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PubMedDate not supplied

Coping with predictable crises of diabetes.

Although the role of emotional and psychosocial factors in diabetes is generally appreciated, most health care professionals, diabetic patients, and families of patients have no clear model that clarifies the nature of psychosocial variables and provides defined principles for effective treatment and preventative interventions. A multivariate clinical model for coping with predictable crises of diabetes is presented. The model is based on the constructs of crisis, coping, and social support as well as a developmental and life course perspective. The psychosocial tasks to be addressed in coping with crises, in general, as well as strategies of coping are defined and discussed. The specific predictable crises of diabetes are described with reference to the demands and sources of stress inherent in the critical situations and the associated strategies for coping with them. Special attention is given to coping with the initial diagnosis and onset of the disease, the role of health care professionals, and developmental issues in coping with diabetes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Children's self-reports of psychologic adjustment and coping strategies during first year of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Psychologic adjustment, assessed by self-ratings of anxiety, self-esteem, and depression, and cognitive as well as behavioral coping strategies, elicited by interview, were monitored longitudinally among school-age children with recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Our article documents the findings over the 1st yr of illness. From the start, the children viewed themselves as self-confident and emotionally comfortable. The diagnosis of IDDM created minimal emotional upheaval (which faded within 6 mo), despite this cohort's consistent report that the diet, insulin injections, and urine tests were difficult. The most prevalent cognitive strategies for coping with IDDM included wishful thinking, thoughts of forbidden foods, and resentful thoughts. Behavioral coping strategies, including information seeking, were evident from the beginning. The frequency of socially oriented coping behaviors (e.g., showing IDDM management to peers) indicated that the young patients actively tried to adapt to the illness and were more comfortable with aspects of home care than previously thought. Self-rated psychologic adjustment, psychiatric diagnosis, and illness-related coping behaviors were unrelated to one another; psychologic variables were similarly unrelated to the use of socially oriented coping strategies. Therefore, in juvenile cohorts, the presumed association between psychologic status and coping behaviors requires further examination.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Self-esteem and coping responses of athletes with acute versus chronic injuries.

Self-esteem and coping strategies have been important factors in athletes' response to injury and subsequent rehabilitation. Specifically, athletic injury has been negatively associated with self-esteem, while certain coping strategies may enhance adherence to rehabilitation (1, 4). Little is known, however, concerning the effect of acute (sudden specific event) versus chronic injury (repetitive injury over a prolonged period of time) on self-esteem and coping strategies. The Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory (3), selected subscales of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (2), and a demographic questionnaire were administered. The subscales of Ways of Coping Questionnaire employed were Seeking Social Support, Accepting Responsibility for the injury, and Escape Avoidance of the injury. To assess the influence of acute versus chronic injury status, effect sizes (ES) were calculated. Although no difference was found for Accepting Responsibility, chronically injured athletes scored higher on Escape/Avoidance (M = 2.4 vs 1.9, SD = 1.2 vs .6, ES = .52) and lower on Seeking Social Support (M = 2.5 vs 2.8, SD = .6 vs .4, ES = .47) than athletes with acute injuries. Those with chronic injuries also second more negatively on self-esteem (M = 6.2 vs 4.4, SD = 1.2 vs 1.2, ES = 1.30) than acutely injured athletes. These preliminary results suggest the type of injury may differentially affect self-esteem and coping behavior. As self-esteem is theorized to be relatively stable construct, it is perhaps not surprising that chronic injuries have a greater effect than acute injuries. Chronically injured athletes also sought social support less and engaged in more escape/avoidance behavior, suggesting that they cope with injury differently than those with acute injuries.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2000

Coping skills in Japanese women with eating disorders.

The aim of this study was to investigate coping skills in the different types of eating disorders in Japan. Groups of patients with eating disorders diagnosed with DSM-IV and 22 controls were studied. Coping skills were assessed with the Stress Coping Inventory. The mean Problem-focused coping score tended to be lower in the bulimia nervosa purging-type group (n = 20) than in the control group. The former group and the bulimia nervosa nonpurging-type group (n = 6) used significantly less planful problem solving and less positive reappraisal coping than the control group, while the anorexia nervosa restricting-type group of 11 tended to use less positive reappraisal, and the anorexia nervosa binge-eating/purging-type (n = 11) tended to use less planful problem solving and less positive reappraisal than the control group. As some uses of coping skills by patients with eating disorders were lower than those of the control group, developing coping skills may be useful in treatment for eating disorders in Japan.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Sex differences in relationships among anger, depression, and coping strategies of Japanese students.

This study investigated sex differences in the relationships among an ger, depression, and coping strategies. Undergraduate students, 77 men and 130 women, 3 not identified by sex, voluntarily participated. Participants made ratings on a self-report about anger, depression, coping strategies, and mental health. Analyses showed that women who reported themselves as angry tended to cope with stress by optimistic and active strategies, while women who reported themselves as depressed tended to cope with stress by withdrawn and passive strategies. Men who reported being depressed tended to select emotion-focused cognitive coping, while men who reported being angry selected no specific coping. Adoption of engaged emotion focused coping strategies were related to mental health only for women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping strategies of chronically ill adolescents and their parents.

The purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to determine the coping strategies used by adolescents with chronic illnesses and compare those strategies with the strategies used by their parents. Adolescent coping strategies were measured by the Jaloweic Coping Scale, while parental perceptions of their coping strategies were assessed using the Hymovich Chronicity Impact and Coping Instruments: Parent Questionnaire (CICI:PQ). Fifteen chronically ill adolescents and their parents were administered the tools. Analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the parent coping strategies and those of the adolescents in the sample. Adolescent responses on the three subscales of the Jaloweic Coping Scale were analyzed with ANOVA, resulting in no significant differences in responses on the three subscales.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

The process of coping among young adult children of alcoholics.

Children of alcoholics are often misdiagnosed or ignored because of socially acceptable coping styles. These survival coping mechanisms have been identified as specific role behaviors inhibiting normal development. These assumptions, however, have not been tested with rigorous research techniques. The purpose of this study was to describe the developing role patterns and/or coping behaviors of 30 young adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) between the ages of 18 and 28. Data were obtained primarily through in-depth interviews as well as the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Interview responses were analyzed using content analysis procedures and triangulated with questionnaire responses. The findings of this study suggest a possible developmental delay in coping strategies used by children of alcoholics although no specific ACA role behaviors were identified. Confrontive measures of coping did not develop until young adulthood and only after therapeutic intervention. Two unique methods of coping, reversed emotive and reversed confrontive, were also identified. The latter could be peculiar to this population, since it reflected many codependent behaviors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Coping style and climacteric symptoms in a clinical sample of postmenopausal women.

Hormonal changes as well as sociocultural and personal factors account for climacteric symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate in a clinical population the correlation between the severity of hot flashes and vaginal dryness and the 'coping-ineffectiveness of coping' construct. Out of 120 women consecutively referring to the University Menopause Clinic, 85 subjects were evaluated for their climacteric complaints including anxiety and depression and for their coping style assessed with the Italian version of the Utrechtse Coping Lijst. Daily hot flashes and severe vaginal dryness were reported by almost half of the studied population, regression analyses were performed in order to investigate how much of the variance in such symptoms was explained by the psychosocial variables and by the coping mechanisms. A more recent menopause, a lower educational level and an active coping predict a higher severity of hot flashes; a longer time since last menstrual period and a coping of avoidance predict a higher severity of vaginal dryness. The present study suggests that the severity of hot flashes and vaginal dryness among a clinical sample of postmenopausal women is not only determined by biological and social variables, but personal resources also explain part of the variance of such climacteric complaints.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping strategies of chronically ill adolescents and their parents.

The purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to determine the coping strategies used by adolescents with chronic illnesses and compare those strategies with the strategies used by their parents. Adolescent coping strategies were measured by the Jaloweic Coping Scale, while parental perceptions of their coping strategies were assessed using the Hymovich Chronicity Impact and Coping Instruments: Parent Questionnaire (CICI:PQ). Fifteen chronically ill adolescents and their parents were administered the tools. Analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the parent coping strategies and those of the adolescents in the sample. Adolescent responses on the three subscales of the Jaloweic Coping Scale were analysed using ANOVA, resulting in no significant differences in responses on the three subscales.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Job dissatisfaction and substance use among employed high school students: the moderating influence of active and avoidant coping styles.

This study extends prior stress-coping-substance use research among adolescents by examining the employment context. Specifically, this study examines the relation of job dissatisfaction to substance use and the potential moderating influence of active and avoidant coping styles. Data were obtained from 446 employed high school students. Ordered-probit regression analyses reveal that job dissatisfaction is positively related to cigarette and alcohol use, but not to illicit drug use. Coping styles do not moderate the relation between job dissatisfaction and substance use. Nonetheless, coping styles have significant main-effect relations to substance use. Active coping is negatively related and avoidant coping is positively related to both cigarette and alcohol use. Neither coping style is related to illicit drug use.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping preferences of head and neck cancer patients - Indian context.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major health-related stress and demands adequate coping. Patients with head and neck carcinoma (HNC) often face exhaustive and debilitating treatment as well as physical and functional residual effects such as disfigurement, compromised speech, dry mouth and difficulty in swallowing. Understanding how patients cope with these challenges is important in comprehensive care of patients with HNC. OBJECTIVE: To assess and evaluate the coping preferences of head and neck cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Towards this goal, a prospective study was conducted at the Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai. 176 HNC patients participated in the study. The age group ranged from 19 to 87 years. The questionnaire used for assessing coping preferences was Jalowiec coping preference scale containing 40 items, with responses ranging on a 5-point scale. The variables chosen were treatment, site, education, survival, age and gender. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: SPSS 9.0 version was used for both descriptive and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in the preference of Emotion-Oriented Coping (EOC) in relation to age, treatment, site, education and survival. Treatment, site, education and gender showed significant differences in the preference of Problem-Oriented Coping (POC). There was, however, no difference in the preference of POC among the patients with different survival periods and age. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, HNC patients adapt both EOC and POC during the course of the illness. Literates, males and patients subjected to different modalities of treatment preferred more of POC compared to other groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

The appraisal model of coping: an assessment and intervention model for occupational therapy.

This paper presents a new synthesis of the coping literature, the Appraisal Model of Coping. It is based largely on the theoretical concepts of the cognitive relational theory of coping and emotion (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987) and social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1977). The model provides a conceptual template to guide occupational therapy intervention with respect to assisting patients to cope better with the effects of their disease. It explains the influence of many factors that affect the person's ability to cope with the disease process as well as the effect of feedback concerning the efficacy of the coping plan on future coping efforts.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

[The relationship between the family system and the family coping among families with a chronically ill child].

The purposes of this study were to identify the family coping strategies among families with chronically ill children and to explore the relationship between the family system (variables), the family burden and the family coping. One hundred fifty-two families with chronically ill children were studied. The Japanese version of Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II and the Family Coping Behavior Inventory II were used. The result were 1) the family cohesion and adaptability in families with a chronically ill child tended to be lower than normal families; 2) the integration coping pattern was positively related with family cohesion and the family burden; 3) the problem solving coping pattern was positively related with the family burden; 4) the normalization coping pattern was negatively related with the family burden and positively related with the family cohesion; 5) the crisis response coping pattern was positively related with the family burden and negatively related with the family cohesion.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Coping strategies and quality of life among patients on hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

A consecutive series of hemodialysis (HD) patients (n = 30) was included in a descriptive-comparative design. The aim was to study coping strategies and quality of life compared to a group of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Coping was measured on the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Quality of life was measured by the Swedish Health-Related Quality of Life Survey (SWED-QUAL). An optimistic coping style was the most widely adopted by men and women in both groups, and this style was also considered to be the most effective in terms of dealing with stressful treatment aspects. The HD sample used more evasive coping strategies than the CAPD sample. Compared to a sample from the general population, HD patients had lower values on all SWED-QUAL subscales. Further, the CAPD women scored lower on general health than did the HD women. Significant gender differences were found in that men in both samples regarded themselves as better able to cope with physical aspects of the illness. Women in both samples scored lower on general health. It seems important to identify patients who use emotive, evasive and palliative coping techniques extensively, because they seem to be less effective at handling their illnesses.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

[Unfulfilled desire for a child--coping strategies of involuntarily childless women and men].

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed whether coping strategies vary depending on gender and sterility diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 110 couples using the "Freiburg Questionnaire of Coping with Illness" by Muthny [14]. The questionnaire consists of 5 analytic scales, covering one coping-strategy each: F1: depressive coping; F2: problem-faced coping; F3: diversion and building-oneself-up; F4: religion and sense-seeking; F5: trivialization and wishful thinking. RESULTS: Women with unfulfilled child-wish score lower than the group of chronically sick only on the scale "religion and sense-seeking", whereas involuntarily childless men activate all coping strategies to a lesser extent than the standardized collective. Compared to their partners, women score higher on the scales "depressive coping" and "diversion and building-oneself-up". CONCLUSIONS: Gender and sex-role expectations related to it influence the experience of infertility.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Coping, control, and adjustment in Type 2 diabetes.

The relationships of both coping strategies and perceived control to psychological and physiological adjustment were investigated in 115 adults (65 women, 50 men) with Type 2 diabetes. Results showed that (a) emotional preoccupation and palliative coping were positively correlated with depression and state anxiety, whereas perceived control was negatively correlated with depression, state anxiety, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c); (b) instrumental coping predicted lower depression; (c) perceived control moderated the relationships between instrumental coping and depression, and emotional preoccupation coping and HbA1c; and (d) emotional preoccupation coping mediated the relationships between perceived control and depression, and perceived control and state anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of the goodness-of-fit hypothesis (V. J. Conway & D. J. Terry, 1992), optimal coping, and the importance of perceived control in psychological and physiological adjustment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping with stress by children and adolescents with cancer].

Children and adolescents with cancer not only have to cope with everyday stressors and developmental tasks, as do their healthy peers, but also with illness-related stressors. Thus, it can be assumed, that children and adolescents with cancer differ from healthy peers in coping. Stress reactions and adjustment have been investigated in recent studies. In contrast, coping styles have not often been in the focus of research. In this study, the coping of children and adolescents with cancer (n = 60, 8-13 years of age) was compared to the norm, measured by the German Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SVF-KJ; Hampel et al. 2001). The results indicated that the subjects with cancer used more positive and less negative coping strategies when confronted with school-related or social stressors. The results are discussed with respect to the experience with disease-related stress and the possibility of repressive coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping with stress in various rescue groups].

AIM: The main purpose of this study was checking if the above mentioned groups differentiate from each other according to the coping styles used by them; if yes, what does it depend on? METHOD: The Authors studied three groups of rescue services, representing three different formations. There were: Firemen, Ambulance services members and Policemen (preventive troupes). A few well known psychological methods were used, among them: CISS-Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (in polish adaptation), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (in polish adaptation) and Eysenck's-Maudsley Personality Inventory (in polish adaptation). RESULTS: The obtained results allowed to formulate some important conclusions. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups as far as the two coping styles were concerned--task and avoidance oriented. Emotionally oriented coping style is the one in which there are statistically significant differences between the researched groups. The Firemen group has the highest score in the emotional coping style. CONCLUSIONS: Using the coping styles (the most effective too), dependence mostly on the personality traits. It means that personality traits should be an essential condition in the way of accepting new members of rescue groups. The personality traits, beside the professional training, are responsible for effective coping in extremely difficult situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗