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PubMed2002

Body image, teasing, and mood alterations: an experimental study of exposure to negative verbal commentary.

OBJECTIVE: In the current study, we sought to experimentally examine the influence of teasing on an individual's mood and body satisfaction by using a vicarious exposure strategy-written appearance-based scenarios in which another female is the target of teasing comments. METHOD: Female college students read vignettes that involved either a female receiving a comment from another person regarding some aspect of her appearance or abilities. Two of the eight vignettes in both conditions involved some type of positive comment regarding appearance or abilities. Three visual analogue scales (depression, anger, anxiety), one Subjective Units of Discomfort rating, and one Likert-scaled appearance satisfaction rating were used to assess mood and body image levels consequent to exposure to the written scenarios. Dispositional measures of personal teasing history, appearance evaluation, and level of eating disturbance were regressed onto mood, SUDS, and satisfaction ratings. RESULTS: The results revealed that negative appearance and abilities scenes elicited moderate levels of mood disturbance when compared to positive vignettes. Regression analyses indicated that level of eating disturbance was the only consistent significant predictor for both appearance and abilities' scenarios, even after variance accounted for by empathy and self-esteem had been removed. DISCUSSION: Potential limitations of these findings are discussed along with indications for future experimental examinations of negative verbal commentary.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychopathology and body image in cosmetic surgery patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of psychiatric symptoms and evaluate the perceptive, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of body image in cosmetic surgery patients. These parameters of 20 cosmetic patients and of 20 control patients matched for age, gender, education, and marital status who attended the general surgery department for minor surgery were compared in a cross-sectional design. Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and The Multi-Dimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire were administered to both groups. No significant difference was determined in the rates of psychopathology of the patient and control groups. Scales assessing self-image did not indicate any significant difference between the groups. Four (20%) of the cosmetic patients, however, were diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder according to DSM-IV. Cosmetic patients were usually defensive towards psychological evaluations. A wide range of diversity was determined in the psychiatric evaluation of the cosmetic patient group. While some patients exhibited healthy psychological traits, some had severe depressive disorder or nearly psychotic somatic preoccupations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Eating disorder symptoms and body image concerns in Iran: comparisons between Iranian women in Iran and in America.

OBJECTIVE: Rates of eating disorder symptoms were compared between Iranian women living in Iran and Iranian women living in America, in order to assess the impact of Western culture on eating disorders. Women in Iran are mandated by law to cover their bodies with a long veil or overcoat and they have little legal exposure to Western culture and media. METHOD: Fifty-nine female Iranian students living in Tehran and 45 female students of Iranian descent living in Los Angeles were surveyed with the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire and the Figure Rating Scale. RESULTS: Few differences were found between participants in the two samples, despite ample power to detect them. Participants in Iran reported as much disordered eating as participants who had immigrated to America. DISCUSSION: Neither exposure to Western media nor acculturation to Western norms appeared to be related to symptoms of disordered eating and body image concerns in this sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The nature of body image disturbance in patients with binge eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the distinction between body dissatisfaction and self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight, and their longitudinal relationships to depressive symptomatology and self-esteem in patients with binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD: Ninety-seven patients with BED completed measures tapping these constructs at baseline and again 4 weeks later. RESULTS: Change in body dissatisfaction was significantly correlated with both change in depressive symptomatology and change in self-esteem over time, whereas change in self-evaluation was significantly correlated only with change in self-esteem. In addition, change in shape concern, but not change in weight concern, was significantly correlated with change in self-esteem only. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape is a more useful indicator for BED than body dissatisfaction or self-evaluation unduly influenced by weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Social issues and body image concerns of port wine stain patients undergoing laser therapy.

When applying lasers to treatment of port wine stains and other flaws of appearance, the physician needs to have an appreciation of the psychological and social aspects of body image as well as the physical aspect. A number of aspects of our society impinge upon port wine stain patients to make their condition psychologically burdensome. Fortunately, the 82 patients in our sample have received extraordinary support from family members in coping with their affliction. As a group they do not display an unusual degree of emotional disturbance in comparision with a normal control population. However, their initial expectations tend to be unrealistically perfectionistic, and many seem to be unwilling to absorb the fact that laser treatment is accompanied by certain hazards and limitations. An especially conscientious adherence to the canons of informed consent with these patients is therefore recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-care nursing model for patients experiencing radical change in body image.

A description of the integration of concepts from other disciplines into the nursing self-care model is presented. Orem's model of the patient as a self-care, goal-directed, decision-making agent is applied to the care of a woman recovering from a radical vulvectomy. The model can be used in other nursing care situations in which the patient's body image is altered.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Repercussions of transition out of elite sport on body image.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychological repercussions of transition out of elite sport from a bodily point of view. We hypothesized that the passage from a bodily over-investment to a more sedentary state would have an effect on body satisfaction. 16 Transitioning Athletes following the Sydney Olympic Games were compared with 16 Active Athletes two times during the transition period using the Body-Image Questionnaire of Bruchon-Schweitzer. Qualitative data in the form of interviews provided a complement to the quantitative data. Analysis yielded no significant differences 1 1/2 mo. after career termination between the two groups but showed a decrease in body satisfaction between 1 1/2 and 5 mo. after career termination for Transitioning Athletes, with a significant between-group difference at 5 mo. The Transitioning Athletes initially reported weight gain and uncertainty about their real physical capacities but also a continued social recognition that maintained body satisfaction. Over time, however, they were increasingly aware of this bodily deterioration, as ongoing exercise served as a reality test. Added to this were perceived decreases in social value as well as disturbing somatic manifestations. The result was a substantial effect on body satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

(99m)Tc-MDP scintigraphic findings in children with leukemia: value of early and delayed whole-body imaging.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to reveal the bone scan abnormalities in children with leukemia and to show the value of whole-body scanning in early and delayed phases. METHODS: From a database of all patients with a diagnosis of leukemia from January 1990 to April 2000, 12 children (9 male, 3 female; mean age, 8.0 y; age range, 4.7--13.2 y) were identified for whom the diagnosis of leukemia was suggested on the basis of bone scans obtained as part of the initial work-up for unexplained skeletal pain. Early and delayed whole-body bone scans and radiographs were reviewed retrospectively. Areas of abnormal uptake on early and delayed phases were categorized into locations: metaphysis--diaphysis--epiphysis (MDE), pelvis, ribs, spine, and others. MDE lesions included abnormalities in the metaphysis extending into the diaphysis for some length: metaphysis/diaphysis, metaphysis only, diaphysis only, epiphysis only, and the entire bone. Pelvic and spine lesions were further characterized as focal or diffuse. RESULTS: Ten patients had lesions in 2 or more locations on both phases. Two patients had multiple lesions on the early scans but only rib lesions on the delayed scans. Lesions correlated with symptomatic sites in 8 patients on the delayed scans and in 11 patients on the early scans. The most common sites of abnormalities on the delayed scans were metaphyseal/diaphyseal, pelvis (focal), and ribs. The most common locations of lesions on the early scans were metaphyseal/diaphyseal, pelvis (diffuse or focal), and spine. More metaphyseal/diaphyseal lesions were seen on the early scans than on the delayed scans. Diffuse involvement of the pelvis and spine was seen only on the early phase. However, rib lesions were seen more frequently on the delayed scan. CONCLUSION: Early whole-body imaging in conjunction with delayed whole-body scanning may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of bone scanning in the evaluation of children with skeletal pain of obscure etiology, such as that associated with leukemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

9:-9:15. 3D Data Acquisition for Whole Body Images on the ECAT HR+

Purpose: Evaluation of 3D clinical whole-body FDG PET imaging using recent improvements in data correction and reconstruction methods.Methods: Phantom studies following the NEMA NU 2-2000 draft were performed to evaluate count loss and accuracy of attenuation and scatter correction algorithms. Phantom results were used to estimate 3D vs. 2D efficiency. For patient studies, an established 2D imaging protocol (9 min emission, 3 min transmission acquisition per bed position, commencing 60 min after injection of 15 mCi FDG) was used. This was followed by a 3D acquisition of the same duration, commencing approximately 110 min later, so that 3D acquisition was performed with approximately 50% lower patient activity than 2D. Images were compared in terms of anatomic structural definition and visible artifacts.The count loss study showed that in a dose range of 10-15 mCi, 3D produced an approximately two-fold increase in effective NEC compared to 2D. The phantom imaging study showed slightly improved target to background ratios for both hot and the cold "lesions" when using 3D imaging. In 5 patients studied so far, comparison of 2D and 3D studies demonstrated no systematic differences in image quality between the two methods.Conclusion: 3D whole-body imaging with improved image reconstruction may permit a two-fold reduction in emission acquisition time or injected dose, without decrease in image quality compared to standard 2D imaging techniques.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

[Body image in adolescence: a comparative study of healthy and chronically ill adolescents].

The following study analyzes the preliminary data obtained during a 4 year longitudinal study of 108 diabetic and 107 healthy youths. It was investigated whether chronically ill youths have a more negative body image of themselves than do healthy ones. Further it was studied whether the objective degree of maturity and the quality of the metabolic adjustment of the disease influenced the physical self image of the chronically ill youths. Diabetics were found to view their body as less efficient, underdeveloped and sexually less differentiated, for example. Menarche and pollarche were also viewed negatively. Poor metabolic control of the disease was accompanied by an especially poor physical self image of these young people. Sex related differences in the self image of youths were found only in the control group. Differences in sex are evidently neutralized by the factor disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

High school students' attitudes and knowledge of food consumption and body image: implications for school based education.

One-hundred-and-forty-one high school students from Holon between the ages of 14 and 18 years participated in the study. The aims of the study were to investigate their nutritional habits, ascertain their body image, measure their knowledge concerning nutrition and finally to determine their attitudes regarding overweight, obese people and dieting. The study is a cross-sectional survey and the students involved completed a self administered questionnaire anonymously at school. The response rate was 97%. Forty-four percent of the total study population expressed a subjective feeling of being obese while, in truth, only 10% of them were actually overweight, and 48% among all participants practised weight reduction diets (girls three times more than boys). In addition to that another 53% of the pupils expressed the desire to be thinner than they were (girls four times more than boys). Nine percent of the study group experienced self-induced anorectic episodes at sometime during the past few years. It was observed that the study group's knowledge concerning food composition and nutrition remains insufficient. As far as their attitude concerning obesity, it was observed that 31% of the students regarded obesity as a handicap. Students who were athletics demonstrated more severe and stricter attitudes towards nutrition and obesity. Most of the information concerning nutrition was obtained through the media. School education about food and nutrition only amounted to 28.3% of the total. Seventy-nine percent of the students believe that nutrition should be integrated into their curriculum. Forty-four percent of the students feel themselves to be overweight, and 53.4% want to be thinner. Half of the students were on various diets. The students' knowledge of food and nutrition, the risk of obesity and the danger of excessive diets was insufficient. Most students presented negative attitudes towards obesity and overweight people. The media was the principal source of information on all these areas. Our main conclusion is that an educational nutrition program should be given to pupils in school by physicians and dietitians during all the years of public school attendance. The instructions of these programs should emphasize the importance of balanced nutritional regimes, as well as the risk and consequences of extreme dieting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Sexual abuse and body-image distortion in the eating disorders.

It has been suggested that there is a link between sexual abuse and bodily self-deprecation in women with eating disorders. In order to test that model, this study considers whether reported sexual abuse is associated with body-image distortion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. There was no association with the reported presence of a history of abuse. However, the nature of any abuse was important. In particular, women who reported more recent abuse had a substantially greater level of bodysize overestimation. The clinical implications of this finding are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dieting frequency among college females: association with disordered eating, body image, and related psychological problems.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between dieting frequency and eating disorder behaviors, body satisfaction, and related factors. METHOD: Females (N=345) whose average age and body mass index (BMI) were 20.58 and 21.79, respectively, were grouped into three categories of lifetime dieting frequency (never, 1-5 times, or 6 or more times) and matched on current BMI across categories. RESULT: Positive associations were found between dieting frequency and eating disorder symptoms and related problems such as body dissatisfaction, current body size perception, depression, exercise preoccupation, and feelings of ineffectiveness and insecurity. Dieting frequency was inversely associated with self-esteem, ideal body size, emotional regulation, and impulse control. DISCUSSION: Independent of current BMI, frequency of dieting behaviors is strongly associated with negative emotions and problematic behaviors. As this study is correlational in nature, future longitudinal studies should ascertain the sequence of onset of these experiences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Body image of adolescents in a multi-ethnic Caribbean population.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the perceptions of body size among adolescents in Trinidad and to determine whether there were ethnic differences. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Secondary schools in Trinidad. SUBJECTS: A stratified random sample of 1139 adolescents, aged 14-17 y. MEASUREMENTS: Silhouettes of different body sizes were used to determine perceptions of body size, while weights and heights were measured to determine actual body size. RESULTS: A total of 1090 students (96% response rate) participated, comprising 578 (53%) females. The main ethnic groups were South Asian (49%), African (25%) and persons of mixed ethnicity (23%). The calculated body mass index (BMI) indicated that 14% were thin, 73% normal and 13% overweight; however there was a preponderance of thinness among South Asian males (28%). Whereas 68% of students correctly identified their body size, South Asian males were also more likely to overestimate their body size than the other adolescents, ie they were thinner than they thought. Overall, 64% of the sample was satisfied with their current size, but thin South Asians were more likely to be satisfied with their size than other thin adolescents (P=0.04), while overweight Africans were more likely to be satisfied than other overweight persons (P=0.03). The majority of the sample associated the normal body size with good health, but the majority also associated the overweight and obese silhouettes with wealth. In addition, 40% of them associated the male overweight and obese silhouettes with happiness. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of overweight/obesity was not high, the perception of the Trinidadian adolescent that obesity was associated with wealth, and to a lesser extent happiness, and the satisfaction of the overweight African females with their size, were all causes for concern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Body image and eating behaviour in interethnic adolescent girls.

Reports of major dissatisfaction among adolescent girls over body shape and their associated eating behaviour, prompted determining anthropometric and questionnaire studies on series of rural and urban black, Indian, and white girls aged 14-19 years. Variables were concern over weight, desired weight loss, also practices regarding binge eating, fasting, vomiting and laxative use. Black girls have low weight-for-age, yet experience more obesity than white girls; yet weight reduction, although desired, is seldom seriously attempted. Indian girls have low weight-for-age, principally for genetic, not social class, reasons; they also, even some underweight, desired weight reduction. White girls are also dissatisfied, although less acutely than girls in the US. The current attitudes of South African adolescent girls, apart from extremes, are unlikely to seriously prejudice their health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Dermatological non-disease: a common and potentially fatal disturbance of cutaneous body image.

A group of patients presenting with dermatological complaints but with no significant objective dermatological pathology on examination are described. Twenty-eight patients, twelve male and sixteen female, age range 16--76 years, mean 46 years, were seen. Symptomatology was confined to three main body areas: the face--eight patients; scalp--nine patients; perineum--eight patients. The complaints related to the face were burning, intense itching and hirsutes. Scalp symptoms included excessive hair loss and intense irritation. Genital symptoms included itching, excessive redness, burning and discomfort, which in three instances prevented the patient sitting. A disturbed body image (dysmorphophobia) was common and the most frequent psychological illness present was depression. Two patients were demented and in two a diagnosis of schizophrenia was made. One patient committed suicide and two patients attempted suicide. Female patients presenting with facial symptoms have a more ominous prognosis, both with regard to the risk of suicide and the development of psychosis. It is important that dermatologists recognize this common group of patients with dermatological non-disease. Those patients who are anxiously preoccupied with their skin may be managed by superficial psychotherapy and antidepressants. Those patients who are truly deluded should be referred to a psychiatrist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Coping with body image changes following a disfiguring burn injury.

The influence of emotion-focused coping on distress following disfiguring injury was examined. Two types of emotion-focused coping (i.e., venting emotions vs. mental disengagement) were assessed in 78 patients with burn injury at baseline during acute hospitalization. Body image dissatisfaction (BID) was assessed 1 week and 2 months following discharge. Use at baseline of both venting emotions and mental disengagement, compared with use of only one or neither of these coping methods, was associated at the 2-month postdischarge follow-up with significantly higher BID related to nonfacial aspects of appearance and with a greater negative social impact of disfigurement. D. M. Wegner's (1994) theoretical model of mental control and a proposed motivational analysis are used to interpret these findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗