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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

[Molecular typing of staphylococcus aureus with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA].

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was used to type the 26 clinically isolated strains of staphylococcus aureus. The results were that all three primers of this method, ERIC-2, Ap1, and Ap7 on molecular typing of staphylococcus aureus and identified 9, 6, and 10 genotypes, respectively; the primer Ap7 produced better results than the other primers. The present study suggests that RAPD is a simple and rapid method and has a practical value in the molecular typing of staphylococcus aureus.

Polymerase Chain Reaction↗

PubMed2001

[Total and fecal coliforms, some enterobacteria staphylococcus sp. and moulds in salads for hot dogs sold in Maracay, Venezuela].

Fast food sold on the streets are good vehicle to transmit gastrointestinal diseases to consumers because they are highly manipulated. The vegetables are a good media for pathogens growth. Raw vegetables salads for hot dog sold in Maracay were studied. Total and fecal Coliforms and Staphylococcus sp. were quantified by the Most Probable Number Technique, Coliforms and Staphylococcus isolated were partially identified. Also the mould population was quantified and identified. Microbial growth was correlated with pH and acidity measurements. MPN/g of Total Coliforms was 1.44 x 10(5) and 4.57 x 10(4) for fecal Coliforms. E. coli was no detected. 87 isolated from the Coliforms were partially identified as Citrobacter freundii variety 1 (45.09% of the isolated), C. freundii variety II (21.57%), Enterobacter aerogenes variety I (17.65%) and E. aerogenes variety II (15.69%); Staphylococcus sp. 3.93 x 10(6) MPN/g and all of its isolated (52) were coagulase negative. The mould population was 4.5 x 10(4) ufc/g, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus, sp., Fusarium sp. were partially identified. The salads presented a pH of 5.92 and an acidity of 0.78 ml of NaOH.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

[Evaluation of the efficacy of a program to control nosocomial spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a program to control nosocomial spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). METHODS: Analysis of the incidence of infection and contamination due to MRSA in patients admitted to the hospital of Cremona 6 months before and 3 years after the introduction of the guidelines (July 1997). RESULTS: During the 42 months of the study period, on 80705 admissions, 511 cases of MRSA contamination/infection were identified, the incidence being 0.57 cases per 100 admissions. The infection rate dropped from 0.34 (IC95%: 0.25-0.45) in the first 6 months of the study, before the introduction of guidelines, to 0.17 (IC95%: 0.14-0.20) in the following 3 years (p=0.01). Severe infection decreased from 0.18 to 0.1 per 100 admissions, with a 44% decrease (p=0.058), while mild infections diminished from 0.16 to 0.07 per 100 admissions (p=0.045). Methicillin resistance among nosocomial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was reduced from 53 % to 35 % (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of a program to control the nosocomial spread of MRSA proved effective in reducing both the incidence of infection and the methicillin-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The cost effectiveness of the program seems very favourable.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed2002

[Ability of Staphylococcus cohnii strains to adhere to epithelial cells and solid surfaces in the hospital environment].

Presented study describes abilities of staphylococci to adhere to exfoliated cheek and uroepithelial epithelium cells and to various surfaces such as plastics, glass and steel. The subject of the study were strains of Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. cohnii and Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. urealyticus isolated from Intensive Care Unit of Pediatric Hospital. Staphylococcus cohnii ssp.cohnii adhered in great number to epithelial cells. However, the adhesion differed by individual strains. We did not find relationship between slime production and adherence to epithelial cell. Most of investigated strains adhered closely to surfaces--especially of plastics and glass. This phenomenon was stronger in the presence of culture medium and phosphate buffer.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed2002

[Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus].

The pathogenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus is well known as well as its role both in nosocomial and community-acquired infections. When penicillin was introduced by mid '40s, S. aureus was almost 94% susceptible to this drug. Widespread resistance to penicillin developed in the '50s, followed by resistance to semi synthetic penicillins in the '60s and '70s. Since then, strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci have spread worldwide. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus varies geographically. In our country it reaches nearly 50%. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococci develops due to an additional penicillin binding protein, PBP2a, which is encoded by gene mecA, the responsible of methicillin resistance. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and in coagulase-negative staphylococci represents a serious problem both for the microbiologist and the physician. A special feature of methicillin resistance is its heterogeneous nature with different levels of resistance. Most clinical isolates show a heterogeneous pattern under routine growth conditions. The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci compromises the use of semi synthetic penicillins for empiric treatments in many institutions, thus increasing the use of vancomycin. Until 1996, glycopeptides were almost universally active against S. aureus but it was then that the first glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) was described and isolated in Japan, followed by France and USA. The exact mechanism involved has not been elucidated yet, although vancomycin resistance is associated with increased wall synthesis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2000

[Study on uptake of fluoroquinolones by Staphylococcus aureus].

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus' resistance to fluoroquinolones. The uptake of lomefloxacin, ofloxacin by Staphylococcus aureus and the effect of CCCP on the uptake were studied by the fluorescence method. The uptake of lomefloxacin, ofloxacin by sensitive organisms is higher than that by resistant organisms; CCCP had different influences on different organisms, but no significant difference between the effects of CCCP on sensitive strains and on resistant strains was noted. The uptake of lomefloxacin, ofloxacin by SA2-16 was much lower than that by SA2-16's parent, and after the addition of CCCP, the uptake of both quinolones by SA2-16 increased rapidly, but the concentration did not reach its parent's concentration in stable condition. These results indicate that the decreasing of the uptake of fluoroquinolones is one of the mechanisms responsible for Staphylococcus aureus to resistance fluoroquinolones, and as a mechanism of resistance to drugs, it plays different roles in different strains.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2001

[Research of drug resistance and detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in chronic maxillary sinusitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the detection method of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in chronic maxillary sinusitis and the situation of drug resistance to some common antibiotics. METHOD: Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique to detect the drug resistant gene (mecA) of MRSA and specific gene (femA) of staphylococcus aureus at the same time. Drug resistant tests were performed with disk diffusion (K-B) method. RESULT: femA is a specific gene of staphylococcus aureus, the detective ratio of mecA in MRSA is 96.2% (51/53). Vancomycin is the only antibiotic which is sensitive to MRSA, while others are not. CONCLUSION: MRSA can be rapidly and specifically identified with multiplex PCR. There are drug resistance to many antibiotic drugs for MRSA.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Methicillin resistance among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus: antibiotic sensitivity pattern & phage typing.

Out of 3988 clinical specimens from hospital admitted patients 230 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated, 45 strains (19.56%) were Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). All MRSA strains were beta lactamase producers. Multidrug resistance was observed among MRSA strains more commonly than in methicillin sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Maximum strains were resistant to penicillin (100%), co-trimoxa zole (97%) & chloramphenicol (93.33%). As least resistant to gentamicin & ciprofloxacin shown by MRSA, these drugs can be used in few situations after susceptibility test. All strains of MRSA were sensitive to vancomicin (100%). Majority of strains (34 out of 45) showed MIC values of 4 ug/ml. Twenty eight out of 44 strains were non typable using routine phages. Study revealed that MRSA with associated multidrug resistance is common in this region. There is need to develop local set of MRSA phages for improvement of typability.

Bacteriophage Typing↗

PubMed2003

Methicillin-resistant/methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the differences between the clinical presentation, management and outcome of persons bacteremic with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), after controlling for age, sex and primary diagnosis. METHODS: A review of the clinical records and laboratory data of all MRSA and MSSA bacteremic patients. Fifty matched case-control pairs were further analyzed looking for differences between the 2 populations. The study was carried out in a 500-bed adult tertiary care institution in southwestern Ontario, Canada, between 1994 and 1999. RESULTS: On univariate analysis a) duration of hospitalization prior to bacteremia, b) concomitant polymicrobial bacteremia, c) time to appropriate treatment, were significantly greater in the MRSA infected population. Attributable mortality was also higher, 36%-20%, but this did not achieve significance (p=0.1). On multiple logistic regression analysis, a), b) and c) remained significantly different. CONCLUSION: In a 1:1 matched case-control study of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, those infected with MRSA became bacteremic later in their hospital stay, more often had a polymicrobial bacteremia and were appropriately treated later. Although mortality attributable to the MRSA bacteremia was greater, this difference did not achieve significance.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed2003

[Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in a dog in the Netherlands].

In the Netherlands, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are regularly isolated from humans. We present the first isolation of MRSA from animal origin in the Netherlands. A coagulase positive staphylococcus was cultured from an infected wound in a Dutch dog that recently underwent surgery abroad. The staphylococcus was resistant to methicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin + clavulanic acid, cephalexin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. It was identified as S. aureus by fermentation of mannitol and Martineau-PCR. The presence of mecA was confirmed by PCR.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Staphylococcus warneri BW 94--a new source of lipase.

Staphylococcus isolated from a common Indian sweet viz. basundi was tested for its ability to produce lipase. The colorless zone of hydrolysis around the colony grown on Baird Parker agar containing egg yolk produced extracellular lipase. Colony morphology, coagulase production, haemolysis, acid production in carbohydrate medium and enzyme activity studies showed that the organism was Staphylococcus warneri. Growth of S. warneri was obtained after 11 hr at 37 degrees C, pH 7.5, while the maximum production of lipase was obtained at 30 degrees C at pH 6.5 after 9 hr of incubation. Agitation did not increase lipase production. A sudden fall in the activity of lipase was noted after 11 hr. Addition of sucrose which is a growth stimulant for Staphylococcus, did not stimulate production of lipase by these organisms. Also, addition of oleic acid, Tween 80 or ethanol did not stimulate formation of lipase.

Ethanol↗

PubMed1992

[Basic aspects of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA--typing and extracellular toxins and proteins].

Many kinds of staphylococcal typing systems have been developed and tested for epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus. Coagulase typing and phage typing are more useful and important for this epidemiology. The methods of coagulase typing and phage typing were discussed in this paper. A large number of toxins and proteins of Staphylococcus aureus have been released in the field of infectious environment. Some of these toxins and proteins, working as causative agents of staphylococcal infection, are of interest and discussed here. MRSA shows the same mechanisms of infection as methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Inhibition of hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus 3-hemolysin by an exosubstance produced by some Enterococcus faecalis strains].

OBJECTIVE: Accidentally, some Enterococcus faecalis strains were found to inhibit the hemolysis caused by Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysin. The study objectives were to define the conditions under which this phenomenon appears and to characterize the inhibitory agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-one wild strains and five type strains of E. faecalis and nine wild E. faecium strains were tested for antihemolytic activity on blood agar with 5% sheep erythrocytes prepared using the following agar bases: Columbia Agar Base (BBL, 211124), Columbia Agar (Bio Mérieux, 51026), Blood Agar Base (Bio-Rad, 64524), Blood Agar Base (Columbia) (Ferosa, 1-034), Columbia Blood Agar Base (HiMedia, M114), Blood Agar Base No. 4 (Imuna), Columbia Agar Base (Merck, 10455) and Columbia Agar Base (Oxoid, CM331). The exosubstance produced by E. faecalis strains was isolated by means of acetone precipitation and was exposed to elevated temperature and trypsin. RESULTS: Thirty-three (36%) out of 91 wild strains of E. faecalis produced the substance inhibiting hemolysis caused by Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysin. Two out of five E. faecalis type strains and none of E. faecium strains appeared to be producers of the same substance. Inhibition of the hemolysis was observed on all of the media tested, being the most pronounced with the use of Blood Agar Base No. 4 (Imuna) and Columbia Agar Base (BBL) at pH 7.0-7.5 when cultured at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The exosubstance lost its inhibitory effect after exposure to 70 degrees C for 15 min and to 0.1% trypsin for 30 min. The inhibitory potential against staphylococcal hemolysis correlated with the ability of strains to produce protease. CONCLUSION: About one third of wild E. faecalis strains produce a protease-like substance that seems proteinaceous in nature and has an inhibitory effect on the hemolysis caused by Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysin.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Out of 308 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from specimens processed at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo 66 (21.5%) were resistant to methicillin. A significantly higher proportion of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated from special care units, namely the Premature Baby Unit (PBU) and the Plastic Surgery Unit (PSU) when compared with other general medical and surgical units. Most of these strains were also resistant to many other antibiotics. The patients with MRSA infections had a longer mean hospital stay when compared to patients with methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections. MRSA strains are as virulent as MSSA strains and these infections are mainly nosocomial.

Female↗

PubMed2005

[A study of the polymorphism of mec dna in methycillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated at permanent stations in different regions of Russia].

Polymorphism of the chromosome staphylococcus cassette mec (SCCmec), a mobile and heterological genetic element providing resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics was studied in methycillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated at permanent stations situated in different regions of Russia. Type SCCmec was identified using the PCR method by determining allotypes of 3 different structural genetic complexes incorporated in the cassettes mec. It was found that the isolates studied in this work contained 3 different types of SCCmec: I, III, and IVb. Both isolates containing 2 different copies of SCCmec and isolates containing defective copies of SCCmec were identified. It was demonstrated that determination of the SCC-mec type provided an opportunity to differentiate the isolates studied in this work from one another. The isolates attributed to the same genotype variant (identified by polymorphism of coagulase gene) but isolated at different hospitals located in different regions of Russia were found to contain the same type of the chromosome staphylococcus cassette mec, whereas the isolates of different coagulase groups (i.e., different genotype variants) contained different types of SCCmec. It was found that at least 2 epidemic strains circulated in the permanent hospitals of Russia. The strains differ from one another by the polymorphism of the coagulase gene and the mec DNA polymorphism. According to results of studies of several molecular markers (including mec DNA), these strains proved to be identical to the international strains EMRSA-1 and EMRSA-2. Possible mechanisms of MRSA formation and circulation in Russia and CIS countries are discussed.

Coagulase↗

PubMed1992

Location of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid on the cell wall surface of Staphylococcus aureus as determined by immunoelectron microscopy.

Anti-peptidoglycan (PG) and anti-teichoic acid (TA) antibodies were prepared from sera of rabbits immunized with the cell wall fraction of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I by the specific adsorption technique with purified teichoic acid or peptidoglycan. The anti-PG antibody recognized the trichloroacetic acid-treated walls (TCA wall) prepared from S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Micrococcus luteus but did not react with teichoic acid or proteins extracted from the cell wall of Staphylococcus. The anti-TA antibody specifically reacted with cell wall teichoic acid of beta-type sugar configuration. The reaction sites of these antibodies on the cell wall of S. aureus Wood 46 were determined by immunoelectron microscopy using colloidal gold as a probe. The anti-TA antibody reacted mostly with the fibrous electron-dense mass on the cell surface. The reaction was also seen on the inner surface of the cell wall. The anti-PG antibody reacted with the fibrous structures and also directly on the cell wall surface. The distribution of the probes on the cell wall surface examined with the scanning electron microscope showed that there was no localized distribution in respect to the cell division. We knew from these observations that the external surface of the cell wall of Staphylococcus is covered with the fibrous mass which consists mostly of teichoic acid but partially of peptidoglycan.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1992

[A Staphylococcus haemolyticus study in urinary infections. An analysis of 8 cases].

Urinary infections caused by Staphylococcus are attributed usually to Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus saprophyticus. 8 cases of urinary infection due to S. haemolyticus are discussed: 5 adults all of them over 66 years, diagnosed respectively of diabetes, cancer and stroke. Three children diagnosed of febrile syndrome, encephalopathy and enterocolitis associated with urinary infection. S. haemolyticus was identified through the determination of 19 biochemical parameters. The antibiograms performed showed that all S. haemolyticus isolated were sensible to vancomycin, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. It is concluded that S. haemolyticus is an opportunistic pathogen that is present on immunodepressed hosts, that is why is advisable to perform a more in-depth characterization of the S. epidermidis isolated in urine, especially in persistent pathologic processes.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

[The use of rifampin in the treatment of infection due to Staphylococcus aureus].

Infection due to Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a source of significant morbidity and mortality. However, its treatment is increasingly complicated by the rising prevalence of resistance to antibiotics. Apart from the two recognized modes of staphylococcal resistance, namely, penicillinase production and intrinsic resistance, Sabath and associates have described a third type in which resistance is manifested by susceptibility to growth inhibition but tolerance to the lethal action of bactericidal agents. The mechanism of tolerance is attributed to a deficiency of autolytic enzyme activity in the part of bacteria, possibly secondary to an inhibition of autolysins in the tolerant staphylococcal strains. These strains are found in patients with infections responding poorly to treatment with cell-wall active antibiotics including vancomycin. Because of its unique mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic properties, rifampin has been reported to be the most active among 65 antistaphylococcal agents tested and have the capacity to kill intraleukocytic staphylococci. We present 2 cases who were cured following the addition of rifampin to previously established regimens. Case 1 was a 40-year-old male who had fever, cough, dyspnea, a right elbow abscess and left leg swelling for 2 weeks prior to admission. Culture of purulent material from the elbow abscess grew staphylococcus aureus. Chest X-ray showed bilateral septic embolism and phleborheography showed partial deep vein occlusion of the left ileofemoral vein. Case 2 was 22-year-old female with fever, chills and cough for 3 weeks. Blood culture grew staphylococcus aureus, and Chest X-ray revealed bilateral septic embolism with pneumonia. Neither of them responded to standard antibiotics which were judged adequate by in vitro sensitivity tests. Clinical cure was later obtained after rifampin was added to the regimens. These results suggest that rifampin may be a useful adjunct in the therapy of staphylococcal infections.

Adult↗