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PubMed1992

Dichromacy and its effect on a young male.

Deuteranopia is a dichromatic color vision defect which may cause problems for an individual asked to perform color-oriented tasks. This can especially create problems for grade school children in classrooms whose instructional material depends heavily on color. This case report presents a child with a deuteranopic color vision defect who was mistakenly labeled learning disabled because of his inability to learn and perform color oriented tasks.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Japanese family with blue cone monochromatism.

The diagnosis of blue cone monochromatism (BCM) is based on severely affected color vision with preserved blue function, nearly nonrecordable photopic ERG, and a family pedigree compatible with X-linked inheritance. We have studied the color vision and ocular function of three members of a family with BCM and a female carrier in the same family. Two of the three affected family members, 9- and 7-year-old brothers, showed the unique features of BCM in their color vision and ERG. The third affected family member, a 43-year-old uncle, showed achromatic vision. He had diabetic retinopathy and moderate cataract which were thought to disturb his blue cone function, causing apparent rod monochromatism. The female carrier, the mother of the brothers, showed normal visual functions except for a slight reduction in photopic ERG amplitude. We believe that this is the first description of BCM in a Japanese family.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Linkage disequilibrium between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and congenital color blindness in Turkish population.

No erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient person was detected among 90 male patients with congenital color blindness (CCB) diagnosed at the Ophthalmology Clinic of our Hospital. Eighteen complete G6PD-deficient subjects had normal color vision. These results suggest that there is a linkage disequilibrium between CCB and G6PD genes.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1991

[The Nagel anomaloscope in the diagnosis of eye diseases].

The Nagel anomaloscope can be incorporated in the diagnosis of eye diseases. Three parameters are relevant: 1. The measure of the absolute matching range (scale units) 2. The preferred direction of the widened matching range (to red or to green) 3. The luminance matches with the yellow (decreasing matches indicating a pathologic scotopisation). - Six pathologic anomaloscope findings can be differentiated: 1. Pseudoprotanomaly (retinal diseases; type III acquired blue-yellow defects) 2. Symmetrically widened absolute matching range (reduced hue discrimination without reference to its etiopathology) 3. Absolute matching range asymmetrically widened to red with scotopisation (retinal diseases; type III acquired blue-yellow defects or type I acquired red-green defects) or without scotopisation (retinal diseases or optic nerve diseases; type III acquired blue-yellow defects) 4. Absolute matching range asymmetrically widened to green (mostly optic nerve diseases; type II acquired red-green defects) 5. Acceptance of both end matches ("0" up to "73") with scotopisation (retinal diseases) or without scotopisation (optic nerve diseases) 6. Achromatic matches (selective cone diseases, such as Stargardt's dystrophy or progressive cone dystrophy). Indications for anomaloscope examinations and clinical application of the method are discussed in ten cases. The utility of the Rayleigh-equation consists in diagnosing pathologic scotopisation (differential diagnosis between retinal diseases and optic nerve diseases) and in making a quantitative evaluation of the acquired color vision defect (follow-up examination).

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1991

[Foundation of a linear trichromatic transfer theory on color judgment of unsaturated colors].

On a visual tristimulus colorimeter, normal trichromatic subjects applied the perceptual criteria "neither blue nor yellow," "neither green nor red", and "heterochromatically equally bright" to unsaturated colours in order to construct an opponent colour space. Such an opponent colour space is related to the instrumental colour space defined by the colorimeter. By introducing a fundamental colour space and a set of physical colour stimuli, physiologically relevant transfer equations are established and demonstrated on various spectral efficiency functions.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1990

Color vision defect as first symptom of progressive cone-rod dystrophy.

A 15-year-old girl complained of color vision difficulties and was found to have an acquired color vision defect with no other abnormalities in the eyes. After 9 years, in addition to the color vision defect, there was gradual loss of visual acuity in both eyes, small central scotomas in the visual fields, elevation of the cone and rod thresholds in the dark adaptation, and decreased response in the photopic and scotopic electroretinogram. The diagnosis of a progressive cone-rod dystrophy was made. It is unusual for cone-rod dystrophy to begin with a distinct color vision defect only; the case report is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The examination of color vision using a 2 metameric equation method].

Modern anomaloscopes with four independent light channels (i.e. Besançon-Anomalometer which was presented in 1979 at the SFO Congress) allow accurate examinations of color vision. In our routine clinical examination, we use two metameric equations: the red-green Rayleigh equation and the blue-green Moreland equation. This so called Two-Equation-Method enables the diagnosis of congenital and acquired color vision defects in a precise qualitative as well as quantitative way. For both equations the goal of the examination is to measure the absolute matching range. Abnormal color vision is diagnosed if the absolute matching range is shifted and/or enlarged in one or both of the two metameric equations. In congenital colour vision deficiencies, the results are similar to those obtained with the Nagel anomaloscop. The different types of acquired defects are compared with the types of Verriest's classification. A computer controlled clinical examination of color vision, which will make the procedure simplier and shorter for the patient is actually being developed.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1990

[Congenital large field color vision defects].

To investigate changes in the way of seeing colors due to expansion of the visual angle in patients with congenital color vision defects, an anomaloscope which can alter the visual angle to 2 degrees, 6 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees and 20 degrees was prepared using three colored light emission diodes, and 28 patients with congenital color vision defects were examined. The results showed that the patients could be categorized into two groups: one with no change in the equation range and one in which the equation range was contracted. Contraction of the equation range was marked when the visual angle was 10 degrees or more.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1989

[The tritan plates of the Ergovision apparatus: evaluation].

The two pseudoisochromatic tritan plates of the Ergovision apparatus were evaluated in 215 normal pathological subjects, by comparison with the usual clinical albums H.R.R., S.P.P. 2 and tritan album. A good specificity for tritan axis and a good correlation (according to statistical K of Cohen) with H.R.R. and S.P.P. 2 was evidenced for the plate n.1; this plate was not very influenced by age of the subjects. Conversely, the plate n.2 was in poor correlation with the 3 albums, and multiple false positive responses were evidenced, particularly in hereditary red-green dyschromatopsias and in subjects after 50 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Evaluation of color pattern VECP in deutan].

Using an Equi-Energy-Color Pattern Generator, color vision experiments were performed on nine normal subjects, six cases of deuteranomalies, and six cases of deuteranopias with the use of Visually-evoked cortical potentials (VECPs). Checkerboard patterns, consisting of the pairing of any chosen one of three colors with its complementary color in terms of equal energy, were used. The pairing of a neutral color with its complementary color of protan, deutan and tritan were displayed on a color TV monitor. We measured the amplitude and latency of P100 component of VECPs. Cases of deuteranopia showed significantly smaller amplitude and longer latency of P100 component in protan and deutan responses than did normal subjects. Cases of deuteramomaly showed significantly smaller amplitude and longer latency of P100 component in only protan response compared to those of normal subjects. It was possible to objectively detect the deutan in color pattern VECPs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Recent trends and developments in the clinical study of color vision--the 2-comparison method].

Modern anomaloscopes with four independent light channels (i.e., the Besançon Anomalometer which was presented in 1980 at the DOG) allow accurate examinations of color vision. In our routine clinical examination, we use two metameric equations: the red-green Rayleigh equation and the blue-green Moreland equation. This two-equation method permits the diagnosis of congenital and acquired color vision defects in a precise quantitative way. In both equations the goal of the examination is to measure the absolute matching range. The diagnosis is abnormal color vision if the absolute matching range is shifted and/or enlarged in one or both of the two metameric equations. A computer-controlled clinical examination of color vision, which will make the procedure simpler and shorter for the patient, is presently being developed.

Adolescent↗