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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Correlation of sweat chloride concentration with genotypes in cystic fibrosis patients in Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada.

OBJECTIVES: Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean, a geographically isolated region of northeastern Quebec has a high incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) and three mutations only account for 94% of the CF chromosomes. The objective of the present study was to determine whether different mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene had different effects upon the sweat chloride concentration. DESIGN AND METHODS: The sweat chloride concentration of 114 patients was measured by quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis. RESULTS: CF patients carrying the A455E mutation, usually associated with pancreatic sufficiency, had lower sweat chloride concentrations than those carrying mutations associated with pancreatic insufficiency (delta F508 and 621 + 1G-->T). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that mutations resulting in a reduction of the chloride current at the apical membrane of epithelial cells induce lower sweat chloride values. However, there are differences in the chloride current between genotypes, even if they are composed of mutations apparently having the same functional effect.

Chlorides↗

PubMed2000

Clonidine raises the sweating threshold in symptomatic but not in asymptomatic postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of clonidine, which reduces central sympathetic activation, on the sweating threshold in postmenopausal women with and without hot flashes. DESIGN: Laboratory physiologic study. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENT(S): 12 healthy postmenopausal women reporting frequent hot flashes and 7 reporting none. INTERVENTION(S): In two separate sessions, participants received a blind intravenous injection of clonidine HCl (2 microg/kg of body weight) or placebo, followed by body heating. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Core body temperature, mean skin temperature, sweat rate, sternal skin conductance level, and blood pressure. RESULT(S): Symptomatic women had significantly lower core body temperature sweating thresholds than asymptomatic women after receiving placebo. Clonidine significantly increased this threshold in symptomatic women but lowered it in asymptomatic women. CONCLUSION(S): These results support the hypothesis that elevated brain norepinephrine levels reduce the sweating threshold in symptomatic women, thereby contributing to the initiation of menopausal hot flashes.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed2002

Estrogen raises the sweating threshold in postmenopausal women with hot flashes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if estrogen ameliorates hot flashes by raising the core body temperature sweating threshold, by reducing core body temperature fluctuations, and/or by reducing sympathetic activation (as measured by plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol). DESIGN: Laboratory physiological study. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENT(S): Twenty-four healthy postmenopausal women reporting frequent hot flashes. INTERVENTION(S): Participants were randomly assigned, in double-blind fashion, to receive 1 mg/d 17beta-estradiol orally or placebo for 90 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Core body temperature, core body temperature fluctuations, mean skin temperature, sternal sweat rate, laboratory hot flash counts (sternal skin conductance), plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol. RESULT(S): The E(2) group had significant increases in plasma E(2) (8 +/- 2 vs. 132 +/- 22 pg/mL) and core body temperature sweating threshold (37.98 +/- 0.09 vs. 38.14 +/- 0.09 degrees C) and decreases in plasma FSH (58.8 +/- 8.9 vs. 40.1 +/- 7.6 mIU/mL) and hot flashes (1.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.6). These changes did not occur in the placebo group. There were no significant changes in any other measure. CONCLUSION(S): E(2) ameliorates hot flashes by raising the core body temperature sweating threshold, but does not affect core temperature fluctuations or plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1995

Correlation of sweat chloride concentration with classes of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations.

OBJECTIVE: To compare differences in epithelial chloride conductance according to class of mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. METHODS: We evaluated the relationship between the functional classes of CFTR mutations and chloride conductance using the first diagnostic sweat chloride concentration in a large cystic fibrosis (CF) population. RESULTS: There was no difference in sweat chloride value value between classes of CFTR mutations that produce no protein (class I), fail to reach the apical membrane because of defective processing (class II), or produce protein that fails to respond to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (class III). Those mutations that produce a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive channel with reduced conductance (class IV) were associated with a significantly lower, intermediate sweat chloride value. However, patients with the mutations that cause reduced synthesis or partially defective processing of normal CFTR (class V) had sweat chloride concentrations similar to those in classes I to III. CONCLUSION: Studies of differences in chloride conductance between functional classes of CFTR mutations provide insight into phenotypic expression of the disease.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Transient elevation of sweat chloride concentration in a malnourished girl with the Mauriac syndrome.

Elevated sweat chloride concentration in a patient with Mauriac syndrome has been reported only once. The authors of that report regarded their patient's underlying malnutrition, and not Mauriac syndrome per se, as the cause of the elevated sweat chloride concentration. We describe a second example of transient elevation of sweat chloride concentration, which confirms that the malnutrition intrinsic to Mauriac syndrome, rather than the syndrome itself, was the probable cause of elevated sweat chloride values.

Child↗

PubMed1997

Age-related decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair, sweat, and serum samples from 40,872 patients--implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus.

This report shows, for the first time using modern analytical techniques, highly significant age-related decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair, sweat, and serum samples obtained from 40,872 patients referred by their physicians to an independent medical research clinic and laboratory (r = -.598 to -.762, P < .0001 for all correlations). Males were found to have significantly lower mean chromium levels than females (P < .05 to .0001). There was good correlation between chromium levels in hair, sweat, and serum (r = .536 to .729, P < .0001 for all correlations), indicating that hair and sweat chromium levels are valid additions to the serum levels in assessing chromium status. Chromium measurements in sweat, hair, and serum were performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The influences that age-related decreases in chromium levels might have on increasing the risk to develop age-related impaired glucose metabolism, disordered lipid metabolism, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, and type II diabetes mellitus are outlined, and the role that refined carbohydrates play in the development of compromised chromium status is presented.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Excretion of ciprofloxacin in sweat and multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus epidermidis develops resistance to ciprofloxacin rapidly. That this antibiotic is excreted in apocrine and eccrine sweat of healthy individuals might be the reason for the development of such resistance. We assessed whether S epidermidis isolated from the axilla and nasal flora of healthy people could develop resistance to ciprofloxacin after a 1-week course of this antibiotic. METHODS: The concentration of ciprofloxacin in sweat was measured in seven volunteers after oral administration of 750 mg ciprofloxacin twice daily for 7 days, and the development of resistance in S epidermidis from axilla and nostrils was monitored during and 2 months after the treatment. Genotyping of S epidermidis was done by restriction fragment length polymorphism. FINDINGS: The mean concentration of ciprofloxacin in sweat increased during the 7 days of treatment-from 2.2 micrograms/mL 2.5 h after the first tablet to 2.5 micrograms/mL after the fifth tablet, and 5.5 micrograms/mL after the 13th tablet. All persons harboured susceptible S epidermidis (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] 0.25 microgram/mL) in axilla and nostrils before treatment. Four resistant strains were detected, two intermediate-level (MIC 4-12 micrograms/mL) and two high-level (MIC > 32 micrograms/mL). Three of these strains were found in all the participants, and a ciprofloxacin-sensitive variant of one of the high-level resistant strains was also found before the start of the treatment. The high-level resistant strains were also resistant to methicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, sulphonamide, and trimethoprim. A mean of 2.7 days after the start of the treatment, development of ciprofloxacin resistance was detected in S epidermidis from the axilla of all persons, compared with 11 days for the appearance of resistant S epidermidis in nostrils. The resistant strains persisted for an average of 37 and 39 days in axilla and nostrils, respectively, after the end of the treatment. INTERPRETATION: The rapid development of resistance to ciprofloxacin due to excretion of this drug into the sweat might be involved in the development of multiresistant S epidermidis and possibly other skin bacteria in hospitals and in communities with high use of ciprofloxacin or related drugs.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1997

Possible role of sweating in the pathophysiology of panic attacks.

In recent years the role of hyperventilation in the generation of panic attacks has attracted a considerable amount of interest. According to these studies hyperventilation can elicit the somatic symptoms of panic due to systemic alkalosis. We suggest that since in the case of panic, sweating might cause alkalosis, it could also contribute to the generation of panic attacks. In light of this hypothesis we made a statistical analysis of the panic symptoms of 111 panic patients diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria. The analysis revealed that: (1) there was a well identified group of panic patients who had minor breathing difficulties with heavy sweating; and (2) that all the patients sampled had either severe breathing, or sweating symptoms, or both. We conclude that in the absence of the intensive physical activity of the 'flight or fight' reaction, sweating as well as hyperventilation can cause alkalosis, which in turn might generate panic attacks.

Alkalosis, Respiratory↗

PubMed2004

Anthrax and the etiology of the English sweating sickness.

In 2001, spores of Bacillus anthracis were deliberately sent through the United States postal system, resulting in five deaths from inhalational anthrax. Rarely observed clinical symptoms associated with these cases led to a hypothesis about the etiology of the English Sweating Sickness. The disease appeared sporadically in England between 1485 and 1551. Numerous viruses have been proposed as possible causes of the "English Sweat". Anthrax has not previously been considered because, documented cases of inhalational anthrax have been rare and pronounced sweating was not a noted symptom of the more common cutaneous and gastrointestinal forms of anthrax. Victims of the English Sweating Sickness have recently been identified in undisturbed tombs. It may be possible to examine those bodies and coffins for the presence of resilient anthrax spores and DNA using modern genomic tools.

Anthrax↗

PubMed1989

The effect of nicardipine, a calcium channel blocker, on the sweat test in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.

Impaired cell membrane chloride ion movement in cystic fibrosis results in reduced resorption of sodium and chloride from sweat gland ductules producing the high concentrations measured in the sweat as a diagnostic test. Normal chloride ion movement can be restored in vitro by blocking transepithelial calcium flux with lanthanum, suggesting a potential role for calcium channel blocking drugs in the management of cystic fibrosis. We studied the effect of nicardipine, a calcium channel blocker, on the sweat sodium in 17 adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Nicardipine was administered intravenously or topically using iontophoresis or occlusive dressing. No significant change in sweat sodium concentration was observed between pre- and post-drug administration. We conclude that nicardipine used in vivo does not exert the same effect as lanthanum demonstrates in vitro on transepithelial cell membrane chloride ion movement in cystic fibrosis.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1994

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopic study of biological compounds in human sweat adsorbed on alumina.

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy has been used for the detection and characterization of biological compounds in human sweat adsorbed on alumina surfaces. The sweat was collected from students and distributed to aqueous and benzene phases by solvent extraction. Both solutions were doped onto alumina surfaces of tunneling junctions, and the vibrational spectra of the adsorbed species were measured by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. Analysis of these tunneling spectra showed that lactic acid in the sweat is extracted with water and selectively adsorbed on alumina. Adsorbed fatty acids were detected from the benzene phase. These biological compounds in the sweat solutions were found to react with the alumina to give about a monolayer of adsorbed carboxylate anions on the surfaces.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2000

Reduction of minimal erythema dose by sweating.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. It is known that tap water and saltwater baths have a photosensitizing capacity in subsequent UV irradiation of the skin. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of sweating from heat or from physical activity on the photosensitivity of the skin. METHODS: Minimal erythema dose to ultraviolet B (MED/UVB) was determined on the inner forearms of 22 healthy volunteers with a Saalmann Multi-tester. Sweating had been provoked by heat (sauna for 10 min) and, on another occasion, physical exercise (jogging for 15 min) followed by MED/UVB testing in a similar way. RESULTS: Compared to baseline MED/UVB there was a highly significant decrease in MED/UVB of up to 31.6% (median 15.8%, mean 15.9% +/- 10.0) after 10 min in the sauna and up to 40.9% (median 16.3%, mean 17.2% +/- 12.5) after 15 min jogging (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Sweat influences the hydration of the horny layer of the skin, resulting in a decrease in reflection and dispersion of UV light. Moderate physical activities such as jogging and/or heat may facilitate erythema reaction. By sweating, outdoor workers and people practicing outdoor sports who are exposed to considerable amounts of solar UV radiation further increase their risk of sunburn.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Sweating responses during activation of the muscle metaboreflex in humans is altered by time of day.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to test for a time-of-day effect on sweating responses to activation of the muscle metaboreflex. METHODS: Eight male subjects each participated in two exercise sessions, one in the morning and one in the evening. Within each session there were two 60-s bouts of isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise at 50% maximal voluntary contraction. Prior to IHG, whole body warming by a water-perfused suit initiated mild sweating. The first bout of IHG exercise began at 06.00 hours (am) and 18.00 hours (pm). Blood circulation to the forearm was occluded for 120 s, beginning 5 s before the end of the second bout of IHG to activate the muscle metaboreflex. RESULTS: During both bouts of exercise, sweating rate (SR) on both the chest and right forearm significantly increased from the pre-exercise period in both am and pm sessions. SR rapidly decreased during first minute of recovery after the first bout of IHG exercise. However, during post-exercise ischaemia (PEI) after the second bout of IHG exercise, SR was maintained significantly above the pre-exercise level only in the pm session. The increases in SR on the chest and right forearm during PEI were significantly greater in the pm, than in the am, session. However, SR of the palm was not maintained during PEI. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that under mild hyperthermic conditions, the sweating response in non-glabrous skin to activation of the muscle metaboreflex exhibits a time-of-day effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Detection of drug use in a methadone maintenance clinic: sweat patches versus urine testing.

AIMS: To evaluate the novel use of sweat patches in outpatients attending a methadone maintenance clinic. DESIGN: Assessment of inter-patch reliability and validity of patch results compared to urine tests at the start and end of the patch period. Semi-structured questionnaire on patients' opinion of the patches. Randomized cross-over trial comparing illicit drug use during the week that the patch was worn with a control period. SETTING: Methadone maintenance outpatient clinic in a deprived urban area. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight patients with a diagnosis of opiate addiction prescribed methadone for a median of 5 years. MEASUREMENTS: Analysis of urine and patch tests by standard methods for methadone, opiates, morphine (heroin metabolite) and benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite). FINDINGS: There was good inter-patch reliability between arm and side patches for methadone (all positive), opiates (k = 0.8) and morphine (k = 1.0) but only moderate agreement for benzoylecgonine (k = 0.49). There was good agreement between the sweat patches and urine tests for methadone (all positive), opiates (k = 1.00) and morphine (k = 0.8), but again only moderate agreement for benzoylecgonine (k = 0.50). The patches were well tolerated and the main side effect was minor irritation. The majority of men preferred a urine test while more women preferred a sweat patch. There was no evidence of reduced use of illicit drugs the period that the patch was worn. CONCLUSION: Sweat patches are reliable and give valid results for patients on maintenance methadone. There are few side effects and it is practical to use them in busy outpatient clinics. They are preferred by some patients but there was no evidence that they altered behaviour.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Pacing-induced palmar sweating evaluated by unique hygrometer: possible implications of sympathetic activation during tachycardia.

Although reflex sympathetic activation is a major determinant of the haemodynamic tolerability of ventricular tachycardia (VT), the methods for evaluating this aspect during on-going VT remain invasive and complicated. Palmar sweating as an indirect but non-invasive measure of sympathetic activity was estimated by means of a unique hygrometer under right ventricular (RV) rapid pacing (up to 150 beats min-1) replicating VT, and concurrent monitoring of aortic blood pressure in five patients with various kinds of cardiac arrhythmias in our electrophysiological laboratory. The peak palmar sweating rate in arbitrary units was augmented as the RV pacing rate increased and was proportional to the pacing-induced fall in systolic blood pressure (SBP), with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.903 (P<0.006). The slope of linearity between the sweating rate and the fall in SBP varied among individual patients, with greater sweating amplitude in the younger patients even with the same extent of fall in SBP. This preliminary study suggests sympathetic acceleration caused by haemodynamic deterioration under simulated VT, and therefore this protocol may be able to predict the haemodynamic tolerability of sustained monomorphic VT.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Cluster headache: forehead sweating pattern during heating and pilocarpine tests. Variation as a function of time.

Thirty-one patients with cluster headache were examined with regard to their forehead sweating pattern, by means of the Evaporimeter. Sweating was stimulated in two different ways: by body heating and by parenterally administered pilocarpine. The resulting increase in evaporation was frequently measured at different positions on both sides of the forehead, and the possibility of variations in the pattern related to the passage of time was specifically scrutinized. Some typical patterns emerged. The previously reported, marked asymmetries of response (deficient heat-induced sweating and pilocarpine supersensitivity of the symptomatic side) at the medial positions in the forehead were confirmed. However, the asymmetries invariably faded to some extent with the passage of time. Patients with cluster headache show gross similarities with, but also some minor differences from, the sweat pattern of patients with brain stem lesions causing a Horner's syndrome. A subdivision of the material into groups in accordance with the pupillometric pattern after sympathomimetic stimulation made it clear that the cases of definite evaporimetric asymmetries ("typical reactions") belonged to the group with a typical pupillometric pattern. These results suggest that from an "autonomic" point of view, subpopulations may exist within the clinical entity of cluster headache.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Sweating function and retinal vasomotor reactivity in migraine.

Sweating function and retinal arterial reactivity in patients with migraine were examined during headache-free intervals. The sweat glands were stimulated by intradermal injection of pilocarpine hydrochloride, and molds of sweat droplets were obtained using Silastic. The number of droplets in classic migraine was significantly lower than that in the controls. The retinal arterial response to changes in perfusion pressure was measured by means of a fundus camera. The retinal vasomotor index (-change in retinal arterial diameter (%)/change in effective MABP (mmHg)) was significantly lower in classic and in common migraine than in controls. The above results suggest that sweating function and retinal arterial reactivity are impaired in patients with migraine and that the impairment may play an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine attacks.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Gustatory sweating demonstrated by infrared thermography].

A 35-year-old man, previously healthy except for a grade 1 goitre, sustained a spontaneous left pneumothorax treated with a Bülau drain. When the left pneumothorax recurred 2 months later a left thoracotomy was performed. Two bullae at the lung apex were resected and a pleurodesis performed. After the operation the patient noted hypaesthesia of the dorsum of the left upper arm, mild ptosis of the left eyelid as well as reduced sweat secretion over the left half of the face and the left rib cage. The hypaesthesia improved, but the sympathetic nerve deficits remained. There were no other neurological signs. 9 months later, within one minute of eating a sour apple, the patient developed severe sweating over the left half of the face and the left chest. The reaction was confirmed by infra-red thermography which proved that the skin temperature in the sweating region had fallen to 3 degrees C. The likely cause of localized gustatory sweating is intra-operative damage of the stellate ganglion or its preganglionic nerve connections. Treatment is limited to avoidance of the precipitating gustatory stimulus.

Adult↗