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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Spreading of the tears after a blink: velocity and stabilization time in healthy eyes.

PURPOSE: To quantify the tear spreading velocity and stabilization time after blinks in healthy patients. METHODS: Video recordings (magnification, x130) were made of the movements of naturally occurring particles in the tear film while patients blinked naturally. After each blink, tear spreading velocity was computed every 40 milliseconds from particle displacements determined from a frame-by-frame analysis of the records. RESULTS: After a blink, tears moved rapidly upward over the cornea. Forty milliseconds after passage of the lid, the velocity was 7.34 +/- 2.73 mm/s (mean +/- standard deviation, n = 20). The time to tear stabilization (i.e., zero velocity) was 1.05 +/- 0.30 seconds. The decay of spreading velocity with time was well described by a logarithmic function for all individual patient data (R2 range, 0.88-0.99; n = 20). We have shown that initial velocity and stabilization time are independent descriptors of tear spreading. Meibomian gland expression markedly reduced initial velocity leaving a normal stabilization time, whereas inhalation of an irritant reduced stabilization time leaving a normal initial velocity. In a patient with Sjögren syndrome, punctal plugs rapidly restored initial velocity and stabilization time from near zero values to normal values. CONCLUSION: We provide normal values for two descriptors of tear spreading, namely initial velocity and time to stabilization. These values can be modified by manipulations that alter tear constituents. Consequently, these descriptors may provide a basis for quantitative, noninvasive tear assessment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative assessment of right and left reaching movements in infants: a longitudinal study from 6 to 36 months.

This longitudinal study aimed to explore the early presence and developmental pattern of laterality in reaching kinematics and its relationship to side use. In order to do so, 3-D kinematic measurements as well as 2-D video recordings of right-left reaching movements were successively carried out for 17 infants at the ages of 6, 9, 12, and 36 months. Additional investigations of hand preference were made at 36 months. As four infants were prematurely born, their outcomes were compared to those of the fullterm participants. While most of the infants in the early ages showed a rather inconsistent preference in terms of frequency and distributions of right-left side use, the analyses of reaching kinematics revealed a more consistent pattern of fewer movements units (MUs) and straighter right-sided reaching for the majority of infants at all tested ages. However, reaching kinematics from the preterm infants were generally more variable and less side consistent. It is proposed that the development of human handedness originates from an early right arm rather than hand preference in that representations of asymmetry in bilateral projections (involved in arm movements) developmentally precede contralateral projections (involved in refined hand/finger movements).

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Patterns of postural asymmetry in infants: a standardized video-based analysis.

Cervical rotation deficit (CRD) and trunk convexity (TC) constitute the diagnosis of infantile postural asymmetry (IPA), which is often associated with further asymmetric features. However, very little data on the entire symptom complex are currently available. The aim of this study was to analyse the entire clinical spectrum of IPA based on a standardized video documentation. Forty-five infants (27 male) with an asymmetry score of > or = 12 points (scale: 4-24) at a median post-term age of 10 weeks (range: 6-16) were selected from two previously studies using predefined criteria. CRD and TC as reactive movements to an orienting head turn in the prone and supine position were assessed from video recordings by three independent observers. Plagiocephaly, oblique body position and asymmetric foot position were descriptively assessed by consent of the same observers. Hip dysplasia data were derived from sonography charts. The assessment of the reactive movements showed a "scoliosis" pattern in sox infants, a "torticollis" pattern in nine infants, a "mixed prone" pattern in 13 infants and a "mixed" pattern in 26 infants. Side agreement in the prone and supine position of TC and CRD was seen in 27 infants, with a left-sided convexity and left-sided head rotation deficit in two-thirds of the infants. Plagiocephaly was present in 27 infants, oblique body position in 13 infants, hip dysplasia in 4 infants and calcaneus foot in 11 infants. In conclusion, infantile asymmetry pattern analysis showed that morphological and functional anomalies are intricately linked and that infants with only a single apparent sign of asymmetry have actually a much more generalized disturbance.

Clubfoot↗

PubMed1999

In vivo imaging of the human zonular apparatus with high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the potential of high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) for studying the zonular apparatus of human beings in vivo. METHODS: Using transducer frequencies of 34 MHz and 50 MHz, criteria were developed to identify transcorneal and transscleral sections that allowed reproducible identification of the different fiber groups of the zonular architecture. For that purpose, 10 volunteers between the ages of 14 and 41 years underwent high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy under conditions of consensual far- and near-accommodation. The online video recordings of the respective UBM investigations were afterwards analyzed image by image. Good visibility of zonular fibers was obtained when the ultrasound wave propagation comprised an angle close to 90 degrees with the fiber orientation and when the oscillations of the UBM scan had a strict radial orientation towards the limbus and avoided, simultaneously, the ciliary processes. RESULTS: In all the volunteers, high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy imaged the zonular fiber groups known from histology. In addition, it detected fibers that do not follow the course of the inner ciliary body surface but take a direct route from the ora serrata to the lens. It also demonstrated that fibers that seem to change direction at crossings with other fibers. Under conditions of near-accommodation, the zonular fibers showed signs of relaxation. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy seems well suited for in vivo investigations of the zonular apparatus and of accommodation in man. The results support the fundamental features of the Helmholtz theory on accommodation.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed2003

Work technique of nurses in patient transfer tasks and associations with personal factors.

OBJECTIVES: Back disorders among nursing personnel are associated with the worktask of assisting patients during transfers. The objectives of the study were to explore the work technique applied by nursing personnel in patient transfer tasks and to determine whether different personal factors were associated with work technique safety. METHODS: The work technique used by 102 nurses to perform two common patient transfer tasks in orthopedic wards, transfer higher up in bed and transfer from bed to wheelchair, was examined with the use of video recordings and an observation instrument. A work technique score was calculated for each performed transfer. It indicated the level of musculoskeletal safety and hazard for the nurse. The participants also filled out a questionnaire concerning different personal factors. RESULTS: A variety of strategies was used by the nurses to perform the transfer tasks. Being older and suffering from low-back symptoms were factors associated with the use of poor work technique in both tasks. There was also an association between male gender and poor technique in transferring patients from bed to wheelchair. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate an association between poor work techniques and low-back symptoms. Special attention should be paid to older nurses, nurses with low-back problems, and possibly also to male nurses when training programs on patient transfer technique are designed, as these groups seem to apply comparatively poor work techniques in patient transfer tasks.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The finding and evaluation of EMG-guided BOTOX injection in cervical dystonia.

In this prospective study we report the results of EMG-guided BOTOX injections in a total of 15 cervical dystonia (CD) patients. Pre-treatment and post-treatment evaluations included physical examination results, Tsui ratings, and video recording. The dosage of BOTOX injection was determined by the EMG pattern, type of CD, and the degree of muscle hypertrophy. Seven patients underwent injections with and without EMG, and eight patients underwent injections with EMG-guidance only. The results showed that among the patients who underwent EMG-guided BOTOX injection there are: (1) fewer BOTOX-related side effects due to injection of the adequate dose of BOTOX to the accurate site of hyperactive muscles, (2) greater clinical improvement due to confirmation of hyperactivity in muscles in each type of cervical dystonia, (3) a better ability to reduce the amount of oral medication for treatment of muscle pain and spasms. We suggest that the use of EMG-guided BOTOX injections be considered for those CD patients with retrocollis, those who have had a sub-optimal treatment response to non EMG-guided BOTOX injections, and those with increased concern of side effects or a concomitant goal of reducing oral medications.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗

PubMed1994

Observation of movements during sleep in ALTE (apparent life threatening event) and apnoeic infants--a pilot study.

Fourteen infants of 2 months or 6 months of age were video-recorded during polysomnography. Four were normal infants, five had a history of ALTE (apparent life threatening event) and five had repeated and prolonged apnoea during sleep. Two ALTE infants have been recorded at 2 months as well as at 6 months of age. Movements during sleep could be classified into general movements, isolated movements of the upper extremity, startles, head rotations, and trunk rotations. In the ALTE cases at 2 months of age, the motility was quantitatively not different from the control infants but was markedly reduced at 6 months of age. (All cases had their event before 8 weeks of age.) In contrast to these findings, infants with repeated apnoea did not show a clear change in the quantity of their movements. With the exception of one ALTE case at 2 months, all observed cases of ALTE and apnoeic infants showed an abnormal quality of their spontaneous movements during sleep. As reported in a previous study, all these cases had also been found moving abnormally during wakefulness. It is suggested that the abnormal motility is a sequelae of the event (ALTE or repeated apnoeas) with as a consequence, an impairment of neural functions.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Relationship between head orientation and torsional eye movements in goldfish during linear acceleration.

We analyzed torsional eye movements of normal goldfish during sinusoidal linear acceleration, altering the orientation of the fish on the linear accelerator in the yaw plane over a range of 90 degrees and in the pitch plane up to 30 degrees. We video-recorded changes of torsional eye movements associated with a body rotation in the yaw and pitch plane and analyzed them frame by frame. In normal fish, we observed clear torsional eye movements for stimuli of 0.1 G linear accelerations along the body axis in the horizontal position. Torsion occurred in the opposite direction of resultant force produced by linear acceleration and gravity. Though the amplitude of these compensatory responses increased with increasing magnitude of acceleration up to 0.5 G, the torsion angle did not fully compensate the angle calculated from gravity and linear acceleration. Furthermore, the torsion angle decreased as the longitudinal body axis deviated from the direction of linear acceleration. For the body axis perpendicular to the direction of acceleration, torsional eye movement was still observed. When we tilted the fish in the pitch plane, compensatory eye torsion occurred. The response amplitude to acceleration decreased for both head-up and head-down up to 30 degrees. These results suggested the existence of specific connections between the otolith organ and ocular muscles.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2000

Drinking in snakes: kinematic cycling and water transport.

Snakes are purported to drink by sucking water into their mouths and then compressing the oral cavity to force water into the oesophagus. Video recordings of drinking behaviour in 23 snakes representing 14 species from three families, combined with simultaneous recordings of water volumes consumed, show that all the snakes vary widely in the amount of water taken in when drinking. This variation is not correlated with kinematic events. Kinematic recordings and indirect measurements of water flow suggest that moving water into the mouth can be decoupled from the processes that move water into the oesophagus and that, infrequently, water may continue flowing into the mouth during both opening (suction) and closing (presumed compression) of the mouth. Drinking in snakes is not a simple, stereotyped behaviour. Different snake species differ in both drinking kinematics and water inflow patterns. Vertical excursions of the mandible are smallest in booids and larger, but highly variable, in different viperids and colubrids. Cyclic movements of the tongue seen in booids are not evident in viperids or colubrids. All the snakes usually take in water at rates far below their potential maximum rate. Although drinking is apparently achieved by suction, a single model cannot explain all water movement patterns in snakes. At a practical level, functional morphological studies of drinking in snakes (and possibly many other animals) must demonstrate that fluid flow actually correlates with kinematic events. Without such an empirical demonstration, interpretation of other measurements (pressure, movement, etc.) is unlikely to produce meaningful models.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Duration of intubation attempts during neonatal resuscitation.

OBJECTIVE: Since the American Academy of Pediatrics Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommends that intubation should be completed in approximately 20 seconds, we measured the duration of neonatal intubation attempts by different operators, using video recordings of neonatal resuscitations. STUDY DESIGN: We used an ongoing quality improvement program to measure the duration of intubation attempts. RESULTS: The mean duration for the 50 successful intubations, including 6 for meconium, was 27.3 seconds compared with 29.8 seconds for unsuccessful attempts (not significant). Fifteen infants were successfully intubated on each of the first and second attempts, 10 on the third attempt, and 10 required more than 3 attempts. The mean duration of successful intubation was 31.9 seconds for PL-1's, 27.5 seconds for PL-2/3's, and 23.6 seconds for fellows. Overall intubations were more successful for a duration of 30 seconds or less compared with 20 seconds or less (72% vs 38%; chi(2)=10.3, P=.001). No infant decompensated between 20 and 30 seconds. Ten successful and 12 failed attempts took longer than 40 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that a duration of 30 seconds is a reasonable guideline for neonatal intubation during resuscitation.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1989

Morphological dynamics of ureteral transport. I. Shape and volume of constituent urine fractions.

Ureteral transport was studied in 50 urinary systems by urography with video recording in the upright and recumbent positions using low-osmolality and high-osmolality contrast media. Morphometry and volumetry were applied to right urinary systems in which the urine-filled segments had a circular cross section at maximum peristaltic distension. The filling of the lumbar segment was composed of four fractions, each entering that segment by a specific mechanism: 1) the residual urine left behind by the preceding contraction ring, 2) the postcontraction injection from the pyelocalyceal system, 3) the extraperistaltic flow, and 4) the peristaltic injection produced by the pyelocalyceal contraction rings. The variations in the precontraction filling by fractions 1-3 and in the volume of fraction 4 gave rise to four types of transport. The junction between the lumbar and pelvic segments constituted a constant point of resistance to flow that prevented fractions 1-3 from entering the pelvic segment, the peristaltic injection into that segment being determined solely by the resistance at the junction and the volume of the bolus in the lumbar segment. Extraperistaltic flow to the bladder constituted a separate type of transport.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Road-edge delineation in rural areas: effects on driving behaviour.

When driving on lower-category Dutch rural roads without any delineation, drivers are likely to drift off the road with their right-side wheels, thus incurring damage to the pavement edge or even leading to accidents. In two experiments, two types of road-edge delineation, with continuous or dashed edge lines, were compared with two control roads without lines or with only a dashed line on the road axis. The first experiment consisted of non-obtrusive video recordings of passing traffic. Vehicle position on the experimental roads was more to the road's centre than on the control roads. The second experiment was a driving test with an instrumented vehicle, during daytime lighting and during darkness. Again, vehicle lateral position was more central on the experimental roads, especially during darkness. Subjects could safely pass oncoming vehicles. Driving speed increased on the experimental roads compared with the unlined control road, but not beyond speeds found on the axis-lined control road. Driver's mental effort while driving over the experimental roads did not differ from the effort while driving over the control roads. Subjectively rated effort was higher for the unlined control road than for the three other roads. Subjects preferred the edge-lined roads to the unlined control road, but not more than the axis-lined control road. It was concluded that edge-lines may provide a simple and effective way of inducing a more favourable lateral position on rural roads without having negative effects on subjective appraisal, driving performance or mental workload.

Automobile Driving↗

PubMed1988

The establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture.

By the end of the first week in culture, hippocampal neurons have established a single axon and several dendrites. These 2 classes of processes differ in their morphology, in their molecular composition, and in their synaptic polarity (Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, b; Caceres et al., 1984). We examined the events during the first week in culture that lead to the establishment of this characteristic form. Hippocampal cells were obtained from 18 d fetal rats, plated onto polylysine-treated coverslips, and maintained in a serum-free medium. The development of individual cells was followed by sequential photography at daily intervals until both axons and dendrites had been established; identification of the processes was confirmed by immunostaining for MAP2, a dendritic marker. Time-lapse video recording was used to follow the early stages of process formation. Hippocampal neurons acquired their characteristic form by a stereotyped sequence of developmental events. The cells first established several, apparently identical, short processes. After several hours, one of the short processes began to grow very rapidly; it became the axon. The remaining processes began to elongate a few days later and grew at a much slower rate. They became the cell's dendrites. Neurons that arose following mitosis in culture underwent this same sequence of developmental events. In a few instances, 2 processes from a cell exhibited the rapid growth typical of axons, but only one maintained this growth; the other retracted and became a dendrite. Axons branched primarily by the formation of collaterals, not by bifurcation of growth cones. As judged by light microscopy, processes are not specified as axons or dendrites when they arise. The first manifestation of neuronal polarity is the acquisition of axonal characteristics by one of the initial processes; subsequently the remaining processes become dendrites.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Enhancing sensitivity to facial expression of pain.

Clinicians have long appreciated the information communicated by a patient's facial expression. Advances in the measurement of facial movements, using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) have allowed for identification of a universal expression of pain, which is primarily encoded in four facial movements. While the FACS provides a rigorous assessment of facial expression, the time required to learn the system and to analyze the facial expression by use of slow motion video recording, makes its use impractical in the clinical setting. The purpose of this research was to examine whether exposure to a brief training procedure, based on orienting subjects to the four facial movements, would increase sensitivity to pain communicated by facial expression. Seventy-five occupational and physical therapy student volunteers were randomly assigned to training or control groups. The trained group was exposed to a 30-min training session. Both groups were then asked to rate a videotape of patients undergoing assessment of a painful shoulder and rate the amount of discomfort the patients appeared to be experiencing. Analyses indicated that the trained group was significantly more sensitive to subtle facial movements associated with low levels of pain. Relative to the patients' ratings, there was a tendency for raters to underestimate pain particularly when these were at a high level. The findings lend hope to the feasibility of developing a tool which would be clinically useful though this may be more difficult for observers judging more complex facial expressions associated with high levels of pain.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of filming on toothbrushing performance in uninstructed adults in north-east England.

Video recordings were obtained of 90 adults aged 18-22 yr brushing their teeth. Thirty subjects were unaware they were being filmed and 60 subjects had been informed that they would be filmed while they brushed their teeth. From repeated viewing of the tapes the areas of the mouth that were brushed, the total brushing time and the proportion of time spent brushing each of 16 areas of the mouth were obtained for each subject. Subjects who knew they were being filmed brushed significantly more mandibular occlusal surfaces, and lingual areas in both arches than subjects who were unaware they were being filmed. There was no significant difference in the mean toothbrushing time between the two groups. The informed group spent proportionally less time brushing posterior buccal areas and more time on occlusal and lingual areas than the group who were unaware they were being filmed, the difference being statistically significant for the mandibular arch areas. It was concluded that knowledge of filming alters toothbrushing behaviour to a small extent so that care should be taken when interpreting behavioural changes in future intervention studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Parent communication and child pain and distress during painful pediatric cancer treatments.

Children with cancer often consider treatment procedures to be more traumatic and painful than cancer itself. Previous research indicates that parents' behavior before and during painful medical procedures influences children's distress level. Understanding parents' naturally occurring communication patterns is essential to identifying families in need of an intervention to enhance coping and emotional well-being. Using the concept of definition of the situation from a symbolic interactionism theoretical framework, this study developed a typology of parent communication patterns and tested relationships between those patterns and children's responses to potentially painful treatment procedures. Analyses are based on video-recorded observations of 31 children and their primary parents (individuals functioning in a parenting role and serving as the primary familial caregivers during the observed procedure) in the USA during clinic visits for potentially painful pediatric oncology treatments. Four communication patterns emerged: normalizing, invalidating, supportive, and distancing. The most common communication patterns differed by clinic visit phase: normalizing during pre-procedure, supportive during procedure, and both distancing and supportive during post-procedure. Parents' communication also varied by procedure type. Supportive communication was most common during lumbar punctures; normalizing and distancing communication were most common during port starts. Six children (19.4%) experienced invalidation during at least one clinic visit phase. Analyses indicated that invalidated children experienced significantly more pain and distress than children whose parents used other communication patterns. This typology provides a theoretical approach to understanding previous research and offers a framework for the continuing investigation of the influence of parents' communication during potentially painful pediatric oncology procedures.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of tackle parameters on the propensity for injury in international football.

PURPOSE: To understand how tackling leads to injury in football, to develop a framework for classifying tackles, and to identify tackles with the greatest propensity to cause injury. METHOD: Video recordings of 123 matches in three FIFA tournaments were used to identify tackling parameters. Team physicians prepared reports of postmatch medical attention to players. RESULTS: Tackles from the side were twice as likely to require postmatch medical attention as tackles from behind. Injuries to the head/neck of tackled and tackling players and the torso of tackling players were more likely to receive on-pitch medical attention than other injuries. Injuries to the foot for tackled and tackling players and the lower leg and thigh for tackling players were less likely to receive on-pitch medical attention than other injuries. Tackles with the greatest propensity for causing injury involved clash of heads and two-footed tackles for tackled players and clash of heads, two-footed tackles, jumping vertically, and tackles from the side for tackling players. CONCLUSION: The laws of football relating to tackling should be reviewed to provide greater protection from injury by reducing the overall level of risk and, in particular, by protecting players from tackles with the highest propensity for causing injury.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2004

Waveform dynamics of spermatozeugmata during the transfer from paternal to maternal individuals of Membranipora membranacea.

Analysis of standard (60 frames/s) and high-speed (200 frames/s) video records revealed that unencapsulated sperm aggregates (spermatozeugmata) of the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea spontaneously generate at least three types of waveforms: small amplitude, large amplitude, and reverse. All three waveforms significantly differed from one another in amplitude. Additionally, small- and large-amplitude waveforms propagated from the base to the tip of axonemes, whereas the reverse waveform propagated from the tip to the base of axonemes. Small-amplitude waveforms, which were generated most frequently by spermatozeugmata in the paternal perivisceral coelom and in the water column after spawning, produced almost no curvature of the axoneme. Large-amplitude waveforms were produced by spermatozeugmata in the water column and within lophophores. Reverse waveforms were produced while spermatozeugmata moved tail-end forward through the paternal tentacles during spawning and after spermatozeugmata had contacted the intertentacular organ (ITO), a tubular structure that spermatozeugmata pass through to enter the maternal coelom and that eggs pass through to enter the seawater. The production of reverse waveforms by spermatozeugmata after reaching the ITO may be evidence for a behavioral response of bryozoan sperm to conspecific maternal individuals.

Animals↗