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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

18F-FDG imaging: pitfalls and artifacts.

18F-FDG PET is emerging as a useful tool in the staging and restaging of many malignant neoplasms, such as lymphoma, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. To accurately interpret 18F-FDG findings one must be familiar with the normal physiologic distribution of the tracer, frequently encountered physiologic variants, and benign pathologic causes of 18F-FDG uptake that can be confused with a malignant neoplasm. The objectives of this article are to (a) describe the mechanism of 18F-FDG uptake, (b) list the patient preparation and pertinent patient history before 18F-FDG imaging, (c) describe the whole-body physiologic distribution of 18F-FDG, (d) list and discuss normal physiologic variants, and (e) list and discuss benign pathologic causes of 18F-FDG uptake.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1979

[Practical immunocytochemistry of the endocrine pancreas].

Complementing cytochemical and ultrastructural studies, immunocytochemistry may be used to define, in terms of immunoreactivity, the nature of the polypeptide(s) made and stored in the cells of the endocrine pancreas, islet or otherwise. Immunoserums are applied to histological sections after fixation of the material in Bouin's fluid, and in accordance with four protocols: indirect immunofluorescence, immuno-enzymatic technique, variants in prolonged primary incubation and the method of soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes. Certain precautions are essential for correct interpretation. In the adult, four essential immunoreactions, corresponding to hormones or "local hormones" are regularly detected:insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide. The cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the cells involved are known (B, A and D cells for the first three specificities). C-peptide immunoreactivity is easily identified, but other immunoreactivities are more irregular or contested: gastrin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, ACTH, met-enkephalin.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Favorable outcomes of paranoid schizophrenia].

The results of follow-up (an observation period of 14-21 years) of 94 patients with paranoid schizophrenia examined and treated on an out-patient or in-patient basis at the Psychiatry Institute of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1960-1966 made it possible to select 35 cases with beneficial outcomes of the disease. Three variants of such outcomes considered in the framework of residual conditions, viz. residual delirium with a retained tendency toward delirious interpretation of the outside world; residual delirium with out signs of actualization; residual conditions with incomplete criticism of the previous delirium and super-worship formations are described. The psycho-pathological structure of the residual conditions was shown to be dependent on the degree of the regression of the endogenic process and the severity of adverse changes associated with the latter. Clinical-pathogenetic criteria suggestive of a favourable outcome of the illness are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[X-ray anatomy of the superior cerebellar artery (1)].

The anatomic and angiographic variants of the superior cerebellar artery were studied in 50 macro-preparations of the cerebellum and in 100 normal angiogrammes. The authors distinguish five angiographic variants of the superior cerebellar artery, and emphasize the necessity of their differentiation for proper identification of its branches in interpreting the angiogrammes. Quantitative characteristics is given to the segments of the superior cerebellar artery and their angles, which permits a more precise assessment of the displacement of the superior cerebellar artery.

Angiography↗
PubMed1991

[Computerized analysis of ST segment during exercise. Interpretation of "saw tooth" appearance].

The authors report original appearances (sinusoid or "saw tooth" aspect) of computerised analysis of the ST segment in 3 cases, corresponding to ST changes during exercise stress testing. This is due to alternating ST elevation and depression probably related to abnormal vasomotor tone given the fact that the recording was normalised by coronary vasodilator therapy.

Angina Pectoris, Variant↗
PubMed1980

Short-term tissue culture observations of experimental primary and transplanted nervous system tumors.

Tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system were induced in BD-IX rats and transplanted serially. Both primary and transplanted tumors in different generations were cytologically analyzed, using primary explants in vitro. Four hundred and thirty single tumors were examined in vitro over th period 1969 to 1977, using the following methods: conventional aniline staining, special silver impregnation, supravital observation of cells by phase contrast microscopy, locomotion studies with time-lapse cinematography, and ultrastructural analysis from transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Cells grown in vitro were subdivided into the following groups, according to their morphology: (1) Apolar cells: Round cells only observed in rare tumors of the nasal cavity and sporadically in transplanted neurinomas; they are thought to represent cells from the reticular variant of neurinoma in the latter. (2) Bipolar cells occurred in two forms: As bipolar fibroblasts and as slender bipolar cells observed in explants of malignant neurinomas. The latter cells grow in parallel arrangements; their tentative interpretation as Schwann cells is consistent with their description in human neurilemomas. (3) Semipolar cells with one clear-cut edge and a broad ruffled membrane opposite. They are described as fibroblasts in the course of locomotion. (4) Multipolar cells, observed in several forms in primary and transplanted gliomas exclusively. Variants with long processes were seen in the first passages of intracerebrally transplanted tumors only; in later generations, all cells had short branching processes and little cytoplasm. Conclusions concerning the cytologic derivation of experimental tumors are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Evolution of transmission bias in cultural inheritance.

Evolution of transmission bias in cultural inheritance is investigated using simple models of cultural selection. Conventional models of cultural transmission describe cultural changes by incorporating transmission bias and non-vertical pathways into the ordinary population genetic framework. The methodology has been successful in understanding cultural changes in terms of natural selection, but it is difficult to see from the theoretical framework how biased transmission in favor of maladaptive traits might have evolved. To show that ordinary cultural processes lead at times to the evolution of a preference that favors a deleterious cultural variant, this study presents an alternative model of cultural transmission, where cultural elements are transmitted in a manner more like infections in epidemiological transmission. An ordinary equilibrium analysis indicates that, under certain conditions, runaway dynamics emerges and the coevolution of a maladaptive cultural variant and an associated preference in favor of the maladaptive variant is observed. If the preference of an individual does not change during its ontogeny (e.g., if it is transmitted genetically), however, then cultural selection alone does not produce such runaway dynamics, and only those preferences that favor adaptive variants should eventually evolve. Since cultural processes may at times result in a reduction in the fitness of individuals, simplistic adaptive interpretations of culture are unconvincing without detailed specification of the cultural processes involved. Moreover, cultural runaway of this kind may help to explain the existence of traits that are apparently maladaptive at the individual level but may be advantageous for the group. Inferences are also made regarding the observed differences between human and non-human social information transfer.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Persistent trigeminal artery variants detected by MR angiography.

Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) variants are cerebellar arteries that originate directly from the precavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The goal of our study was to determine the incidence and MR angiographic features of PTA variants. Between April 1996 and September 1999, 523 cranial MR angiographies were performed at our institution. Most of the patients examined had or were suspected of having cerebrovascular disease. We retrospectively reviewed these 523 MR angiograms. A 1.5-T scanner was used in all studies, and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images obtained using the three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D TOF) technique were displayed stereoscopically. Four PTA variants were detected on MR angiograms, at a rate of 0.76%. At least three of the four PTA variants were anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICAs), small tortuous arteries arising from the precavernous portions of the ICAs and taking a posterior course. Although the clinical significance is not great, we found a relatively high incidence of PTA variants on MR angiograms. We stress that knowledge and recognition of these anomalous cerebellar arteries are useful and important in the interpretation of cranial MR angiograms.

Arteries↗
PubMed2005

Unusual variant alleles in commonly used short tandem repeat loci.

Unusually large variant alleles were observed in the short tandem repeat (STR) systems D3S1358 and D21S11, both of which are included in the international standard set of loci (ISSOL) and routinely typed in National DNA intelligence databases worldwide. The observed alleles fell within the size range of the adjacent STR marker, which could easily cause problems with respect to correct allele assignments for both loci concerned. We compared the amplification and potential interpretation with three different commercially available kits, which are frequently used in forensic work. PCR products were cloned and sequenced in order to determine the structure of these unusual allele variants and confirm their size and designation (D3S1358 allele 26, D21S11 allele 46). In the locus D21S11 we observed an as yet undescribed partial duplication of the constant region.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

A single nucleotide polymorphism in glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta promoter gene influences onset of illness in patients affected by bipolar disorder.

Genetic studies in medicine exploited age of onset as a criterion to delineate subgroups of illness. Bipolar patients stratified with this criterion were shown to share clinical characteristics and patterns of inheritance of illness. The molecular mechanisms driving the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus may play a role in mood disorders. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (-50 T/C) falling into the effective promoter region (nt -171 to +29) of the gene coding for glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-beta) has been identified. GSK3-beta codes for an enzyme which is a target for the action of lithium and which is also known to regulate circadian rhythms in Drosophila. We studied the effect of this polymorphism on the age at onset of bipolar disorder type I. A homogeneous sample of 185 Italian patients affected by bipolar disorder was genotyped. Age at onset was retrospectively ascertained with best estimation procedures. No association was detected between GSK3-beta -50 T/C SNP and the presence of bipolar illness. Homozygotes for the wild variant (T/T) showed an earlier age at onset than carriers of the mutant allele (F=5.53, d.f.=2,182, P=0.0047). Results warrant interest for the variants of genes pertaining to the molecular clock as possible endophenotypes of bipolar disorder, but caution ought to be taken in interpreting these preliminary results and future replication studies must be awaited.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Long-term response to lithium salts in bipolar illness is influenced by the glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta -50 T/C SNP.

The molecular mechanisms driving the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus may play a role in mood disorders. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (-50 T/C) falling into the effective promoter region (nt -171 to +29) of the gene coding for glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-beta) has been linked with different age at onset of bipolar illness and with different antidepressant effects of total sleep deprivation. GSK3-beta codes for an enzyme which is a target for the action of lithium and possibly of valproic acid. We studied the effect of this polymorphism on the therapeutic response to lithium salts of 88 bipolar type I patients. Data about recurrence rate of mood episodes were collected for at least 2 years before lithium and 2 years on lithium. Results showed that homozygotes for the wild variant did not change their recurrence index while carriers of the mutant allele improved, thus supporting the hypothesis that GSK is a target for the therapeutic action of lithium. Results warrant interest for the variants of genes pertaining to the molecular clock as possible endophenotypes of bipolar disorder, but caution ought to be taken in interpreting these preliminary results and future replication studies must be awaited because of the low frequency of the GSK3-beta*C/C genotype in the studied populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The standard error in the Jacobson and Truax Reliable Change Index: the classical approach to the assessment of reliable change.

Researchers and clinicians using Jacobson and Truax's index to assess the reliability of change in patients, or its counterpart by Chelune et al., which takes practice effects into account, are confused by the different ways of calculating the standard error encountered in the literature (see the discussion started in this journal by Hinton-Bayre). This article compares the characteristics of (1) the standard error used by Jacobson and Truax, (2) the standard error of difference scores used by Temkin et al. and (3) an adaptation of Jacobson and Truax's approach that accounts for difference between initial and final variance. It is theoretically demonstrated that the last variant is preferable, which is corroborated by real data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

Interaction of sperm histone variants and linker DNA during spermiogenesis in the sea urchin.

Several physical properties of sea urchin spermatid chromatin, which contains phosphorylated Sp H1 and Sp H2B histone variants, and mature sperm chromatin, in which these histones are dephosphorylated, were compared. Density, thermal stability, average nucleosomal repeat length, and resistance to micrococcal nuclease digestion are all increased in mature sperm relative to spermatid chromatin. Since the chromatins are identical in histone variant subtypes, the altered physical properties are not a consequence of changes in histone primary structure during spermiogenesis. The data are interpreted to mean that dephosphorylation of the N-terminal regions of Sp H1 and Sp H2B in late spermatid nuclei permits strong ionic binding of these highly basic regions to the extended linker, stabilizing the highly condensed structure of sperm chromatin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular cloning, expression and pharmacological characterization of the canine cholecystokinin 1 receptor.

1 The full-length, canine cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptor was cloned from gallbladder tissue using RT-PCR with a combination of primers designed to interact with conserved regions of the human and rat CCK1 receptor, which also shared homology with the canine genomic sequence. 2 Analysis of the sequence of the canine CCK1 receptor revealed a 1287 base pair product, which encoded a 429 amino-acid protein. This protein was 89% identical to the human and 85% identical to the rat CCK1 receptor. 3 The canine CCK1 receptor was expressed in CHO-K cells for pharmacological characterization. In competition studies, using [(125)I]BH-CCK-8S as radioligand, the affinity values estimated for CCK receptor-selective compounds were not significantly different between the canine and human CCK1 receptors (pK(I)+/-s.e.m. at canine CCK1 receptor; L-364,718=8.82+/-0.08, L-365,260=6.61+/-0.05, YF476=7.91+/-0.15, YM022=8.28+/-0.06 and dexloxiglumide=7.53+/-0.11). Furthermore, the selectivity of these compounds between canine CCK1 and CCK2 receptors was consistent with the selectivity between the human CCK1 and CCK2 receptors. 4 Two additional forms of the canine CCK1 receptor were identified during the cloning procedure. These had three (variant #1) and six (variant #2) amino-acid differences from the wild-type canine CCK1 receptor. Variant #1 bound [(125)I]BH-CCK-8S and displayed an identical pharmacological profile to the wild-type receptor using the ligands described above. No significant binding was measured with variant #2. 5 In conclusion, we have cloned and pharmacologically characterized the canine CCK1 receptor. The data obtained will facilitate the interpretation of numerous pharmacological experiments that have been performed using canine tissue to elucidate the actions of CCK and gastrin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2026

SeqUIaSCOPE: multi-omics data integration platform for single-patient clinical oncology pathway exploration.

SUMMARY: SeqUIaSCOPE is an open-source platform designed for routine clinical oncology diagnostics through case-centric integration and visualization of genomic variants, fusion events, and expression profiles. The platform combines molecular-level validation via embedded genome browsing with systems-level interpretation through dynamic pathway visualization, enabling geneticists to assess how alterations converge across biological networks. Flexible reporting with customizable templates accommodates diverse institutional requirements, while secure cluster-based or local deployment ensures compliance with data protection policies, making advanced multi-omics diagnostics accessible to academic and clinical institutions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: SeqUIaSCOPE is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/BioIT-CEITEC/sequiascope under the MIT license and archived at Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/21338445). Due to the sensitive nature of patient data, the repository provides simulated datasets that mimic the structure of real clinical data for testing and exploration. Documentation and a live demo accompany these datasets, allowing users to explore the application without any prior setup. The repository also includes a Helm chart for Kubernetes deployment and Docker containers for local deployment, ensuring compatibility across Linux, macOS, and Windows. No user registration is required, and all data remains on local or institutional infrastructure.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Examination of uncommon clinical isolates of human adenoviruses by restriction endonuclease analysis.

Restriction endonuclease analysis was performed on reference strains of each unknown adenovirus subgenus, in comparison with 40 isolates not identified by our routine methods of neutralization with antisera of species 1 to 8. Several uncommon species would not have been identified initially without the assistance of reference laboratories (species 15, 35, and 37). Other species were identified by comparison with published adenovirus DNA restriction endonuclease patterns or from DNA analysis of reference strains (species 31, 40, and 41). Some isolates could not be matched beyond the level of presumptive adenovirus subgenus. Genomic DNA restriction endonuclease analysis of adenoviruses was useful for the identification of adenovirus isolates in a diagnostic virology laboratory. However, accurate interpretation of results will require more extensive DNA restriction endonuclease fragment analysis of a broader range of adenovirus species and genomic variant strains.

Adenoviruses, Human↗