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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Mobile under-fives clinic in Ekpoma, Nigeria.

Since 1977, mobile under-fives clinics have been held in Ekpoma, a rural community in Bendel State, Nigeria. Analysis of the data obtained in the six-month period, October 1979 to March 1980, indicate that the bulk of diseases seen could be prevented through health education, immunization, malarial chemoprophylaxis, and regular monitoring of weight. Mobile clinics could fill this need in rural areas where fixed clinic facilities are absent or inadequate. Employment and training of auxiliary health workers to carry out routine consultations and treatment will enhance the role of the doctor in the team as teacher, consultant, and organizer. It is hoped that other suggestions and recommendations made in this paper indicate practical steps that will improve the work of the mobile clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Learning predictive signatures of HLA type from T-cell repertoires.

T cells recognize a wide range of pathogens using surface receptors that interact directly with peptides presented on major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) encoded by the HLA loci in humans. Understanding the association between T cell receptors (TCR) and HLA alleles is an important step towards predicting TCR-antigen specificity from sequences. Here we analyze the TCR alpha and beta repertoires of large cohorts of HLA-typed donors to systematically infer such associations, by looking for overrepresentation of TCRs in individuals with a common allele.TCRs, associated with a specific HLA allele, exhibit sequence similarities that suggest prior antigen exposure. Immune repertoire sequencing has produced large numbers of datasets, however the HLA type of the corresponding donors is rarely available. Using our TCR-HLA associations, we trained a computational model to predict the HLA type of individuals from their TCR repertoire alone. We propose an iterative procedure to refine this model by using data from large cohorts of untyped individuals, by recursively typing them using the model itself. The resulting model shows good predictive performance, even for relatively rare HLA alleles.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

A comprehensive rabies control program in Alaska.

In 1975 the State of Alaska initiated a comprehensive Rabies Control Program. Lay vaccinators trained and certified by the state provided animal vaccination in rural areas. From 1975 through 1980, 182 persons received post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with Human Rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG) plus Duck Embryo Vaccine (DEV), or Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV), while 2,569 persons initially thought to have been exposed were not treated after consultation, at a cost saving of approximately $3,220,241.

Alaska↗
PubMed1979

Myasthenia in frogs immunized against cholinergic-receptor protein.

Frogs immunized with cholinergic-receptor protein developed myasthenia in 116--175 days. The muscular weakness was overcome by subcutaneous administration of 20 microgram of neostigmine. Electromyograms showed a decline in action potential amplitude during a 2-Hz train. Nerve stimulation evoked subthreshold end-plate potentials (EPPs) averaging 10.4 +/- 7.4 mV, but at many junctions no EPP was obtained. Miniature EPP amplitude had a modal value of 0.15 mV compared with 0.35 mV for the controls. The corresponding means were 0.24 +/- 0.23 mV and 0.48 +/- 0.23 mV. Microperfusion with edrophonium (5 mg/l) increased the amplitude of EPPs and miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPS). Postjunctional response tested with 20 muM carbamylcholine was 56% of control. Postjunctional response by carbamylcholine iontophoresis gave 19 +/- 22 mV/nC compared with 76 +/- 50 mV/nC for the controls. The data indicate that the neuromuscular transmission deficits in receptor-immunized frogs are mainly postsynaptic in origin, but there may be additional presynaptic contributions. This amphibian model of myasthenia gravis offers many opportunities and advantages in the study of receptor-immunized animals.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1976

Suicide and drug abuse in the medical community.

In the United States each year the equivalent of an average-size medical school graduating class commits suicide, with the highest incidence occurring in the decade following the completion of training. Of these suicides, 20% to 30% are associated with drug abuse and 40% with alcoholism. Various problem areas are considered. Role strain, leading to excessive drug use in an attempt to increase work efficiency, is coupled with a denial of the physician's own dependency needs and gratification. The problem of identity occurs in relation to the exaggerated sense of duty and obligation the physician feels in attending to the demands of the patients and their families. Medicine as magical thinking is also discussed, revealing the physician's belief in his own immunity, which is strenuously tested when he actually sets up in practice. The community's high regard for the physician further complicates the situation. Too little has been done about working with emotional problems of medical students during their training and after they begin to practice. Unfortunately, physicians feel uncomfortable in turning to colleagues for help; rather, they tend to isolate themselves, resorting to alcohol and drugs. One should question the selection of medical students and their overall training, not only in terms of academic learning but also with more consideration for the stresses and strains of the future career.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Relation between aerobic fitness level and stress induced alterations in neuroendocrine and immune function.

Alterations in neuroendocrine and immune function were examined in sedentary (n=15) (VO2peak; 31.4+/-0.7 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); 24.4+/-1.2yr), moderately active (n=15) (VO2peak; 45.4+/-1.1 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); 24.2+/-1.1 yr) and aerobically trained (n=15) (VO2peak; 58.8+/-0.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); 24.3+/-1.0 yr) men following exposure to an acute mild psychological stressor. Subjects had 2 min to prepare, and 3 min to deliver a speech in front of 3 observers. Blood samples were drawn from an indwelling catheter before, during and 30 min following the speech task (ST). Self-reported measures of anxiety were obtained prior to and immediately following the stressor. The ST resulted in significant alterations in the number and function of immune cells, and in self-reported anxiety scores. Plasma levels of norepinephrine increased during the speech task. The neuroendocrine and immune response to the chosen stressor were independent of subject aerobic fitness level.

Exercise↗
PubMed1997

Cellular and humoral immune response to exercise among gymnasts and untrained girls.

Recent studies reported reduced immunity in athletes following exercise. Physical activity affects both cellular and humoral immune functions. Scant information exists on exercise-induced changes in the immune system among children. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on several aspects of cellular and humoral functions among 10-12 year-old highly trained female gymnasts (n = 7) and untrained girls (n = 6). All girls were pre-pubertal. Venous blood samples were drawn before, immediately after and 24 h following 20 min of treadmill running (heart rate 170-180 beats.min-1). White blood cells' number rose significantly following exercise and remained elevated for 24 h. The increase in leukocyte number was due to an increase in granulocytes as well as an increase in lymphocytes and monocytes. While neutrophil count returned to basal values after 24 h, lymphocytes and monocytes number remained elevated 24 h following exercise. Exercise resulted in a significant elevation of T cell lymphocytes, T helpers, T suppressors and natural killer cells. All values returned to normal after 24 h. There were no changes in B cell lymphocytes following exercise. Exercise had no effect on serum IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG and sub-types of IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4). No differences were observed between gymnasts and untrained girls. In summary, the exercise-induced changes in cellular and humoral immune functions among the girls were generally similar to those described in adults. Whether the transitory effects of exercise on the immune system are related to increased susceptibility to illness is still questionable.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiological approaches to health planning, management and evaluation.

The promotion of health and the prevention of disease depend to a large extent on the good planning and management of health programmes. Good planning and management in turn depend on the availability of reliable, accurate and timely information about the health situation. All countries have institution-based systems for the collection of routine information about health-services delivery. Many countries also use surveys to obtain information about other aspects of the health situation. This issue of the World health statistics quarterly describes two types of surveillance which may be used to supplement (or compensate for the absence of) nationwide routine systems or surveys, and a method for evaluating surveillance systems. It also includes articles on the International Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death (ICD) and the International Health Regulations (IHR) in relation to their use for planning and management. Two alternative surveillance systems are described. One uses institution- or city-based records of incidence of target diseases of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in a number of developing countries to determine the impact of minimization on the reduction of disease. In this article, some additional background material is reviewed on sentinel hospitals and cities in India, Bangladesh, Turkey, Malawi and United Republic of Tanzania. The other system is based on district-level household surveys of mortality, morbidity and nutrition-related indicators in Kerala State (India) carried out by trained local personnel who live in the districts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1994

Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system.

The relationship between exercise and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) may be modeled in the form of a "J" curve. Various epidemiological studies suggest that unusually heavy acute or chronic exercise is associated with an increased risk of URTI. The risk appears to be especially high during the one or 2-wk period following marathon-type race events. Among runners varying widely in training habits, the risk for URTI is slightly elevated for the highest distance runners, but only when several confounding factors are controlled for. Two randomized experimental trials using small numbers of subjects have provided important preliminary data in support of the viewpoint that moderate physical activity may reduce URTI symptomatology. Clinical data support the concept that heavy exertion increases the athlete's risk of URTI because of negative changes in immune function and elevation of the stress hormones, epinephrine, and cortisol. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that moderate amounts of exercise may decrease one's risk of URTI through favorable changes in immune function without the negative attending effects of the stress hormones.

Exercise↗
PubMed1991

Progress and challenges in psychosocial and behavioral research in cancer in the twentieth century.

Research in the psychosocial and behavioral aspects of cancer has shown steady growth since the 1950s, and its course of development has paralleled the history of medical techniques in treating cancer. Table 1 outlines this parallel evolution from the 1850s to the 1960s. The roles of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in spearheading and nurturing research in this area are documented. Interest in psychooncologic questions can be traced back for centuries to the search for etiologic factors and psychologic variables that would explain individual vulnerability to cancer. The first psychologic studies of cancer patients were reported in 1951 and 1952 from the Massachusetts General Hospital and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, respectively. The 1970s saw new interest in psychosocial and behavioral research with many issues being addressed for the first time: better care of the terminally ill through more humanistic approaches including better means of pain control; ethical concerns related to patient rights and their status as subjects in experimental protocols; trying to measure quality of life for cancer patients on protocols; seeing the need for multidisciplinary collaborative groups to make up for the absence of formal training in this area; and the need to design valid, accurate measuring scales specific to the symptomology of patients with cancer. Table 4 outlines how the 1980s gave increasing recognition and support to the psychosocial dimensions of cancer. This period produced a series of key conferences that examined a broad research and education perspective and produced recommendations that remain a benchmark in regard to instrumentation, conceptual models, pitfalls of psychosocial research, training, and education, and the organization of research efforts. New precision has been added to the field in the past 6 years: studies measuring concurrent psychologic, endocrine, and immune function; use of statistical modeling to incorporate quality of life data as a correction factor in survival data (TWiST and QALY); and broadened definitions of medical outcome to include functional status, thus allowing advances in psychiatric measurements to help answer questions in cancer. The challenges for the 1990s are identified in a summary in Table 9. Especially noteworthy is the observation that the comprehensive research needed today cannot be carried out by any one discipline alone. New approaches call for areas of the social sciences formerly inactive in cancer research (e.g., anthropology) to contribute the tools and expertise required to address the problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Do health care needs of indigent Mexican-American, black, and white adolescents differ?

Few studies have addressed the specific health care needs of Mexican-American adolescents. This 2-year study assessed the routine health care needs and incidence of chronic illness among 279 Mexican-American, 233 white, and 333 black indigent adolescents enrolled in a vocational training program. Mexican-Americans were more likely to have a positive purified protein derivative tuberculin test and acne/eczema requiring treatment. Blacks were more likely to have incomplete immunizations and thyroid disorders, while whites were more likely to have musculoskeletal conditions and require family planning services and psychiatric intervention for mental health disorders. Although no difference in incidence of chronic illness was noted, our data suggests that routine health care needs may differ among indigent Mexican-American, white, and black adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: exercise effects on systemic immunity.

Heavy exertion has acute and chronic influences on systemic immunity. In the resting state, the immune systems of athletes and non-athletes are more similar than disparate with the exception of NK cell activity, which tends to be elevated in athletes. Many components of the immune system exhibit adverse change after prolonged, heavy exertion. These immune changes occur in several compartments of the immune system and body (e.g. the skin, upper respiratory tract mucosal tissue, lung, blood and muscle). Although still open to interpretation, most exercise immunologists believe that during this 'open window' of impaired immunity (which may last between 3 and 72 h, depending on the immune measure) viruses and bacteria may gain a foothold, increasing the risk of subclinical and clinical infection. The infection risk may be amplified when other factors related to immune function are present, including exposure to novel pathogens during travel, lack of sleep, severe mental stress, malnutrition or weight loss.

Cytokines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Socio-psychological and ecological aspects within the system of nuclear radiation risk mitigation].

The authors bring into light several aspects of nuclear radiation risks, i.e. physical safety of nuclear technologies and ecology, place of operator within the nuclear radiation safety system (proficiency, protective culture, safety guides) and consider approaches to the human factor quantification within the system of mitigation of risks from nuclear technologies, and IAEA recommendations on probable risk estimation. Future investigations should be aimed at extension of the radiation sensitivity threshold, personnel selection as by psychological so genetic testing for immunity to ionizing radiation, development of pharmachemical and physical protectors and methods of enhancing nonspecific resistance to extreme, including radiation, environments, and building of radiation event simulators for training.

Ecology↗
PubMed2003

Biological variation in variables associated with exercise training.

To be able to identify a training induced change in a certain variable, it is necessary to know the background variation. In this study the coefficient of variation (total, between-subjects, within-subjects), the relative sources of variance (between-subjects and within-subjects), and the critical difference (within-subjects) were estimated in four categories of variables (performance and physiological variables, metabolic and hormonal variables, immunological variables, and mood state variables) in 15 moderately trained male runners measured on three different occasions over a period of 7 weeks. In the performance and physiological variables, 78.9 % of the variance was due to variation between subjects and they had the lowest critical difference (11.9 %). In contrast, the metabolic and hormonal variables had the highest critical difference (59.9 %) and 53.4 % of the variance was due to variations within subjects. The immunological and psychological variables had about two thirds of the variance arising from variation between subjects. However, the critical difference for the immunological variables was high (47.4 %), while it was relatively low for the psychological variables (26.8 %). The low critical difference and variation within subjects of the psychological and in particular the performance and physiological variables indicate that they may be beneficial as primary markers of training induced changes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Swim training increases ovalbumin induced active systemic anaphylaxis in mice.

Aerobic training can be defined as any physical exercise that increases the heart rate and enhances the body's intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of the body. Running, cycling, and swimming are examples of aerobic activities. In recent years, the importance of sports in everyday life has been rapidly increasing. Moderate exercise appears to stimulate the immune system. However, healthy elite runners often complain about bronchial symptoms after heavy exercise. Exercise-induced asthma and active systemic anaphylaxis are the most common problems seen in these individuals. The inter-relationship of exercise and the allergy response has not been well studied. This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swim training on body weight, spleen index, the number of lymphocytes, scoring of active systemic anaphylactic shock, proliferative activity of splenic lymphocytes and cytokine levels in BALB/c mice. Thirty mice (6 weeks old) were involved in this study and they were divided into 3 groups: a control group (Control, n = 10), a sensitized group (Sensitized, n = 10), and a sensitized-trained group (Sen-trained, n = 10). The sen-trained group was studied after 10 weeks of regular swim training. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS (ver.10.0). The swim training caused a decrease in body weight (p < 05), an increase of spleen index, active systemic anaphylaxis, lymphocyte proliferation (stimulated with ovalbumin), and cytokine levels (especially IL-4) when comparing the sen-trained group to the sensitized group (p < .05). These data indicate that there is a link between allergy anaphylaxis and regular swim training. This may be due to increased lymphocyte proliferation (stimulated with ovalbumin), ASAS (active systemic anaphylactic shock) score, and IL-4 cytokine levels after exercise.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1994

Pattern recognition and interpretation of electromyogram data from cat jaw muscle.

This study investigates the effect of emotional behavior on the masseteric muscle EMG response patterns. Two experimental protocols are utilized: (1) does not elicit emotional behavior (stick chewing) and (2) elicits emotional behavior (hypothalamic stimulation). The Karhunen-Loève transform is used to compute features which exactly represent the correlated patterns of mean-zero observations, with data compression and noise immunity. Using nonparametric tests, it is found that the populations of biting and hissing features are significantly different (p < 0.05), with increased statistical significance as the size of the training set is increased. No statistically significant difference is seen in a test of the two biting populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The use of recovery methods post-exercise.

Competitive soccer engages many of the body's systems to a major extent. The musculoskeletal, nervous, immune and metabolic systems are stressed to a point where recovery strategies post-exercise become influential in preparing for the next match. Intense activity at a 7-day training camp causes participants to experience lowered concentrations of non-killer cells and T-helper cells. Two consecutive games in 24 h produce disturbances in the testosterone-cortisol ratio. When competitive schedules are congested, the recovery process should be optimized for performance capabilities to be restored to normal as soon as possible. There is evidence that glycogen stores are reduced near to depletion at the end of a soccer game and that a diet high in carbohydrates can aid recovery. Water alone is not the best means of restoring body fluids, since carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks display better intestinal absorption and reduce urine output. Some relief from muscle soreness may be achieved by means of a warm-down. Deep-water running regimens can replace conventional physical training in the days after competition. Massage, cryotherapy and alternative therapies have not been shown to be consistently effective. It is concluded that optimizing recovery post-exercise depends on a combination of factors that incorporate a consideration of individual differences and lifestyle factors. The procedures to facilitate recovery processes should start immediately the game or training finishes. Match administrators and tournament planners should consider the stressful consequences for players in periods of congested fixtures and alleviate the physiological strain as far as possible by allowing 72 h between competitive games. This frequency of competition is unlikely to be sustainable in the long term.

Dehydration↗