mm Hg, 69.5 bpm, and 13.5 mm Hg, respectively). There was no difference between groups (one-way ANOVA of the percentage change from baseline for SBP, P = 0.75; DBP, P = 0.36; HR, P = 0.95; and IOP, P = 0.72). pCO(2) increased from 5.52 to 6.59 kPa and returned to 5.50 kPa. pO(2) increased from 10.64 to 13.12 kPa and returned to 10.73 kPa. Again, there was no difference between groups (one-way ANOVA for the percentage change: pCO(2), P = 0.17; pO(2), P = 0.78). In the women with vasospasm, optic nerve head blood flow increased 17.1% and the choroidal blood flow decreased -3.6%, whereas in the women and men without vasospasm the optic nerve head blood flow decreased -5.8% and -4.8%, and the choroidal blood flow increased 13.3% and 18.3%, respectively (two-way ANOVA interaction; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The pCO(2) increase was accompanied by a pO(2) increase. Blood pressure and HR increased comparably in all groups, indicating sympathetic arousal. The women with vasospasm demonstrated an inverse response pattern of choroidal and optic nerve head circulation to blood gas perturbation compared with the women without vasospasm and compared with the men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[A case of acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS) showing transient disappearance of the seizure with occurrence of choreo-ballistic movement].

We present here a 5-year-old girl with acute encephalities with refractory, repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS), a new clinical entity defined by the following five criteria: 1. acute encephalitis with a prolonged acute phase of more than 2 weeks, 2. persistent partial seizures with identical phenotype both in the acute and recovery phase, 3. seizures frequently evolving into convulsive status especially during the acute phase, 4. extremely intractable, and 5. no causative lesion or agent is identified. Interestingly, her seizures had completely diminished from the fifty-sixth day of her illness with concomitant appearance of choreo-ballistic involuntary movements. After the 120th day of the illness, seizures evolved again, though the involuntary movements persisted. This transient disappearance of intractable seizures might provide a clue to the pathophysiology of seizures in AERRPS.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2003

[Expression and significance of integrin alpha6beta4 in experimental allergic neuritis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of the integrin alpha6beta4 in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) and the relationship of the integrin alpha6beta4 with functional states of Schwann cells (Sc) as well as the injury and repair of the myelin during EAN. METHODS: EAN was induced in Lewis rats and sciatic nerves were resected in 18 EAN and 3 normal rats. The expression of tissue integrin alpha6beta4 was analyzed during the course of EAN induction and in controls by in situ hybridization and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The detection of integrin alpha6 and beta4 subunit by hybridization in situ demonstrated that expression of alpha6 subunit present no significant changes during the course of EAN, while expression of beta4 declined in the early phase, showing less positive signals than those of the control, and restored its expression in the later or recovery phase. The changes of expression of integrin alpha6 and beta4 in EAN were confirmed by semi-quantitative PT-PCR, using GAPDH as the internal standard. CONCLUSIONS: The degeneration and injury of Sc caused by inflammation affect the expression of integrin, which shows similar changes in Sc during embryogenesis, indicating alpha6beta4 may be a marker of Sc differentiation and at least an important molecule to mark the course of EAN. The expression of alpha6beta4 correlate with the injury and repair of myelin during EAN.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Exercise induced serum enzyme changes in untrained subjects.

The serum enzyme values (GOT, GPT, LDH and Aldolase) of 13 fit healthy volunteers were determined before and after physical effort of a moderate grade of 3.9 Kcal/min. The pulse rate pattern of the subjects during the exercise of climbing up and down a staircase for 30 minutes and during a 10 minute recovery phase was also recorded. The pulse pattern was in no case in excess of 150 bpm and full recovery was achieved within 10 minutes indicating that the exercise was moderate. The serum enzyme values after the exercise were raised. The difference between the exercise and rest values of the four enzyme activities were significant at the 1% level. It was observed that the raised enzyme activity level dropped to normal levels within 24 hours after the exercise. Large individual variations in the rise of these enzyme levels after exercise were observed and hence it is difficult to quantitate the phenomenon. Consequently the value of serum enzyme levels after the exercise as a practical-index of physiological strain is limited.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Urinary epidermal growth factor levels in patients with acute renal failure.

To investigate the importance of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in patients with renal dysfunction, urinary human EGF (hEGF) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in 16 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) and in 12 healthy controls. Seven patients with chronic renal failure also were studied. Urinary hEGF levels, corrected for urine creatinine concentrations, were significantly decreased in patients with ARF in the acute phase compared with normal control subjects (0.98 +/- 0.20 v 13.74 +/- 1.18 ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.001), and subsequently increased during the recovery phase (6.10 +/- 0.73 ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.001 v acute phase). A significant positive correlation existed between urinary hEGF levels and creatinine clearance in patients with ARF (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). Serum hEGF levels also were significantly lower in patients with ARF compared with normal control subjects (0.10 +/- 0.01 v 0.30 +/- 0.03 ng/mL, P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between hEGF concentrations in serum and urine. In conclusion, measurement of urinary hEGF may be useful in the diagnosis of ARF and for following the recovery of the kidney after severe tubular injury.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed1991

Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on glomerular filtration rate in essential hypertension: a radionuclide study.

A number of studies show that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) raises renal sodium excretion with a concomitant increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in both experimental animals and normal humans. Studies using indirect evaluation of GFR have provided less consistent results in hypertensive patients. We studied the effects of intravenously administered (iv) alpha-human ANP on GFR in patients with hypertension by a radionuclide technique using technetium 99m diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. In six patients (ANP group), GFR was determined under control conditions, during iv ANP (initial bolus of 0.5 micrograms/kg followed by a 21-min maintenance infusion at 0.05 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) and during a recovery phase. In six other patients (control group), GFR was determined under control conditions, during saline iv infusion and during recovery. The two groups did not differ with respect to age, sex, basal blood pressure, heart rate or GFR. In the ANP group, the infusion of the peptide induced a significant decrease of mean blood pressure (from 133 +/- 5 to 120 +/- 5 mmHg, P less than 0.01), no change in heart rate and a significant increase in GFR (from 104 +/- 4 to 125 +/- 5 ml/min, P less than 0.01). During recovery, blood pressure, heart rate and GFR were not different from the values recorded under control conditions. No changes in blood pressure, heart rate or GFR (from 106 +/- 5 to 108 +/- 5 ml/min, n.s.) were detected during saline infusion in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Changes in liver glycogen of broilers during coccidiosis.

Liver glycogen levels of broilers with Eimeria acervulina, E. Brunetti, or E. tenella fell during the acute phase of the infection with the maximum effect at 5-6 days post-inoculation (DPI). During the early recovery phase (6-8 DPI), liver glycogen levels in the E. acervulina-infected birds increased to levels up to 3 times greater than those found in uninoculated control birds. A lesser increase was occasionally seen in E. tenella-infected birds. Pair feeding studies showed that the decrease in liver glycogen was not related to the amount of feed consumed. The magnitude of the glycogen overshoot at 7 DPI was not related to the depression of weight gain at 5 and 6 DPI. When feed was withheld from birds, liver glycogen levels of uninoculated control birds fell rapidly within 1 h after feed withdrawal. In birds infected with E. acervulina, liver glycogen levels remained high even after 3 h starvation. Injection of glucagon indicated that glycogen could be mobilized in both infected and uninfected birds.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The role of hepatitis B virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the control of viral replication.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study is to clarify the differences of host immune responses between acute self-limited and chronic persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections by quantitative and qualitative analysis of HLA-A*2402-restricted HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. METHODS: HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients infected with HBV were analyzed by flow cytometry using two HLA-A*2402-HBV peptide tetrameric complexes. RESULTS: High numbers of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in acute phase PBMCs from most individuals with acute HBV infection while the number of these cells was greatly reduced in recovery phase PBMCs. HBV-specific CD8+ T cells were not detected in PBMCs from individuals with chronic HBV infection except for one patient during acute exacerbation. HBV-specific CD8+ T cells were induced by in vitro peptide stimulation in PBMCs from chronic HBV carriers with a low level of serum HBV-DNA but not from those with a high level of serum HBV-DNA. CD28CD45RA phenotype analysis showed that HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in acute phase PBMCs predominantly express a memory T cell phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: HBV-specific memory CD8+ T cells may play a crucial role in complete clearance of HBV from patients with acute HBV hepatitis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1982

Potassium Channels in Chara corallina: CONTROL AND INTERACTION WITH THE ELECTROGENIC H PUMP.

Plasmalemma electrical properties were used to investigate K(+) transport and its control in internodal cells of Chara corallina Klein ex Willd., em R.D.W. Cell exposure to solutions containing 10 mm KCl caused the potential, normally -250 millivolts (average), to depolarize in two steps. The first step was a 21 millivolt depolarization that lasted from 1 to 40 minutes. The second step started with an action potential and left the membrane potential at -91 millivolts, with a 10-fold reduction in resistance. We suggest that the second step was caused by the opening of K(+) -channels in the membrane. This lowered the resistance and provided a current pathway that partially short-circuited the electrogenic pump. Although largely short-circuited, the electrogenic pump was still operating as indicated by: (a) the depolarized potential of -91 millivolts was more negative than Ek (=-42 millivolts in 10 mm K(+)); (b) a large net K(+) uptake occurred while the cell was depolarized; (c) both the electrogenic pump inhibitor, diethylstilbestrol, and the sulfhydryl-reagent N-ethylmaleimide (which increased the passive membrane permeability) further depolarized the potential in 10 mm KCl.A two-phase recovery back to normal cell potentials occurred upon lowering the K(+) concentration from 10 to 0.2 mm. The first phase was an apparent Nernst potential response to the change in external K(+) concentration. The second phase was a sudden hyperpolarization accompanied by a large increase in membrane resistance. We attribute the second phase to the closing of K(+) -channels and the removal of the associated short-circuiting effect on the electrogenic pump, thereby allowing the membrane to hyperpolarize. Further experiments indicated that the K(+) -channel required Ca(2+) for normal closure, but other ions could substitute, including: Na(+), tetraethylammonium, and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine. Apparently, K(+) -channel conductance is determined by competition between Ca(2+) and K(+) for a control (gating?) binding site.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Myogenic response reduction by high blood glucose levels in human retinal arterioles.

PURPOSE: The effect of elevated blood glucose level on the myogenic response of human retinal arterioles to acute increases in blood pressure is investigated. METHODS: The vascular response to raised blood pressure (Bayliss effect) was measured in 12 healthy volunteers by use of the retinal vessel analyzer (RVA). For a 9-minute period an on-line measurement of the diameter of a retinal branch arteriole was performed. After the first 3 minutes (baseline measurement) a second phase with 3 minutes of isometric exercise caused an acute rise in blood pressure, followed by 3 minutes of recovery (phase III). After the first session 100 g glucose were administered per os. After 30 minutes blood glucose was measured again and an identical second session was performed with higher blood glucose levels. The Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: During the first session a rise in mean arterial pressure of 22.8 (+/-8.4) mmHg was followed by an arterial vasoconstriction of -6.6 (+/-1.7) %. The administration of 100 g glucose resulted in a significant rise in blood glucose levels within 30 minutes between the two sessions (4.35 mmol/L vs 7.46 mmol/L) (p=0.002). The blood pressure rise of 25.7 (+/-7.3) mm Hg in the second session was associated with a significant loss in arterial vasoconstriction of -2.3 (+/-1.4) % (session I vs session II p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The myogenic response of the arterial wall in human retinal arterioles was significantly reduced during acute rise of blood glucose levels.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Elevated tissue factor circulating levels in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by verotoxin-producing E. coli.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular thrombosis in the kidney plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Tissue factor (TF), present on the vascular surface of endothelial cells, binds factor VIIa. The complex initiates the coagulating cascade by activating factors X and IX. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In cases of HUS associated with verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) infection, VTEC gastroenteritis without HUS and normal controls, we measured plasma concentrations of TF and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) to evaluate their clinical significance. In children with non-HUS chronic renal failure (CRF), the TF levels were also measured as another control group. RESULTS: In the acute phase of HUS, plasma levels of TF and TFPI were significantly elevated, then returned to normal range in the recovery phase. The TF levels were closely correlated with the thrombin antithrombin-III complex, a marker of thrombin activity in circulating blood, and with creatinine clearance (Ccr). Furthermore, a positive correlation was noted between plasma TF levels and plasma soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) levels, which is a marker of endothelial cell injury. The influence of decreased excretion from damaged kidneys should be considered since a definite lot correlation was observed between plasma TF levels and Ccr in children with non-HUS CRF. CONCLUSION: From these findings, we concluded that elevated TF circulating levels may also play an important role in blood-clotting activation observed in VTEC-HUS patients, and may also be a useful marker for renal damage.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) after fatigue in elderly subjects.

The changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) and median frequency (MDF) during and after muscle fatigue were investigated in 9 younger (mean age: 29.3) and 7 elderly (mean age: 72.0) healthy subjects to determine if age has any effect on them. The surface EMG of the abductor digiti minimi muscle was examined at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) during a prefatigue session. The subjects were instructed to continue applying maximal force until the force declined to 50% MVC. EMG signals were measured during brief subsequent contractions at 50% MVC until 60 minutes after fatigue as a postfatigue session. The decrement in MFCV and MDF at 50% MVC before and after fatigue was 73.4%, 67.3% in the younger and 71.2%, 66.7% in the elderly subjects, respectively. MFCV and MDF recovered to initial value after fatigue more slowly in the elderly subjects (recovery time: elderly: MFCV 6.0 min., MDF 6.0 min.; younger: MFCV 2.77 min., MDF 3.00 min.) (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). The over-shooting recovery phase was recognized in both age groups, but the elderly subjects had a smaller and shorter one. The slower recovery in the elderly suggested that they possibly had less potential to recovery the membrane potential propagation, metabolic capacity and more type 1 fiber composition. The smaller and shorter overshooting in the elderly might be due to less increase of muscle swelling and/or less membrane hyperpolarization.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

T cell subsets and Ia-positive cells in the sciatic nerve during the course of experimental allergic neuritis.

The changes of T cell subsets and Ia-positive cells in the sciatic nerve during the course of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats were studied using immunohistochemical techniques. OX-6+ Ia-positive cells and W3/13+ total T cells were found at the clinical onset of EAN. OX-6+ cells were more numerous than W3/13+ cells during all phases of the disease. In the acute phase, more W3/25+ helper T cells were found than OX-8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells in the sciatic nerve. In the recovery phase, W3/25+ cells were slightly fewer than OX-8+ cells. It is suggested that these changes in T cell subsets and Ia-positive cells are related to the self-limiting monophasic course of EAN.

Animals↗