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PubMed2005

An outcome measure for Japanese people with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: We describe a new outcome measure for Japanese patients with knee osteoarthritis, the Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure (JKOM). METHODS: The outcome measure was designed to incorporate the concepts of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health 2001, and to reflect the specific Japanese cultural lifestyle, which differs from Western countries. To examine the validity and reliability of this measure and to determine the underlying set of measures, psychometric measurements including factor analysis were conducted in comparison with 2 other health related scales, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The following psychometric properties were tested with this new measure: test and retest reliability, internal consistency, content validity, construct validity, and criterion related validity. RESULTS: The measure was proved to have sufficient reliability and validity by means of statistical evaluation and comparison with other health related scales. Three domains are clearly separated on the loading pattern by factor analysis: pain, limitation in mobility related to daily activity, and restriction of participation in social life and health perception. CONCLUSION: The JKOM, a new knee OA measure, has sufficient reliability and validity for studies of the clinical outcomes of Japanese people with knee OA.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2026

Specific Instruments for Caregiving Competence Among Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A COSMIN Systematic Review of Psychometric Properties.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and summarize the psychometric properties of specific instruments for caregiving competence among family caregivers of cancer patients. METHODS: Systematically searched eight databases for studies published up to November 2025. The methodological quality and psychometric properties of the instruments were evaluated using COSMIN 2.0. Evidence grades were rated using the modified GRADE system (four grades: "High," "Moderate," "Low," and "Very Low"), and recommendations were formulated (Category A: recommended, Category B: potential with further validation, and Category C: not recommended). RESULTS: Seven studies were included, comprising three specific instruments: the Care Competency Scale for Family Caregivers in Home Palliative Care (CCSHPC) (n = 1), the Caregiver Caregiving Self-Efficacy Scale-Oral Cancer (CSES-OC) (n = 1), and the Caring Ability of Family Caregivers of Patients with Cancer Scale (CAFCPCS) (n = 5). Both the CCSHPC and CAFCPCS received Category B recommendations, demonstrating "adequate" content validity with evidence grades rated "very low" and "low," respectively. The CAFCPCS also shows good structural validity ("moderate") and internal consistency ("low") in some cultural contexts. The CSES-OC is a Category C recommendation, with high-quality evidence indicating "inadequate" criterion validity. CONCLUSION: Few specific instruments exist, and most did not strictly follow COSMIN guidelines. The CAFCPCS is provisionally recommended based on relative evidence superiority rather than complete psychometric validation. Further cross-cultural and localized instrument development is warranted. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Use well-validated specific instruments to identify strengths and weaknesses in the caregiving competencies of family caregivers of cancer patients, enabling them to deliver high-quality home-based cancer care.

Female↗

PubMed1990

The Survey of Achievement Responsibility (SOAR): reliability and validity data on an academic attribution scale.

The Survey of Achievement Responsibility (SOAR) was designed to assess students' causal attributions of success and failure in school-related situations. Unlike other measures of locus of control and attributions, the SOAR simultaneously distinguishes among three broad subject areas--math/science, language arts/social studies, and physical education--and between two possible outcomes--success and failure. Data on the psychometric characteristics of the SOAR came from two samples from each of two large school districts, one suburban and one metropolitan. A five-stage study of the psychometric qualities of this new instrument revealed: (a) Content validity is high--judges independently classified items into the attribution categories intended by the authors; (b) internal consistency reliabilities are in a range adequate for group research purposes and are comparable to the reliabilities of other measures of attributions; (c) test-retest reliabilities showed attribution profiles to be stable over a 2-month interval; (d) correlations between the SOAR scales and students' self-reports of ability in various subject areas showed differential relationships in theoretically predicted directions; and (e) correlations between the SOAR scales and achievement tests were statistically significant, though low in magnitude, consistent with reports on other instruments. Finally, use of the SOAR in a spectrum of studies has demonstrated its research utility and indicated directions for further instrument development and research.

Achievement↗

PubMed2005

Measuring quality of life in patients with pleural mesothelioma using a modified version of the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS): psychometric properties of the LCSS-Meso.

Health-related quality of life (QOL) assessment is a key component in patient assessment and the development of therapies for malignant pleural mesothelioma. However, no mesothelioma-specific instrument was available. The Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS), a site-specific instrument used to assess QOL in patients with lung cancer, was identified as an instrument that could be appropriate. A modified nine-item patient-reported and six-item observer-reported LCSS was incorporated into two clinical trials of pemetrexed in patients with pleural mesothelioma. Basic psychometric properties of feasibility, reliability, and validity were tested. Properties were stable or enhanced by deletion of the hemoptysis item. Feasibility was demonstrated with a high completion rate of 90% by 512 patients. Reliability was acceptable, with good internal consistency for the eight-item measure (alpha coefficient=0.86) and reasonably good for the five-item observer measure (alpha coefficient=0.66); there was also good stability for the patient measure using test-retest (r=0.87). Content validity was supported by a literature review and patient self-report of presenting symptoms (>90% of patients had three or more symptoms). Construct validity was well supported by finding better scores in the higher performance status groups and greater symptom improvement in patients with tumor response, good concordance with the LCSS conceptual model and good explanation of variance for summation items, and a high degree of convergence between the patient and observer forms (r=0.57). Criterion-related validity was supported by predicting survival time, time to progression, and tumor response rate; all three summary items and the total LCSS-Meso score were statistically significant predictors (p<0.005). The LCSS-Meso is a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument to assess health-related QOL in patients with pleural mesothelioma. One item, hemoptysis, was dropped from the original LCSS based on these findings.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Evaluation of outcomes in chronic venous disorders of the leg: development of a scientifically rigorous, patient-reported measure of symptoms and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a practical and scientifically rigorous, patient-reported outcome measure to evaluate quality of life and symptoms across the range of conditions (eg, telangiectasias, varicose veins, edema, skin changes, leg ulcers) in chronic venous disorders of the leg (CVDL). METHODS: This study was a psychometric study within the VEnous INsufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study (VEINES), an international, prospective cohort study to evaluate clinical outcomes, quality of life, costs, and use of health services in CVDL. The study was set in the 166 general practices and 116 specialist clinics in Belgium, France, Italy, and Canada (Quebec) that participated in the VEINES study plus in additional specialist clinics in Ottawa and Montreal. Field testing was carried out in three samples of patients in four countries (Belgium, France, Italy, Canada), including participants in the VEINES study (n dagger 1531) and patients recruited in additional samples of 88 English-speaking patients (Canada) and 53 French-speaking patients (Belgium, France). The reliability and validity sample (n = 615) included 527 VEINES patients and 88 patients from the supplementary English-speaking sample. The test-retest sample (n = 135) included 53 French-speaking and 82 English-speaking patients from the supplementary samples. The responsiveness sample included 1516 VEINES patients. The 26-item VEINES-QOL/Sym is a new, patient-reported questionnaire to evaluate symptoms and quality of life and is available in four language versions (English, French, Italian, French Canadian). RESULTS: Standard psychometric tests confirmed the acceptability (missing data, item endorsement frequencies, floor and ceiling effects), reliability (internal consistency, item-total, inter-item correlations) and validity (content, construct, convergent, discriminant, known groups) of the four language versions of the VEINES-QOL/Sym and the test-retest reliability of the English and French versions and provided preliminary evidence of responsiveness in a pooled language sample. CONCLUSION: The VEINES-QOL/Sym is a practical and scientifically sound, patient-reported measure of outcomes in CVDL that has been developed with rigorous methods. As the only fully validated measure of quality of life and symptoms that is appropriate for use across the full spectrum of CVDL-related conditions, that is quick and easy to administer, and that is available in four languages, the VEINES-QOL/Sym provides a rigorous tool for improving the evaluation of outcomes in clinical trials, epidemiologic studies, and audit.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the RELATE questionnaire using a modified serial approach for cross-cultural translation.

This article describes the initial translation and validation of the Spanish version of the RELATionshhip Evaluation (RELATE) questionnaire with a sample of monolingual English speakers (n = 78), a sample of monolingual Spanish speakers (n = 18), and two samples of Spanish/English Bilinguals (n = 27 and n = 34). Cross-cultural and cross-language equivalence of the Spanish version of RELATE to the original English version were assessed using a Modified Serial Approach (MSA) for instrument translation. Face and content validity of the Spanish RELATE were established. Test-retest reliability indices obtained with the translated version among the monolingual and bilingual Spanish speaking groups were consistently equivalent to, and in some cases higher than, the baseline reliability obtained with the monolingual English speaking group. Applications of the Spanish version of RELATE and use of the MSA for researchers and practitioners are presented.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Scale for Quality of Sexual Function (QSF) as an outcome measure for both genders?

BACKGROUND: For years, there has been interest in sexual dysfunction and its impact on quality of life but usually focused on one gender. Therapeutic options that became available raised the interest to evaluate effects on the other partner but there is no standardized instrument applicable for both genders. This paper reports first data regarding the development of a new general "Quality of Sexual Function" (QSF) scale. METHODS: The raw scale was based on our own gender-specific scales and the pertinent literature. The scale was applied in over 700 persons of a cross-sectional survey in Germany. Factorial analyses were performed to describe the internal structure (domains) of the scale and for item reduction. Internal consistency reliability and some aspects of validity were analyzed with the same community sample preliminary reference values determined. RESULTS: The scale consists of 32 specific items and eight general questions. Four dimensions were identified: "psycho-somatic quality of life,""sexual activity,""sexual (dys)function-self-reflection," and "sexual (dys)function-partner's view." The internal consistency reliability coefficients of the total scale and the subscales were good as were the total-domain correlations. Content validity was promising. CONCLUSION: This self-administrable 40-item QSF scale can measure and compare quality of sexual function for both genders. The scale was well accepted by the respondents. It is easy to answer and the evaluation is simple. Only a few results of reliability and validity have been established in this early stage of the development of the new instrument. Further research is needed to complete many missing aspects of reliability and the construct validity, particular its sensitivity to treatment effects.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Assessment of visual-motor coordination in 6- to 11-yr.-olds.

The concurrent and content validity of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration-Third Revision were investigated through correlational analysis. 432 children, ages 6 to 11 years, were administered both tests. Across age groups participants performed better on both measures, providing support for the similarity of the measures and their sensitivity to the development of visuomotor integration. Although analysis indicated considerable overlap in the content of the two scales, the shared variance ranged from 7% to 31%, depending on the age of the child. The Rey-Osterrieth figure is composed of overlapping squares, rectangles, triangles, and various other shapes. Given this complex combination, scores on this test reflect the examinees' visual organization and motor planning skills. On the other hand, the Beery test consists of a series of shapes which progress from simple figures to more complex ones. Because the figures become more difficult to copy, the score on this test reflects the examinees' developmental level of visuomotor ability. Despite these differences in test stimuli and interpretation of performance, the present study showed considerable shared variance in the scores of the examinees who took both tests. Finally, local norms for the Rey-Osterrieth figure using the scoring approach of E. M. Taylor (1959, adapted from Osterrieth, 1944) and including standard scores are presented for children ages 6 to 11 years.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2002

Development and verification of validity and reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated a cross-cultural project to develop the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire. This paper describes how the brief version of this questionnaire was adapted for use in Taiwan and the results of validity and reliability testing. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 1,068 subjects randomly sampled from 17 hospitals throughout Taiwan. According to the psychometric criteria of the WHO, two (culturally relevant) national items were selected, each from a culture-specific facet that was proposed for Taiwan in a previous study. psychometric properties (factor structures and various types of reliability and validity) were assessed for this brief questionnaire. RESULTS: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a four-factor (physical, psychological, social, and environmental) model. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.77 for the four domains. The test-retest reliability coefficients with intervals of 2 to 4 weeks ranged from 0.41 to 0.79 at item/facet level and 0.76 to 0.80 at domain level (all p < 0.01). Content validity coefficients were in the range of 0.53 to 0.78 for item-domain correlations and 0.51 to 0.64 for inter-domain correlations (all p < 0.01). The four domains of the brief form can explain 88% of the variance of the total QOL score and 60% of the variance of the Facet G score (measuring overall quality of life and general health). CONCLUSIONS: This culture-specific study shows that this adaptation of the brief form is a good alternative to the long form of the WHOQOL questionnaire for use in Taiwan.

Humans↗

PubMed1994

Validity and reliability of a new assessment of lower-extremity dysfunction.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A 20-variable assessment system for evaluation of lower-extremity dysfunction has been constructed with special consideration of the needs of the physical therapist. The variables are classified into five subgroups: hip impairment, knee impairment, physical disability, social disability, and pain. SUBJECTS: One hundred five patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee, all accepted for total joint replacement arthroplasty, were tested. The mean age of the patients was 69 years (SD = 9.0, range = 46-91). METHODS: The original grouping of the variables was analyzed for content validity with a factor analysis. The results from a subgroup of 42 patients were tested for intertester reliability with the Goodman-Kruskal gamma coefficient. RESULTS: The factor analysis indicated a factor solution consistent with the primary grouping except for two variables. The correlation between two independent physical therapists was .99 to 1.00 for different variables, indicating excellent intertester reliability. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: In the authors' opinion, the new assessment system provides a reasonably valid, reliable, inexpensive, and easy-to-use measurement and fulfills the needs of the physical therapist for functional evaluation of the lower extremity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Validity assessment of a social support index.

The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the psychometric properties of the social support sumindex used earlier in a Swedish longitudinal study. The results based on the data of a cross-sectional survey in 1992. A randomly selected cohort consisted of 212 men, aged 50 to 60 years. The population sample (n = 4853) was resident in Kuopio Province, Eastern Finland. The 34-item-index was stable. Item-total and item-item coefficients showed low internal consistency of the overall index and of most of the subindices. The index had good content validity. Limited evidence of construct validity was noticed. Index assessed well person's social network and support level, and association between the blood pressure and some of the subindices was noticed. The eight underlying subindices did not emerge in factor analysis. Before further using this index we propose its shortening with six items and re-grouping items into subindices.

Arteriosclerosis↗

PubMed1998

[A system of patient classification: construction and validation of an instrument].

This study had in its aim the construction and the validation of a patient classification instrument which has been based on the patient's individual necessities that require the nursing care. It was considered in the instrument 13 critical indicators: Mental State and Level of Consciousness. Breathing, Vital Signs, Nutrition and Hydration, Movement, Locomotion, Corporeal Hygiene, Eliminations, Therapy, Health Teaching, Behavior, Communication and Skin Integrety. Each one of these indicators has a 1 to 5 gradation denoting an increasing level in the nursing care complexity. The patient is classified in all the indicators in one of the five levels, in the option that better describes his/her situation. The content validation of the instrument was done by the Delphi Technique application through 2 rounds. A team of 15 nursing experts who attend patients or teach in the Medical School in São José do Rio Preto were participants in this research. The obtained results have showed the experts' agreement concerned to: the maintenance of the 13 critical indicators in the instrument; property and intelligibility of the critical indicator contents and the presence of an increasing level in the nursing care complexity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

Adaptation and validation of the rheumatoid arthritis quality of life scale for use in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: The Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life questionnaire (RAQoL) was developed simultaneously in the UK and the Netherlands to measure quality of life in patients with RA. We adapted and validated the RAQoL for the English-Canadian and French-Canadian languages and culture. METHODS: The UK RAQoL was translated into French-Canadian by a bilingual translation panel. Separate lay panels were then used to ensure that this and the English-Canadian instruments were appropriate for use with Canadian patients. Interviews were conducted with 15 French-Canadian and 15 English-Canadian patients with RA to determine the content validity. Reliability and construct validity were established by means of test-retest mail surveys conducted with 92 French-Canadian and 87 English-Canadian RA patients. The survey consisted of the adapted RAQoL, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and a demographic questionnaire. RESULTS: The RAQoL was successfully adapted for both the French and English-Canadian cultures. Field testing showed both versions to be well received by respondents. Of the French-Canadian patients included in the postal survey, 52 responded at Time 1 and 50 at Time 2. For the English-Canadian sample, 54 responded at both time points. Missing data rates for the RAQoL were low and floor and ceiling effects were minimal. Test-retest reliability was good for both versions: 0.87 for the French-Canadian and 0.95 for the English-Canadian. Alpha coefficients (0.92 for the French-Canadian, 0.93 for the English-Canadian) showed the items to be adequately interrelated and scores on the measure showed moderate to high correlations with the HAQ, confirming construct validity. Both versions of the RAQoL were also able to distinguish patient groups that differed according to perceived health status and perceived severity of RA. In addition, the French-Canadian version was able to distinguish patients who rated today as bad or very bad from those who rated today as good or very good. CONCLUSION: The new versions of the RAQoL were well received by both French and English speaking Canadians. The psychometric quality of the adapted questionnaires means they are suitable for inclusion in clinical trials involving patients with RA.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Measuring the information needs of husbands of women with breast cancer: validity and reliability of the Family Inventory of Needs--husbands.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: A two-phase study was undertaken to test the Family Inventory of Needs--Husbands (FIN-H), a tool designed to measure the information needs of husbands of women with breast cancer and the extent to which these needs are met. DESIGN: Methodologic survey. SAMPLES: Phase I: a panel of 6 husbands; phase II: 84 husbands of women with breast cancer. METHODS: Panel of expert ratings followed by pilot test of the two-part survey. FINDINGS: In phase I, husbands assessed the FIN-H for clarity, internal consistency, and content validity. All preset criteria were met. In phase II, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and internal validity were assessed. Internal consistency estimates as measured by Cronbach's standardized alpha coefficients were 0.91 and 0.93. Test-retest correlations were 0.82 and 0.76 (p = 0.0001). Exploratory factor analysis suggested that the FIN-H consists of five factors. CONCLUSIONS: Initial results suggest that the FIN-H is reliable and valid. Further testing is needed to confirm these results. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Before nurses can address the information needs of husbands of women with breast cancer, use of a reliable and valid assessment tool is recommended.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Pilot study of the development of a theory-based instrument to evaluate the communication process during multidisciplinary team conferences in rheumatology.

BACKGROUND: Coordinated teams with multidisciplinary team conferences are generally seen as a solution to the management of complex health conditions. However, problems regarding the process of communication during team conferences are reported, such as the absence of a common language or viewpoint and the exchange of irrelevant or repeated information. To determine the outcome of interventions aimed at improving communication during team conferences, a reliable and valid assessment method is needed. AIM: To investigate the feasibility of a theory-based measurement instrument for assessing the process of the communication during multidisciplinary team conferences in rheumatology. METHOD: An observation instrument was developed based on communication theory. The instrument distinguishes three types of communication: (I) grounding activities, (II) coordination of non-team activities, and (III) coordination of team activities. To assess the process of communication during team conferences in a rheumatology clinic with inpatient and day patient facilities, team conferences were videotaped. To determine the inter-rater reliability, in 20 conferences concerning 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis admitted to the inpatient unit, the instrument was applied by two investigators independently. Content validity was determined by analysing and comparing the results of initial and follow-up team conferences of 25 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis admitted to the day patient unit (Wilcoxon signed rank test). RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability was excellent with the intra-class correlation coefficients being >0.98 for both types I and III communications in 10 initial and 10 follow-up conferences (type II was not observed). An analysis of an additional 25 initial and 86 follow-up team conferences showed that time spent on grounding (type I) made up the greater part of the contents of communication (87% S.D. 14 and 60% S.D. 29 in initial and follow-up conferences, respectively), which is significantly more compared to time spent on co-ordination (p<0.001 and 0.02 for categories II and III, respectively). Moreover, significantly less time spent was spent on grounding in follow-up as compared to initial team conferences, whereas the time spent on coordination (type III) increased (both p-values<0.001). CONCLUSION: This theory-based measurement instrument for describing and evaluating the communication process during team conferences proved to be reliable and valid in this pilot study. Its usefulness to detect changes in the communication process, e.g. after implementing systems for re-structuring team conferences mediated by ICT applications, should be further examined.

Communication↗

PubMed1992

Sickness Impact Profile: the state of the art of a generic functional status measure.

The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a widely used health status measure, known to be valid and reliable. After the final development and testing in 1978, however, in which several methodological aspects were investigated, no descriptions of research projects that systematically evaluate the methodological and theoretical aspects of the instrument were found. In this article a review is presented of literature on the SIP. This review is the first step taken in a project that evaluates the SIP. The instrument appears to be a reliable instrument with sufficient content validity. It shows good correlations with other health status and functional status measures. Yet a number of questions about the SIP remain unanswered. Theoretical implications of the construct of sickness, the effect of age and gender on SIP scores, the construct validity judged by factor analysis, the responsiveness of the instrument, and the possibilities to use proxy-respondents or to shorten the list and to simplify the scoring procedure still have to be studied. If the instrument is to be used as an international standard measure of functional status, these topics should be thoroughly examined.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2007

The urgency perception score: validation and test-retest.

PURPOSE: We validate a grading system for urinary urgency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 225 subjects participated in a validation study of a fixed format question that examined the reasons why an individual usually voids. The response comprised 5 graded categories. The written questionnaire was completed by the subject twice in 3 to 14 days, during which there was no change in symptoms. Subjects included asymptomatic normal volunteers and consecutive patients with lower urinary tract symptoms without urinary urgency and those with overactive bladder with or without other lower urinary tract symptoms. Content validity was established by an expert panel. Discriminant validity was assessed by examining the frequency of responses in the various categories across the 3 groups (chi-square test) and by comparing average scores in each of the 3 groups using 1-way ANOVA, followed by LSD post hoc tests. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 83 normal subjects, 62 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and 80 patients with overactive bladder were included in the study. Median age was 71 years (range 21 to 97). For test-retest reliability the intraclass correlation coefficient (0.86) and kappa coefficient (0.68) indicated a good level of agreement (p <0.001). The overactive bladder group achieved a significantly higher score than the normal and lower urinary tract symptoms groups (mean +/- SD 2.5 +/- 0.99 vs 1.6 +/- 0.93 and 1.8 +/- 0.93, respectively, each p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The urgency perception score appears to be a valid and reliable means of grading urinary urgency. We believe that this method of grading urgency will prove to be more clinically useful than the simple yes/no characterization of urgency as a sudden compelling desire to void and it will be a useful item for questionnaires and diary keeping.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Characteristics of and interventions for fever in Japan.

PURPOSE: As part of a larger multinational validation study of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) alpha version, a survey was conducted in Japan to determine characteristics of 'fever' and interventions to treat febrile patients. SAMPLE: Three hundred and fifty-six acute and critical care Japanese nurses participated in this study. METHOD: The major and minor characteristics of 'fever' perceived by Japanese nurses and interventions used by the nurses in managing febrile patients were identified using the Diagnostic Content Validity (DCV) model. RESULTS: Two characteristics, 'increased body temperature' and 'chills' were selected as major characteristics from the standardized list of the ICNP alpha version validation study. Nine characteristics among the standardized list of characteristics were rated as minor characteristics, and six of the ICNP characteristics were rejected. 'Shivering' and 'infectious lab data' were added with a level of representativeness similar to a major characteristic by nine of the nurses. A variety of interventions to treat fever were reported. The most frequently reported intervention was cooling, followed by warming and medication. Nine dimensions were derived from all reported interventions. DISCUSSION: As well as perceived characteristics of fever, these interventions may have aspects unique to Japanese nursing practice and to the acute and critical care settings. These results can be compared to those of other populations in future studies.

Acute Disease↗