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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from human dwellings in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an analysis of the domestic environment of AIDS patients with and without cryptococcosis.

One hundred and fifty-four human dwellings in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were studied. A total of 824 samples of indoor dust, outdoor soil and avian droppings were collected. Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was isolated from 20 (13%) dwellings, comprising five (15.6%) of 32 dwellings of patients with AIDS-associated cryptococcosis; four (8.9%) of 45 dwellings of patients with AIDS but without cryptococcosis; and 11 (14.3%) of 77 dwellings of apparently healthy individuals (P>0.05). The principal factor associated with domiciliar contamination by C. neoformans var. neoformans was the presence of avians in the domestic environment or nearby the home. Cryptococcosis was more frequent among AIDS patients residing in dwellings from which C. neoformans var. neoformans was isolated than among AIDS patients from whose domestic environment the fungus was not demonstrated by the methods used (odds ratio (OR)=2.05). These findings suggest that the distribution of C. neoformans var. neoformans in Rio de Janeiro is not restricted to the classically known biotopes as well as reinforce the possibility of exogenous infection in opportunistic cryptococcosis, including exogenous infection acquired in the domestic environment.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1998

Dilemmas in mandatory reporting of domestic violence: carative ethics in emergency rooms.

Laws are clear when it comes to reporting child abuse, elder abuse, or maltreatment of the disabeled; however, the fuzzy area of domestic violence, or injury to women by their husbands or intimates, puzzles the system ethically and legally. Experts are divided on the issue of mandatory reporting of domestic violence by health care professionals. As exemplified by the Florida law, the crux of the problem may be twofold. First, the law requires reporting of certain incidents that are ambiguously defined. Second, reporting may be mandatory without the patient's consent. Many experts in the field of domestic violence suggest that mandated reporting by health care workers is not in the best interests of the victims; it may lead to more violence and increase the victim's reluctance to get needed health care. This victim vulnerability creates ethical dilemmas in the emergency department, often the first outside contact after a violent incident. This paper examines the implications of reporting applied to emergency practice in the context of basic ethical standards. The application of mandatory reporting laws to competent adult victims presents questions related to nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, confidentiality, and a variety of contextual issues that arise from these main ethical domains.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Remarks on the domestic dog as an object of instruction for the education of the developing child].

Based on an intensive analysis of literature, the study summarizes problems involved in the significance of domesticated dogs as objects of instruction and assistants of the education of children. Several important topics are discussed in view of advances for children in families keeping dogs. Such topics are mainly related to a general socio-emotional level, the support of cognitive development and character formation. Further aspects are the acquisition of a sense of responsibility, and the development of self-confidence, a sense of social membership and security, as well as important attributes of character such as frankness, broad mindedness, and sympathetic understanding. Moreover, knowledge about the life cycle and functions of body organs can be conveyed, and the dog could, at least in part, substitute for brothers and sisters. Basically, positive attitudes towards animals in general, as well as nature and environment are supported. All topics are critically commented and considered to be realistic or not. The supporting role of parents, in particular, is emphasized. Parental commitment should include deep concern with the typical attributes of the dog breed desired, and optimal dog keeping conditions to prevent harm to the children. The final commentary lays special emphasis on negative features of domestication for a pet owner, and cautions against non-biological and illusionary ideas about domesticated animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Thoughts about the domestic dog as the catalyst for relations between humans and a body contact object for humans].

Based on an intensive analysis of literature, the study summarizes for the first time important but seldom realized reasons for dog keeping by humans. Firstly, the significance of the companion animal domesticated dog as catalyst of numerous different social contacts and communicative interactions of the dog keepers is emphasized. Secondly, the problem of total devotion of dog owners to the animal is discussed including its negative aspects, and the psychogram of a "typical dog owner" is described. Thirdly, the role of the domesticated dog as object of body contact (petting object) for humans is characterized, i.e., the positive effects of tactile stimuli for the emotional and physical well-being of dog owners as well as their animals are presented. All themes are finally discussed in the light of the historical dimension of dog domestication, whereby it is obvious that one of the first uses of this mammalian species was that as an object of affectional touch and hugging to serve basic human emotional needs. In this way it becomes also evident how deeply the dog depends on its owner.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Domesticated behavior in sheep. Role of behavioral polymorphism in the regulation of stress reactions in sheep].

The relationship between behavioral polymorphism and the variation for the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPAA) was studied in the meat-and-wool (n = 447) and Altaian fine-fleece (n = 45) sheep breeds under production farm conditions. The behavior studied included negatively associated reactions: feeding reactions and defensive reactions in relation to human. In sheep, the intrapopulation variation for the stress level of corticosteroids depended on the effect of behavior, the type of stimulus, and the interaction between these two factors and correlated with the behavior phenotype (r varied from -0.551 to -0.226). In the stress responses to either 24-h starvation or lamb weaning, hormonal reactions were similar in wild-type sheep that have clearly marked defensive reactions and in the sheep of the domestic phenotype that was contrasted to the wild type. In the stress responses to isolation from the herd, transportation, and competition for food, hormonal reactions were stronger in the wild type than in the domestic phenotype; alternatively, in the stress response to being kept in cages in pairs, hormonal reaction was stronger in the domestic phenotype than in the wild type. In the sheep that were placed in cages, a single playing of tape-recorded anxiety signals caused the motivational or emotional stress that was characterized by an unusually long latent period of the progressive HPAA reaction and its subsequent chronic course (up to 9 days). Animals of contrasted behavioral phenotypes differed in the course of the HPAA reaction. Heritable behavioral polymorphism and interaction between behavior and the type of stimulus are the regulation factors in the expression and variability of stimulus-specific reactions of HPAA. Behavior can serve as the genetic marker for individual features of HPAA functioning in the stress response of sheep.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1999

Nurse practitioner interventions for domestic violence.

The purposes of this study were to (1) identify interventions used by a sample of adult and family nurse practitioners (NPs) with suspected cases of domestic violence and (2) determine if the interventions used had theoretical and empirical support. Sixty vignette responses from 20 NPs were analyzed using content analysis and compared with the literature. The NPs in this sample diagnosed domestic violence in only 60% of the cases. A total of 12 intervention categories (e.g., screening, physical examination, medical treatment, or counseling) were developed. Twelve categories were theoretically supported, and one category had empirical support. These findings support the need for heightened awareness of domestic violence for proper diagnosis and for use of theoretically and empirically supported interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Domestic violence.

Domestic violence is alarmingly prevalent, yet medical students, residents, and experienced physicians are often handicapped by insufficient knowledge and expertise in the diagnosis and care of these patients. This article reviews the epidemiology of domestic violence, highlights risk factors, discusses current obstacles in the diagnosis and treatment of domestic violence, identifies history taking and physical examination skills to increase diagnosis of this condition, and outlines treatment plans for victims.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Domestic violence: a resource manual for healthcare providers for the State of Delaware. Part 2: Legal issues.

The Medical Subcommittee of the Delaware Domestic Violence Coordinating Council (DVCC) has worked on and completed Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Healthcare Providers for the State of Delaware. It is both an educational tool and a handy resource for documentation and reference, with many examples of clinical guidelines screening questions and checklists for safety screening. It is intended for all healthcare providers, not just physicians. The Delaware Medical Journal will be reprinting three very important chapters from this manual: Understanding Domestic Violence (October 2000), Legal Issues, and Health Care Provider's Response.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence: a life-span approach to assessment and intervention.

Domestic violence affects millions of Americans, many of whom deny or refuse to admit that that they are victims of abuse. Assessing patients at risk for domestic violence is a critical aspect of providing comprehensive primary care. As social agents, with moral and ethical responsibility, primary care providers must advocate for clients in the fight against domestic violence. Primary health care agencies must adopt uniform policies that assure that all women, children, and elders at risk for abuse are screened using a simple tool that becomes part of the primary care record. Screening for abuse should become part of an annual screening process, not unlike screening patients for high blood pressure or high cholesterol. If patients are suspected of being abused, document this on the problem list so subsequent providers will know to explore the possibility of abuse with patients. Multiple forms of abuse occur in families, and signs of abuse are usually subtle in nature. Abuse may be the reason for failed office visits, noncompliance with medications, depression, and other unexplained physical and psychological signs and symptoms. If we fail to ask, we will never know how many of our patients are victims of abuse and in need of our help.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Domestic violence: a Resource Manual for Healthcare Providers for the State of Delaware. Part 3: Health Care Provider's Response.

The Medical Subcommittee of the Delaware Domestic Violence Coordinating Council (DVCC) has worked on and completed Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Healthcare Providers for the State of Delaware. It is both an educational tool and a handy resource for documentation and reference, with many examples of clinical guidelines, screening questions and checklists for safety screening. It is intended for all healthcare providers, not just physicians. The Delaware Medical Journal will be reprinting three very important chapters from this manual: Understanding Domestic Violence (October 2000), Legal issues (November 2000), and Health Care Provider's Response.

Delaware↗

PubMed2002

"Domestic violence".

Domestic violence is no respector of persons but may involve spouses or cohabiting adults across all socioeconomic, ethnic, and religious groups. It is no respect or of community. The abuse can be physical, sexual, or emotional/psychological. It can be economic and be demonstrated by neglect. Nursing care for the problem of domestic abuse needs to be directed at primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Care for victims and victimizers of domestic violence involves a collaborative relationship with other professionals as well as interagency cross referrals that involve health, welfare, refuge, and judicial protective services.

Domestic Violence↗

PubMed2002

Domestic violence: an education programme for hospital staff.

An assistant director of nursing in an acute hospital describes how she identified a need for staff education about domestic violence and set up an awareness programme. Nominated nurses from the clinical areas most affected--Accident & Emergency, maternity, gynaecology and paediatrics--attended and disseminated information to colleagues. The content of the course is described. Evaluation showed that participants' knowledge base increased by an estimated 25%. Junior medical staff now receive one hour's education in domestic violence during their A&E rotation. Links were forged with community agencies specialising in domestic violence, resulting in a more effective referral system.

Domestic Violence↗

PubMed2003

Domestic abuse--an antenatal survey at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban.

OBJECTIVES: To determine exposure to domestic violence by a partner or spouse among pregnant women attending a public sector hospital in Durban, South Africa. DESIGN: Six hundred and four randomly chosen women from a low-income community were interviewed over a 6-month period using a standardised questionnaire. RESULTS: Thirty-eight per cent had experienced domestic violence at some point in their lives. Physical abuse (52%) was the most common, and 35% had been abused during the current pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Domestic violence is common in pregnancy among women attending a public sector hospital.

Domestic Violence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the S1A-receptor agonist ipsapirone on behavior types in wild and domesticated rats].

Selective agonist of 1A subtype of serotonine receptors ipsapirone inhibited manifestation of affective kinds of aggression in wild and domesticated rats. Administration of ipsapirone (10 mg/kg) decreased the number of aggressive attacks of wild and domesticated rats in the test of shock-induced aggression and blocked manifestation of defensive reaction to the experimenter in wild rats. Neophobia in wild rats decreased under the influence of ipsapirone. At the same time ipsapirone did not change mouse-killing behaviour either in wild or in domesticated rats. Probably, 5-HT1A receptors the aggressive regulate reaction, which are parts of the complex of defensive behaviour of the wild animals.

Aggression↗

PubMed2003

Statistical analysis and experimental design for mapping genes of complex traits in domestic animals.

Gene mapping for complex traits has been an active and challenging research area in humans, agricultural and laboratory species. In domestic animals and poultry, the goal of gene mapping is to find genes associated with production, reproduction and health traits. In humans, gene mapping for complex diseases has been a significant challenge. Although gene mapping results are accumulating rapidly, confirmed results are scarce. In domestic animals, gene mapping results are also accumulating rapidly and several large scale mapping projects in chickens, swine, and dairy cattle are currently in progress. Although new and more reliable results can be expected in the near future, the precise understanding of genes underlying complex traits is still some distance away. Recently, the approach of mapping genes of complex traits has been applied to gene expression data to map transcription regulatory elements, adding a new dimension to gene mapping. Statistical analysis of gene mapping data and experimental design are critical components of a gene mapping research. The purpose of this review article is to discuss current status as well as future directions and challenges in statistical analysis and experimental design for mapping genes of complex traits in domestic animals and poultry.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Raising the curtain on domestic violence.

In New Jersey, the statistics blare: over the past five years, the number of domestic violence victims grew 60 percent. Quietly, intuitively, you realize there are more. One study shows that domestic violence may account for as much as $1.8 billion in health care services annually in the U.S. But more important than the health care costs are the personal and long-term social ramifications of domestic violence.

Domestic Violence↗

PubMed2004

Domestic violence: prevalence and detection in a family medicine residency clinic.

This study was designed to investigate the detection rate of domestic violence by resident physicians in a community-based, primary care training program. Baseline information on detection rates was gathered from residents in the prestudy phase and was compared with data from the 6-month investigation phase of the study, during which a self-administered pencil-and-paper questionnaire on domestic violence was provided to patients and residents. The nursing staff screened new female patients and established patients returning for annual physical examinations. Patients older than 18 years were asked to complete a four-question survey. The examining resident physicians then reviewed the questionnaire answers with patients. During the 6-month prestudy phase, only 7 of 136 patients (5.1%) were determined to be in current (2.9%) or past (2.2%) abusive relationships. Of the 52 patients who completed the investigation phase of the study, 25 (48.1%) reported a lifetime history of abuse, with 9.6% of patients reporting current abuse and 38.5% reporting past abuse. There was a statistical difference regarding history of abuse and lifetime incidence of abuse between the control and study groups. The authors found that routine screening with a few questions could significantly increase detection of domestic violence and enable victims to begin to address their problems. This study has implications for continuing medical education programs as well as residency training programs.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed2004

[Investigation and analysis of the defense mechanism and domestic violence of male patients with somatization disorder].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the psychological impediment of the patients with somatization disorder (SD) and domestic violence, and to enhance peoples recognition of this kind of patients' harmful action to others so as to attach more importance to the patients and to the improvement of mental health service of the community. METHODS: Questionnaire scoring was conducted among the wives of the SD group and the control group concerning domestic violence. It was also conducted in the SD group, the control group and the wives of the two groups concerning defense mechanism. RESULTS: The average score on demestic violence of the SD group was significantly higher than that of the normal control. Immature and intermediate defenses were more usual in the SD group than in the normal control (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Psychological impediment of SD patients is an important cause of domestic violence.

Adult↗