PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Cognitive Training”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The role of cognition in the risk--benefit and safety analysis of antipsychotic medication.

Conventional neuroleptics can further reduce cognitive function, which is already impaired in most patients with schizophrenia. Although some areas of cognition may remain relatively well preserved in schizophrenia, it has been suggested that the origins of a neurocognitive decline in schizophrenia may be related to a reduction in dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex. If this is the case, dopamine D2 blockade would be expected to impair some aspects of neurocognitive function further. The level of neurocognitive function in schizophrenia is related to vocational and social ability, and the course of cognitive decline appears to be consistent with a static encephalopathy, rather than progressive dementia. Intensive cognitive retraining in patients with schizophrenia may improve, but not normalize, some aspects of cognitive performance. Most cognitive deficits remain stable, even when improvements in symptoms are obtained with antipsychotic treatment. Drugs such as risperidone, one of the newer serotonin-dopamine antagonists (SDAs), have a better effect on cognitive function than conventional antidopaminergic neuroleptics, and are therefore more likely to enable the patient to benefit from cognitive and other forms of training. Anticholinergic drugs used to treat EPS, or drugs with anticholinergic activity, also impair cognitive function. Consequently, because the need to use anticholinergic drugs is less with the SDA antipsychotics, the cognitive function of patients treated with drugs such as risperidone is likely to be better than it would be if they took a conventional neuroleptic.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2000

Measurement of cognitive performance in computer programming concept acquisition: interactive effects of visual metaphors and the cognitive style construct.

An innovative research program was devised to investigate the interactive effect of instructional strategies enhanced with text-plus-textual metaphors or text-plus-graphical metaphors, and cognitive style on the acquisition of programming concepts. The Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA) program (Riding,1991) was used to establish the participants' cognitive style. The QUEST Interactive Test Analysis System (Adams and Khoo,1996) provided the cognitive performance measuring tool, which ensured an absence of error measurement in the programming knowledge testing instruments. Therefore, reliability of the instrumentation was assured through the calibration techniques utilized by the QUEST estimate; providing predictability of the research design. A means analysis of the QUEST data, using the Cohen (1977) approach to size effect and statistical power further quantified the significance of the findings. The experimental methodology adopted for this research links the disciplines of instructional science, cognitive psychology, and objective measurement to provide reliable mechanisms for beneficial use in the evaluation of cognitive performance by the education, training and development sectors. Furthermore, the research outcomes will be of interest to educators, cognitive psychologists, communications engineers, and computer scientists specializing in computer-human interactions.

Aptitude Tests↗
PubMed2004

Treating chronic tinnitus: comparison of cognitive-behavioural and habituation-based treatments.

Using a randomized control group trial the long-term efficacy of a habituation-based treatment as conceived by Jastreboff, and a cognitive-behavioural tinnitus coping training were compared. An educational intervention was administered as a control condition. Both treatments were conducted in a group format (habituation-based treatment, 5 sessions; tinnitus coping training, 11 sessions). Educational intervention was delivered in a single group session. Patients were categorized according to their level of disability due to tinnitus (low, high), age and gender and then randomly allocated to the treatment conditions (habituation-based treatment, n = 30; tinnitus coping training, n = 27; educational intervention, n = 20). Data assessment included follow-ups of up to 21 months. Several outcome variables including disability due to tinnitus were assessed either by questionnaire or diary. Findings reveal highly significant improvements in both tinnitus coping training and habituation-based treatment in comparison with the control group. While tinnitus coping training and habituation-based treatment do not differ significantly in reduction of tinnitus disability, improvement in general well-being and adaptive behaviour is greater in tinnitus coping training than habituation-based treatment. The decrease in disability remains stable throughout the last follow-up in both treatment conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of three cognitive strategies in altering pain behaviors on a cold pressor task.

The efficacy of three cognitive strategies for coping with pain was examined in a cold-water pressor task in a sample of college students. Subjects were pretested and then randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions (Paradoxical Intention, Rational Self-statement, or Self-observation) or to an expectancy control group. Following training in the respective cognitive strategies, all groups were given a posttest in the cold-water pressor to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. Pain thresholds, tolerances, and discomfort ratings were recorded for subjects in each condition. No differences were found between the Paradoxical Intention or Rational Self-statement groups and the Expectancy Control on any of the pain measures. The Self-observation treatment condition, however, had significantly higher pain tolerance scores than the Expectancy Control group. The findings were attributed to the subjects' dissociating the sensory aspects of the pain experience from the anxiety when focusing upon the coldness and wetness of the cold water.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A brief cognitive screening battery for dementia in the community.

Screening community samples for dementia often necessitates administering a cognitive test battery by trained personnel. Because diagnostic examinations are expensive, a useful screening battery must be highly specific in addition to having high sensitivity. The Monogahela Valley Independent Elders Survey (MoVIES) includes a random sample of community-dwelling participants at least 65 years of age who were screened using an extensive test battery of cognitive tests that required over 30 min to administer. Classification and Regression Trees (CART) was used to identify a subset of the battery that could be administered quickly and which maintained high levels of sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of dementia. The Short and Sweet Screening Instrument (SASSI) is a brief battery consisting of three standard cognitive tests that can be administered in approximately 10 min. Compared to the full battery, it was more sensitive (94% vs. 90%) and had comparable specificity (91% vs. 92%) for dementia in this sample.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prevalence of dementias in a rural area. A study in Girona].

OBJECTIVES: To know the prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in our area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Epidemiological study, door-to-door, double phase, in which all non-institutionalized subjects from 8 rural villages aged 70 and more were selected. The general physicians and nurses, previously trained, administered the Mini Cognitive Examination (MCE) in the first phase. All subjects to whom cannot been administered MCE due to illness or sensorial deficit, all subjects under the cut-off point and a similar number of subjects randomized among the ones over the cut-off point, get through the second phase in which a clinical psychologist and a neurological trained physician administered the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX). All diagnosis were done under CAMDEX criteria. RESULTS: A total of 1,460 subjects participated. The prevalence of dementia was 16.3% (14.4-18.2). The dementia Alzheimer type ratio was 40.76% (34.5-47), the vascular dementia was 38.24% (32.1-44.4), the mixed dementia was 11.7% (7.7-15.8) and the secondary dementia was 9.2% (5.5-12.9%). The logistic regression confirms that age and female sex are dementia risk factor. CONCLUSION: In our geographical area a very high prevalence of dementia is found.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural program for the management of chronic tic and habit disorders.

The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a manualized cognitive-behavioural program based on habit reversal for the management of chronic tic disorder (CTD) and habit disorder (HD). Forty-seven CTD and 43 HD received a 4-month treatment program. Thirty-eight (22 CTD, 16 HD) were placed on a waitlist control group, which subsequently received treatment. The treatment approach combined awareness training, relaxation (including modification of a tension-producing style of action), and habit-reversal training, with more general cognitive restructuring of anticipations linked to ticcing. Sixty-five percent of completers reported between 75 and 100% control over the tic. At 2-year follow-up, 52% rated 75-100% control. There were also significant changes post-treatment in measures of self-esteem, anxiety, depression and style of planning action. Successful tic/habit modification was associated in CTD and HD groups with successful change in style of planning action. There were no consistent differences in any outcome measures between CTD and HD groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive deficits precede motor deficits in a slowly progressing model of parkinsonism in the monkey.

Five adult Macaca fascicularis monkeys were trained to perform tests of cognitive and motor functioning that included a complex visual pattern discrimination task, an object retrieval task, a test of task persistence, and a timed motor task. Once stable baseline performance was achieved, monkeys were administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) at doses of 0.05 to 0.075 mg/kg, 2 to 3 times per week for a total of 24 weeks. Animals were assessed weekly for performance on the previously learned tasks. All monkeys developed performance deficits in a predictable pattern with behavioural and cognitive deficits (i.e. deficits in task persistence and the cognitive component of object retrieval) appearing in advance of measurable motor deficits. Deficits in visual pattern discrimination never appeared. These results show that specific cognitive dysfunction pre-dates motor dysfunction in a chronic, slowly progressing parkinson model in monkeys and support the contention that cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease may precede the motor signs of the disorder and may not be caused by them.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed2001

Occupational safety and health training on the Internet. Developing quality instruction.

1. Training via the Internet (e-training) for adults must be based on the following principles: (1) learning is an active process wherein the learner constructs knowledge rather than acquires it and (2) instruction is a process of supporting this construction rather than communicating knowledge. E-training can successfully accommodate such features using available technologies. 2. Because e-training is self directed, it is uniquely adaptable to learners with different learning styles, interests, and cultural beliefs. E-training also affords flexible pacing, which is ideal for instruction aimed at both new and experienced workers. 3. As the predicted global economy becomes reality, qualified OSH personnel will be needed on a global scale. To meet new and evolving needs worldwide, professionals must have access to information and training regardless of location. E-training is the most promising approach to meeting this demand. 4. Currently, occupational safety and health e-training does not fulfill its potential. Most training programs do not encourage higher level cognition, critical thinking, or transfer of knowledge. Therefore, training effectiveness research is needed to improve the state of e-training.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed2003

Multimodal patient education program with stress management for childhood and adolescent asthma.

The present study aimed to evaluate a multimodal patient education program carried out during inpatient rehabilitation. The program included cognitive-behavioral stress management training as a main component. The efficacy was examined in comparison to an education program without stress management. In total N=68 patients aged between 8 and 16 years were included in the post-treatment and N=46 patients in the 6 months follow-up assessment. Short- and long-term intervention effects of the multimodal education program were observed in relation to patients' age. The experimental treatment elicited significant improvements in adaptive coping in adolescents aged from 14 to 16 years. In contrast, substantial effects were not yielded for the control treatment. The results suggest that the multimodal patient education training has beneficial effects on stress management in adolescents with asthma. Results are discussed with regard to predictive factors for rehabilitation outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity during aging.

In the current article, we provide a critical review of the extant literature that has focused on environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity over the adult life span. The review includes both human epidemiological, and human and nonhuman cross-sectional and longitudinal research. We review a number of factors that have been suggested to reduce age-related cognitive decline including both formal and informal education, leisure pursuits, intellectual engagement, and expertise in different skill domains. We also examine the literature on cognitive and physical fitness training. We conclude with a discussion of the gaps in the literature and suggestions for future research.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age differences in spatial memory in a virtual environment navigation task.

The use of virtual environment (VE) technology to assess spatial navigation in humans has become increasingly common and provides an opportunity to quantify age-related deficits in human spatial navigation and promote a comparative approach to the neuroscience of cognitive aging. The purpose of the present study was to assess age differences in navigational behavior in a VE and to examine the relationship between this navigational measure and other more traditional measures of cognitive aging. Following pre-training, participants were confronted with a VE spatial learning task and completed a battery of cognitive tests. The VE consisted of a richly textured series of interconnected hallways, some leading to dead ends and others leading to a designated goal location in the environment. Compared to younger participants, older volunteers took longer to solve each trial, traversed a longer distance, and made significantly more spatial memory errors. After 5 learning trials, 86% of young and 24% of elderly volunteers were able to locate the goal without error. Performance on the VE navigation task was positively correlated with measures of mental rotation and verbal and visual memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A participant modeling procedure to train parents of developmentally disabled infants.

Most of the procedures employed in parent training programs for handicapped children have been based on an operant conditioning model in general and contingency management procedures in particular. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of a participant modeling procedure in training parents to work with their developmentally disabled infants. Fourteen such parents received training in which a therapist initially modeled the activities with the infant and then guided the parent as she or he mastered the procedures. Five developmentally disabled infants received a more traditional early intervention program in which the therapist provided all child training. The results indicated that those infants whose parents were trained by the participant modeling procedure evidenced significantly more developmental gains than those infants receiving traditional child training. The results suggest that cognitive behavioral procedures, such as participant modeling, are an alternative to strict operant procedures in training parents of handicapped children.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2005

Eye-movement training for reading in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To determine whether training oculomotor control, without direct practice in reading sentences, could increase reading speed in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Sixteen patients with AMD participated in the study (age range, 65-87 years; mean, 77). The training program consisted of a series of exercises that were designed to allow the patients to practice eye movements. At the beginning of training, the subjects practiced small horizontal saccades in response to cognitively easy stimuli (e.g., dots). The training then progressed to practicing larger eye movements and then to practicing saccades with single letters, pairs of letters, and three-letter words. Reading of sentences was practiced in only one exercise, during the last session of the 8-week training. RESULTS: The difference between average reading speeds before and after training was 24.7 wpm (difference between medians, 17.9 wpm). The increase in speed was statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank test = 124.0, P < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between change in maximum reading speed and ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity (r = -0.14, P = 0.76) or between change in maximum reading speed and age (r = 0.25, P = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that a training curriculum that concentrates on eye-movement control can increase reading speed in patients with AMD. This finding is especially interesting, because the training involved little direct practice in reading sentences but instead concentrated on having subjects practice control of eye positions and eye movements.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Is CBT useful in vocational rehabilitation for people with a psychiatric disability?

People with a psychiatric disability can experience difficulty in gaining and maintaining employment. Some of these difficulties are related to problems in managing employment-related stress. The aim of this study was to pilot a vocationally-oriented cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) training program for people receiving public mental health services in Australia. Thirteen participants completed the program and reported significant improvements in general mental health, optimism and attitudes to work following training. The utility of CBT approaches to vocational rehabilitation for people with a psychiatric disability requires rigorous testing. It is likely that this approach may best be used in conjunction with other programs such as supported employment.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Social work and the treatment of chronic pain.

The severity and prevalence of chronic pain is a growing concern for all health care professionals. An outpatient program that offered cognitive-behavioral coping skills training in a group setting was studied as a possible social work treatment for chronic pain patients, and the results were encouraging. Such treatments usually are available only in hospital pain clinics and research centers, which reduce treatment availability to patients in other settings. Social workers could provide services in a wider variety of settings to a large and growing population. As social workers realize the continuous interplay of physical, emotional, and cognitive factors in the experience of pain, they will identify appropriate practice roles for working with chronic pain patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Undergraduate nursing students' acquisition and retention of CPR knowledge and skills.

The ability to respond quickly and effectively to a cardiac arrest situation rests on nurses being competent in the emergency life-saving procedure of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which Irish nursing students acquire and retain CPR cognitive knowledge and psychomotor skills following CPR training. A quasi-experimental time series design was used. A pre-test, CPR training programme, post-test, and re-test were conducted. CPR knowledge was assessed by a multiple-choice assessment and psychomotor skills were assessed by observing CPR performance on a Resusci-Anne skill-meter manikin. The findings showed an acquisition in nurses' CPR knowledge and psychomotor performance following a 4h CPR training programme. Despite this, at no point in this study, did any nurse pass the CPR skills assessment. A deterioration in both CPR knowledge and skills was found 10 weeks following CPR training. However, students' knowledge and skills were improved over their pre-training scores, which clearly indicated a positive retention in CPR cognitive knowledge and psychomotor skills. The study findings present strong evidence to support the critical role of CPR training in ensuring that nursing students progress to competent and confident responders in the event of a cardiac related emergency.

Adolescent↗