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PubMed1985

[The prosector and his position in the hierarchy of anatomical institutions as shown especially in anatomical departments in Berlin, Halle, Leipzig, Rostock and Greifswald].

In the course of history of anatomy the prosector (dissector, incisor, secant, sculptor, procurator) held total different positions: at first he acted as a manual craftsman (barber surgeon) and as teacher's assistant lacking any academic education (organized in fraternities or guilds). In the epoch of Vesalius he became an anatomist who was dissecting and demonstrating as well as teaching. The statements are explained by examples from the universities in Bologna, Paris, Padua, Vienna, Leipzig, Greifswald, Basle and Strasbourg. Further, a short history of the prosector and his position in anatomical institutions is shown for 5 German anatomical departments and universities respectively, which are situated at the territory of the today's GDR. Variations in the evolution are caused by the different social-economic structure of the then sovereign German countries (Prussia, Saxonia, Mecklenbourg and Pomerania). Since the ending of 19th century there were called 1st and 2nd prosectors as a result of the differentiation of medical science and of the partition of anatomy into macroscopic and microscopic-embryologic subfields. From the middle of the 20th century the position of the prosector were abolished. Nearly all prosectors later became extraordinary and ordinary professors of anatomy as well as directors of some institutes. In general, the prosectors have formed the history of anatomy quite essentially.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1979

[Dynamics and outcome of obsessive neuroses with onset in childhood and adolescence in the light of follow-up studies].

A total of 52 patients (28 males and 24 females from 16.5 to 21.5 years of age) observed in childhood because of obsessional neuroses were studied. All the studied cases were divided into 3 groups: patients with obsessional movements and actions, patients with obsessional fears and patients with obsessions of the mixed type. Follow-up studies of the patients demonstrated that the prognosis of obsessional states with an onset in childhood and adolescency should not be based only on the duration of the disease. It depends on the combination of a number of factors: the clinical form of neuroses, type of development, traits of the "basis", stage of psychophysical development, determing evolution of the disease and degree of social adaptation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Social and economic factors in malnourished children around Lusaka, Zambia.

Three hundred and sixty malnourished children were admitted to one of the units of the Children's Hospital, UTH, Lusaka, in 1975. They were studied in an effort to determine the effects of various social, economic and feeding habits in the evolution of PCM. Malnutrition was found in 9.1% of the total admissions and was associated with a high immediate mortality (26.6%). The majority of children were in the 7 months to 24 months age-group. The majority of families were unitary and small, with a high level of illiteracy and from the slums of Lusaka. Breast feeding was a general rule in spite of the urban status of most families. The study showed that the major factors which contributed to malnutrition were poverty and faulty weaning foods. Results were compared with other studies in Africa and India. Incidence of malnutrition can be reduced by increasing the economic level of the community and improving basic health services.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Social parasitism by male-producing reproductive workers in a eusocial insect.

The evolution of extreme cooperation, as found in eusocial insects (those with a worker caste), is potentially undermined by selfish reproduction among group members. In some eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), workers can produce male offspring from unfertilized eggs. Kin selection theory predicts levels of worker reproduction as a function of the relatedness structure of the workers' natal colony and the colony-level costs of worker reproduction. However, the theory has been only partially successful in explaining levels of worker reproduction. Here we show that workers of a eusocial bumble bee (Bombus terrestris) enter unrelated, conspecific colonies in which they then produce adult male offspring, and that such socially parasitic workers reproduce earlier and are significantly more reproductive and aggressive than resident workers that reproduce within their own colonies. Explaining levels of worker reproduction, and hence the potential of worker selfishness to undermine the evolution of cooperation, will therefore require more than simply a consideration of the kin-selected interests of resident workers. It will also require knowledge of the full set of reproductive options available to workers, including intraspecific social parasitism.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Corporate welfare: the third stage of welfare in the United States.

Corporate involvement in social welfare represents a third stage in the evolution of welfare institutions in the United States, following the voluntary sector and the welfare state. An examination of the largest health and welfare corporations reveals rapid growth and consolidation in all markets--nursing homes, hospital management, health maintenance organizations, child care, and home care. The author considers the implications of continued expansion of corporate welfare for social workers and their clients.

Health Facilities↗
PubMed2005

Evolutionary pathways in shorebird breeding systems: sexual conflict, parental care, and chick development.

Sexual selection, mating opportunities, and parental behavior are interrelated, although the specific nature of these relationships is controversial. Two major hypotheses have been suggested. The parental investment hypothesis states that the relative parental investment of the sexes drives the operation of sexual selection. Thus, the sex that invests less in offspring care competes more intensely and monopolizes access to mates. The sexual conflict hypothesis proposes that sexual selection (the competition among both males and females for mates), mating opportunities, and parental behavior are interrelated and predicts a feedback loop between mating systems and parental care. Here we test both hypotheses using a comprehensive dataset of shorebirds, a maximum-likelihood statistical technique, and a recent supertree of extant shorebirds and allies. Shorebirds are an excellent group for these analyses because they display unique variation in parental care and social mating system. First, we show that chick development constrains the evolution of both parental care and mate competition, because transitions toward more precocial offspring preceded transitions toward reduced parental care and social polygamy. Second, changes in care and mating systems respond to one another, most likely because both influenced and are influenced by mating opportunities. Taken together, our results are more consistent with the sexual conflict hypothesis than the parental investment hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The Primary Care for the Underserved Conference as a building block to social capital: impact on practice, research, and education.

A previous article traced the evolution of the Primary Care for the Underserved Conference into a new professional culture (Beauchesne & Patsdaughter, 2005). This article focuses on the relevance of the conference series as a building block of social capital. The authors critically examine the impact of the conference on health care practice, research, and education. The authors analyze two sources of data (conference evaluation and email surveys) using a descriptive, qualitative approach. Findings support the conference as a significant source of social capital for health professionals. The article includes an exemplar describing the impact of this conference on individual practitioners.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Learning, climate and the evolution of cultural capacity.

Patterns of environmental variation influence the utility, and thus evolution, of different learning strategies. I use stochastic, individual-based evolutionary models to assess the relative advantages of 15 different learning strategies (genetic determination, individual learning, vertical social learning, horizontal/oblique social learning, and contingent combinations of these) when competing in variable environments described by 1/f noise. When environmental variation has little effect on fitness, then genetic determinism persists. When environmental variation is large and equal over all time-scales ("white noise") then individual learning is adaptive. Social learning is advantageous in "red noise" environments when variation over long time-scales is large. Climatic variability increases with time-scale, so that short-lived organisms should be able to rely largely on genetic determination. Thermal climates usually are insufficiently red for social learning to be advantageous for species whose fitness is very determined by temperature. In contrast, population trajectories of many species, especially large mammals and aquatic carnivores, are sufficiently red to promote social learning in their predators. The ocean environment is generally redder than that on land. Thus, while individual learning should be adaptive for many longer-lived organisms, social learning will often be found in those dependent on the populations of other species, especially if they are marine. This provides a potential explanation for the evolution of a prevalence of social learning, and culture, in humans and cetaceans.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Play and the evolution of fairness: a game theory model.

Bekoff [J. Consci. Stud. 8 (2001) 81] argued that mammalian social play is a useful behavioral phenotype on which to concentrate in order to learn more about the evolution of fairness. Here, we build a game theoretical model designed to formalize some of the ideas laid out by Bekoff, and to examine whether 'fair' strategies can in fact be evolutionarily stable. The models we present examine fairness at two different developmental stages during an individual's ontogeny, and hence we create four strategies-fair at time 1/fair at time 2, not fair at time 1/not fair at time 2, fair at time 1/not fair at time 2, not fair at time 1/fair at time 2. Our results suggest that when considering species where fairness can be expressed during two different developmental stages, acting fairly should be more common than never acting fairly. In addition, when no one strategy was evolutionarily stable, we found that all four strategies we model can coexist at evolutionary equilibrium. Even in the absence of an overwhelming database from which to test our model, the general predictions we make have significant implications for the evolution of fairness.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Molecular phylogeny analysis of fiddler crabs: test of the hypothesis of increasing behavioral complexity in evolution.

The current phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution and biogeography of fiddler crabs relies on the assumption that complex behavioral traits are assumed to also be evolutionary derived. Indo-west Pacific fiddler crabs have simpler reproductive social behavior and are more marine and were thought to be ancestral to the more behaviorally complex and more terrestrial American species. It was also hypothesized that the evolution of more complex social and reproductive behavior was associated with the colonization of the higher intertidal zones. Our phylogenetic analysis, based upon a set of independent molecular characters, however, demonstrates how widely entrenched ideas about evolution and biogeography led to a reasonable, but apparently incorrect, conclusion about the evolutionary trends within this pantropical group of crustaceans. Species bearing the set of "derived traits" are phylogenetically ancestral, suggesting an alternative evolutionary scenario: the evolution of reproductive behavioral complexity in fiddler crabs may have arisen multiple times during their evolution. The evolution of behavioral complexity may have arisen by coopting of a series of other adaptations for high intertidal living and antipredator escape. A calibration of rates of molecular evolution from populations on either side of the Isthmus of Panama suggest a sequence divergence rate for 16S rRNA of 0.9% per million years. The divergence between the ancestral clade and derived forms is estimated to be approximately 22 million years ago, whereas the divergence between the American and Indo-west Pacific is estimated to be approximately 17 million years ago.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Social health and the forgiving heart: the Type B story.

The evolution of the Type A hypothesis is well documented. The protective corresponding Type B construct has not evolved similarly. Using experiences from Friedman's Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project, on a speculative basis, four neglected protective processes are examined: uniqueness/self-esteem/autonomy, forgiveness, sociability, and "causal" wisdom attributions. A more integrative set of questions is proposed to expand our knowledge of adaptive fitness and success.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Emotional disorders in evolutionary perspective.

Understanding emotional disorders requires understanding the evolutionary origins and functions of normal emotions. They are special states, shaped by natural selection to adjust various aspects of the organism in ways that have tended to give a selective advantage in the face of the adaptive challenges characteristic of a particular kind of situation. They are designed to maximize reproductive success, not happiness. Negative emotions such as anxiety and low mood are not disorders, but, like the capacity for pain, evolved defences. Excessive anxiety or low mood is abnormal, but we will not have confidence about what is excessive until we understand their functions better than we do. Emotional disorders arise often from social emotions because of the conflicts inherent in social life, and because of the strategic advantages of demonstrating commitments to follow through on threats and promises. An evolutionary understanding of individuals in terms of their relationship strategies and the social emotions offers great promise for psychotherapists.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2004

Behavioural structuring of relatedness in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) suggests direct fitness benefits of clan-level cooperation.

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are gregarious carnivores that live in multigenerational social groups, called clans, containing one to several matrilines. Members of multiple matrilines within a clan cooperate during dangerous interactions with inter- and intraspecific competitors. The evolution of cooperation may be influenced by relatedness between individuals, which in turn is influenced by reproductive skew and mate choice, dispersal and territorial behaviours. Behavioural data exist for spotted hyenas, but corresponding data on patterns of relatedness are unavailable; this lack of data makes it difficult to assess the relative importance of selection pressures favouring cooperative behaviour within and among groups. Therefore we conducted a longitudinal analysis of relatedness within a single large clan of spotted hyenas, as well as a cross-sectional analysis of relatedness among hyenas from multiple clans. Within a clan, patterns of relatedness reflected known pedigree relationships, and relatedness was higher within than among matrilines, even across generations. Although mean within-matriline relatedness varied among matrilines, it did not decline with matriline rank. On average, clan members were not related closely, due to high levels of male-mediated gene flow among clans, and relatedness declined very slightly across clan borders. Low mean relatedness within clans suggests that spotted hyenas cooperate with unrelated clan-mates against close paternal kin in other clans. Our data also suggest that spotted hyenas must derive large net direct fitness benefits from group living and cooperation.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Social insects.

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Animal Communication↗