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PubMed1990

Intestinal morphometry and bile acid-induced mucosal injury in chronic experimental renal failure.

To examine whether the intestinal mucosa in uremia is more prone to injury, we studied acute intestinal mucosal injury in rats with experimental chronic renal failure (RF) and sham-operated and starved control animals. Intestinal injury was produced by perfusing intestinal segments in vivo with 5 mmol/L chenodeoxycholic acid. Histologic specimens were then taken from the proximal and distal perfused and unperfused intestinal segments. Quantitative morphometry was done with computerized image analysis, and samples of the unperfused intestine were assayed for protein and DNA content. Chronic RF did not significantly affect the functional or morphologic injury caused by chenodeoxycholic acid. However, it was noted that RF rats had consistently taller villi and deeper crypts in all the samples studied. The protein content and the ratio of DNA to protein was similar among the three groups. The mechanism of the increase in villus height and crypt depth in the RF rats was not related to increases in tissue water content or to alterations in protein or DNA content, and the mechanism thus remains unexplained. This study clearly demonstrates, however, that the intestinal mucosa of rats with chronic renal insufficiency is not more susceptible to mucosal injury by bile acids than is the mucosa of appropriate control animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Using analytical morphometry to distinguish severe dysplasia and large bowel carcinoma.

The aim of the present paper is to find analytical parameters to distinguish severe dysplasia from cancer. A population of 150 nuclei was selected randomly from: 5 cases of large bowel carcinoma, 5 cases of adenomatous polyps with severe dysplasia--according to Kozuka's criteria--(without any reference to the architecture: tubular, tubulo-villous and villous) and 5 cases of normal mucosa as control. The files of the coordinates of the nuclear contours were submitted to the S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) work-station, which produces quantitative parameters (area, perimeter, maximum diameter and Roundness Factor) as well as analytical shape-descriptors. The latter were extracted by the S.A.E. (Shape Asymmetry Evaluator) procedure, which evaluates the symmetry of each contour studied, and by Fourier harmonic analysis which breaks up each curve into a defined set of harmonics which are then used to perform statistical tests. In the comparison between normal and severe dysplastic nuclei, normal and carcinomatous nuclei and severe dysplastic and carcinomatous nuclei univariate statistical evaluation (Student t test) proved to be highly significant for the most of the analytical parameters.

Biometry↗

PubMed1990

Nuclear morphometry as a prognostic indicator in colorectal carcinoma resected for cure.

The prognostic value of nuclear morphometry in addition to clinical and pathologic features was retrospectively studied in 64 cases of colorectal carcinoma resected for cure with a minimum of five years of follow-up. By univariate analysis, patient outcome was found to correlate with the presence of serosal involvement (P = .003), the presence of lymph node involvement (P = .01), the number of involved lymph nodes (P = .0001) and the mean nuclear area (P = .02). With multivariate analysis, only the number of involved lymph nodes significantly correlated with the survival (P = .0001). In a subsequent multivariate model expressing lymph node status as the presence or absence of metastasis, the presence or absence of serosal involvement and the mean nuclear area were both found to independently correlate with the outcome (P = .003 and P = .02, respectively). Linear regression analysis revealed significant colinearity between the mean nuclear area and the number of involved lymph nodes (P = .03). Accelerated failure time models based on determination of serosal involvement and then either specification of the number of involved lymph nodes or calculation of the mean nuclear area were of comparable predictive value to the determination of the number of involved lymph nodes alone. The former appeared to be better at identifying a subgroup of patients with good prognosis. This study demonstrates that two or more models based on pathologic features may be of comparable predictive value in colorectal carcinoma resected for cure, including models that incorporate mean nuclear area.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1990

Computer assisted efficiency testing of different sampling methods for selective nuclear graphic tablet morphometry.

Selective nuclear graphic tablet morphometry is widely employed as a useful tool in quantitative pathological assessments. The value of such a measuring system is strongly determined by the sampling rule that has to ensure high measurement precision with minimal effort. Therefore, the efficiency of four different random sampling methods (i.e., the pure "random," "zone," "at convenience," and "raster" methods) was tested by means of computer simulated sampling in nuclear study populations derived from histological sections of three endometrial hyperplasias and nine endometrial carcinomas. The 12 nuclear study populations each consisted of 1000 intact nuclei that were systematically measured within demarcated measurement fields by an experienced morphometrist. To attain an arbitrarily chosen measurement precision of 2.5% the computer simulations showed that the random and the raster methods required much smaller sample sizes than the zone and at convenience methods. By using the random and raster methods for assessment of the nuclear area, a maximal sample size of 200 nuclei was necessary, whereas the zone and at convenience methods mostly required more than 200 nuclei. For features such as the perimeter, longest axis, shortest axis, and two shape factors (form-PE and roundness), and the same level of precision, the sample size could be considerably smaller. The differences in efficiency can be explained by the existence of clustering and gradients in the value distribution of a nuclear feature within the measurement field. In contrast to the zone and at convenience methods, the random and raster methods sample nuclei from the entire measurement field and thus do not limit sampling to only a few larger areas within that field. Consequently, the latter two sampling methods cope better with an uneven spatial distribution in the magnitude of a nuclear feature and can thereby help to keep the measurement reproducibility high.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1990

[Evaluation of skull vault asymmetry using methods of analytical morphometry].

Some vertical frontal C.A.T. sections of 8 skull vaults were studied in evaluating shape asymmetry between left and right curves. Every profile was normalized by subdividing in 120 points and standardized by positioning the sagittal line of skull vault profile parallel to the ordinate axis of a Cartesian system. After these procedures, we tried to detect the asymmetry. In order to achieve these results we used a procedure that we named "Janus", a subset of S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) software system, giving an artificial close curve by the mirror composition of left and right cranial vault profiles to match each other. This match was performed by a parabolic fitting for a standard positioning. The procedure was able to split the whole asymmetry information into the isometric and allometric components. We tried to detect allometry in terms of direction and versus with a numerical evaluator of its magnitude; this description was properly a vector. In this pilot study by using 24 sections, we found 20 left and 4 right predominance, expressed time by time by isometry, allometry or both.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Quantitative evaluation of myocardial injury induced by acute cerebral ischaemia and its prevention by beta 1-adrenergic blockade. An ultrastructural morphometry study.

The protective effects of beta 1-adrenergic blockade with metoprolol (Betaloc Astra) were demonstrated in the gerbil model of myocardial injury provoked by acute ischaemic brain lesions. The myocardial injury was reversible and lipid droplet accumulation was its most striking morphological feature. These droplets were easy to measure in EM photographs and their size was expressed as percentage of sarcoplasmic volume. The EM data of fat accumulation were compared in hearts of carotid-ligated animals with and without metoprolol pretreatment, and in animals with the carotid isolated only, at standard intervals 3-48 h after operation. While in carotid-ligated-only animals the average myocardial fat contents rose to a peak of 1.9% at 10 h, in metoprolol pretreated animals the amount of fat was always significantly lower and started to return earlier to basal values (peak at 6 h, 1.1%). In carotid-isolated-only animals, fat accumulation peaked at 6-10 h (1.1%) and returned quickly to normal levels (0.34 +/- 0.18%). This effective pharmacological blockade with metoprolol strongly supports the concept of catecholamine mediation between acute intracranial lesions and myocardial injury. The background and significance of myocardial fat accumulation is discussed. The EM morphometry of fat droplets appears to be a suitable tool for quantification of reversible myocardial damage most useful for experimental evaluation of cardioprotective measures. As changes in succinic dehydrogenase histochemistry (from 'myofibrillar' to 'granular' pattern) correlated with EM measured fat accumulation, the simplicity and speed of the SDH method recommends itself for fast orientation about presence of myocardial damage.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1989

[Morphometry of the kidney. Applied study in urology and imaging].

A morphometric study was made on 100 human kidneys obtained by necropsies from 50 cadavers without renal pathology and ranging in age from 16 of 60 years (32.0 +/- 12.1 years). The results of the renal measures showed the following averages: length (right kidney 10.97 cm; left kidney = 11.21.cm), Width of the superior pole (right kidney = 6.40 cm; left kidney = 6.48 cm), width of the inferior pole (right kidney = 5.59 cm; left kidney = 5.39 cm), thickness (right kidney = 3.21 cm; left kidney = 3.37 cm). Left kidney presented usually greater length, greater width and greater thickness than right kidney. There are positive relations between several measures of the renal morphometry. Allometric method was used in order to study the correlation renal length vs body length and to make the curves.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Echographic morphometry of the fetal septum pellucidum in term pregnancy and in cases of congenital malformations].

The echographic morphometry of the fetal cerebral cranium includes a series of measurements and structural evaluation of the most important anatomical formation of the central nervous system (cns). Echographic anatomical relations of septum pellucidum were studied antenatally in 43 physiologically progressing pregnancies at term as well as in 13 pregnancies with congenital malformations of the fetus during the second and third trimester. It was established that at term pregnancy the transverse measurement of septum pellucidum reached values, forming 8.28-8.93% of the value of the fetal biparietal diameter. Its morphological examination proved that it has rectangular form during scanning of the fetal cranium at the level of "thalamus", interrupting the middle echo of the dividing line between the I and II thirds. In the group of pregnancies with malformations this structure was not discovered in neither case with congenital anomaly of cns as well as in cases with multiple malformative syndromes, involving intracranial content. The role of this parameter in early prenatal diagnosis of malformative fetopathies is discussed.

Congenital Abnormalities↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized interactive morphometry of brushing cytology specimens.

Forty-two bronchial brushing cytology specimens were evaluated by a video-based computerized interactive morphometry (CIM) system with an interactive peripheral consisting of a touch-sensitive screen mounted over a high-resolution video monitor. The system was programmed to allow a trained observer to rapidly measure nuclear and cytoplasmic profile diameters of randomly selected cells and to calculate their nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios. The specimens included 13 cytologic slides with no malignant cells present, 14 with non-small cell carcinoma cells and 15 with small cell carcinoma cells. The cases were divided into two groups: a training set composed of slides with "known diagnosis" and a test set of slides with "unknown diagnosis". A data set was constructed with the measurements from the cases with "known diagnosis," and an algorithm that allowed the classification of cases by hierarchical analysis was developed. The data was also analyzed with statistical methods of classificatory discriminant analysis. Utilizing the information in the data base, the slides with "unknown diagnosis" were classified individually; all cases were correctly classified by the procedures. Potential applications of CIM in cytology are discussed.

Bronchi↗

PubMed1989

Ultrastructural morphometry distinguishes Burkitt's-like lymphomas from neuroendocrine neoplasms: useful criteria applied to the evaluation of a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm of the nasal cavity masquerading as Burkitt's-like lymphoma.

The present study describes the potential usefulness of ultrastructural morphometry in diagnosis. Ultrastructural morphometric criteria were applied to the evaluation of a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm of the nasal cavity that was initially thought to be a Burkitt's-like lymphoma (BLL). Although the nasal lesion in question failed to stain with over 50 cell lineage-relevant antibodies, it did stain for vimentin (an intermediate filament protein) and Ki-67 (a nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation). Routine electron microscopy revealed a primitive neoplasm with abundant cytoplasmic lipid droplets and sparse dense granules with no intercellular junctions. Treatment options, which included extensive facial surgery, prompted more study. Tissue processed for the uranaffin reaction revealed sparse uranaffin-positive granules indicating the presence of true neurosecretory granules. An ultrastructural morphometric analysis of the neoplastic nuclei of this patient placed the tumor outside the morphometric domains for BLLs (18 cases) and neuroblastomas (11 cases) and within the morphometric domain of neuroendocrine carcinomas (9 cases). A greater mean standard deviation (P less than 0.05) and mean coefficient of variation (P less than 0.02) of nuclear perimeter in the neuroendocrine (NE) group related to the BLL group indicated greater nuclear pleomorphism within the NE group as illustrated in bivariate graphic displays. The possible origin of the neoplasm within the nasal mucosa is discussed.

Burkitt Lymphoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The vascular morphometry of some brain stem parts.

With the view of following the vascular system of the cerebral trunk, there have been simultaneously injected coloured tracers combined with radio-opaque substances and radio-isotopes (32P, 22Ca) by intravital perfusion to 130 animals (dogs, rabbits and rats). The macro- and microscopical vasculature of the human brain stem was studied on 30 specimens of adults and children. The angioarchitecture of the diverse parts and sectors of the brain stem was studied as a whole in tetraline transparentised preparations and on histological section in comparison with the microradiographies and to incorporation of radioisotopes. A particular attention has been given to the irrigation of hypoglossal nuclei, the bulbar oliva, and the pontopeduncular region, all being zones with multiple sources of vascularization. The vascular morphometry has been macro- and microscopically performed, the data being worked out mathematically-statistically by computing some hemodynamical indices in order to estimate the circulation in different zones of the brain stem.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Ultrastructural computerized morphometry of platelets in chronic myelogenous leukemia making use of ultra-thin sections and freeze-fracture procedure. A preliminary approach.

Biochemical and morphological data have shown that the circulating platelets are deeply altered in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. In this report we describe the results of ultrastructural morphometry performed by means of a computerized device of the platelet shape (ultra-thin sectioned platelets) and of the platelet plasma-membrane (freeze-fractured platelets). Platelets appeared deeply modified: reduced mean platelet area and perimeter, increased surface density of the openings of the surface connected canalicular system, abnormal features of the platelet cytoplasm and some aspects of platelets joined together even if with heterogeneity in these findings did appear from patient to patient.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Ultrastructural morphometry on human parathyroid tissue. Morphological and functional implications.

Ultrastructural morphometry was performed on human parathyroid tissue from adenomas in chronic and acute (pernicious) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) including contralateral atrophic glands with the aim to compare the observed alterations with the corresponding clinico-functional findings. Quantitative assessment of various cell organelles, nucleus and cell perimeter revealed that significant correlations between ultrastructural features and laboratory parameters were only calculable by regarding extreme ranges of functional stages, i.e. adenomas of acute HPT (hyperparathyroid crisis) and contralateral atrophic glands. In chief cells of chronic HPT there was an inhomogeneity of measurements due to the disparate composition of the adenomatous tissue. Our results show that large complex lipid bodies and extensive accumulations of glycogen are valuable indicators of a functionally suppressed chief cell in atrophic parathyroid glands. An increased number of coated pits and vesicles is amongst other features (increase in size or number of Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleus and nucleolus as well as extension of the plasma membrane) characteristic of an endocrine stimulation.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1988

[Morphometry using computerized tomography of the wrist in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Comparison of pre- and postoperative findings].

Alteration of carpal morphometry after surgical release of the carpal tunnel was investigated in 22 patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, using pre- and postoperative computed tomography. The morphometric evaluation showed an increase in carpal volume which was due to a palmar soft-tissue prolapse in 90% and to an increase of the carpal arch cross sectional area in about 10%. The carpal tunnel release caused a palmar opening of the canal most commonly at the pisiform bone. There was also a variation in form and an increase in volume of Guyon's canal. The results are discussed and related to the postoperative complaints.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Neocortical morphometry and cholinergic neurochemistry in Pick's disease.

With a computerized image-analysis apparatus for neocortical morphometry and chemical methods for evaluation of the cholinergic system, five brain specimens of Pick's disease (PD) were studied and the results compared to those from specimens of age-matched normal subjects and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The PD specimens showed major reductions in brain weight, frontal and temporal cortical thickness, and large neuron populations, compared with controls. Lesser reductions were seen in small neurons and thickness of the inferior parietal cortex. The authors found no relationship between age of onset or disease duration and either the degree of cortical thinning or neuron loss or the number of Pick bodies in the neocortex and hippocampus. PD specimens were more atrophic than AD brains, having lower brain weights and more fronto-temporal thinning. Large neurons were comparably reduced in the two conditions in the frontal and temporal lobes, but small neuron losses were greater in the PD midfrontal area. Only the AD cases showed loss of large neurons in the inferior parietal region. Levels of choline acetyltransferase were normal in PD and reduced in AD, whereas muscarinic receptor binding was decreased in both.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Extracellular matrix vesicle distribution in primary mineralization two weeks after injury to rat tibial bone (ultrastructural tissue morphometry).

Primary mineralization on the 14th day of bone healing served as a model to study the distribution of extracellular matrix vesicles by means of transmission electron microscopy combined with computerized morphometry. Vesicles were traced on electron micrographs and classified according to diameter, distance from the calcified front, and type. The different types were determined as follows: electron-lucent vesicles ("empty"), vesicles with amorphous contents ("amorphic"), vesicles containing crystalline depositions ("crystal"), and vesicles with crystals and ruptured membranes ("rupture"). The majority of the vesicles measured between 0.02 and 0.07 micron and were located at a distance of less than 3 micron from the calcified front. They were distributed according to "empty", "amorphic", "crystal" and "rupture" type in concentrations of 10%, 31%, 51% and 8%, respectively. The diameters of the "rupture" vesicles were significantly larger than those of the "empty" and "amorphic" types. The sequence of their location, starting at the calcified front, ran as follows: "rupture", "crystal", "amorphic" and "empty", with the "rupture" type proximate to the front. According to the working hypothesis on calcification via extracellular matrix vesicles, it is thought that the "empty" vesicles are secreted by the cell and that subsequently amorphous Ca and Pi accumulate intravesicularly to form a hydroxyapatite crystal which, in turn, brings about rupture of the vesicle's membrane. The results of the present study support this theory and, additionally, show that the maturation process is accompanied by an increase of the vesicular diameter and by its approximation to the calcifying front.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized interactive morphometry as an aid in the diagnosis of pleural effusions.

A morphometric study of cytologic preparations from patients with benign and malignant (mesothelioma and carcinoma) pleural effusions is reported. The routine cytologic smears from these specimens were studied with a new system of video-based computerized interactive morphometry (CIM) that allows the measurements of real-time images of cell profiles by the simple procedure of touching the two extreme points of a diameter of interest on a touch-sensitive screen. For each cell, the nuclear profile diameter (NPD) and the cytoplasmic profile diameter (CPD) are measured and categorized into classes with 2-microns intervals; the NPD/CPD ratio is also calculated. The mean NPD is calculated for the specimen after measurement of 100 cells. The data were interpreted by two independent methods: a statistical method of discriminant analysis that classifies the lesions as benign, carcinoma or mesothelioma and provides a probability statement of membership in a particular diagnostic class and an ad-hoc algorithm that categorizes the effusions as benign or malignant based on hierarchic analysis. A data base derived from study of the first 24 cases was constructed and utilized for the test classification of the second 24 cases, which were treated as specimens of unknown diagnosis. The discriminant analysis correctly classified 21 of the 24 test cases into their proper diagnostic groups. The algorithm for a computer-generated pathologic diagnosis correctly identified 47 of the 48 cases as benign or malignant. The technical advantages of video-based CIM over the existing morphometric methods are discussed.

Carcinoma↗

PubMed1987

Lymphocyte nuclear morphology in diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Comparative morphometry of normal lymphoid tissues, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease.

Precise morphologic data on the relationship of diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DWDLL) to other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are lacking in current classifications of lymphomas. Morphometry of plastic-embedded tissues describes details of the mean nuclear parameters and distribution of lymphocyte-types in 14 cases of DWDLL in nodal and extranodal sites. The results indicate that the proportion of small (unstimulated or nontransformed) lymphocytes in DWDLL varies from 50% to 86%. The mean nuclear area of small lymphocytes in DWDLL is either within the size range or somewhat smaller, and many examples are more irregular in shape, than the small lymphocytes in germinal centers that are morphologically comparable with the majority of lymphocytes in DWDLL and mantle zones. The morphologic relationship of DWDLL to other NHLs, Hodgkin's disease, and paracortical, mantle, and germinal center lymphocytes in lymphoid-reactive hyperplasia was established by morphometric analysis of the nuclear profiles of small lymphocytes. The small (nontransformed) lymphocytes in those subtypes of NHL other than DWDLL have abnormally small and more irregular nuclear profiles than those in normal small lymphocytes, or the small-lymphocyte population of Hodgkin's disease. Such findings may be of diagnostic significance to pathologists.

Biopsy↗