SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Educational Status”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Educational differences in the prevalence of mobility disability in old age: the dynamics of incidence, mortality, and recovery.

OBJECTIVES: Older people with less education have substantially higher prevalence rates of mobility disability. This study aimed to establish the relative contributions of incidence, recovery rates, and death to prevalence differences in mobility disability associated with educational status. METHODS: Data were from 3 sites of the Established Populations for Epidemiological Study of the Elderly, covering 8,871 people aged 65-84 years who were followed for up to 7 years. Participants were classified on years of education received and as disabled if they needed help or were unable to walk up or down stairs or walk half a mile. A Markov model computed relative risks, adjusting for the effects of repeated observations on the same individuals. RESULTS: Differences between education groups in person-years lived with disability were large. The relative risk of incident disability in men with 0-7 years of education (vs. those with 12 or more years) was 1.65 (95% CI = 1.37-1.97) and in women was 1.70 (95% CI = 1.15-2.53). Both recovery risks and risks of death in those with disability were not significantly different across education groups in either gender. DISCUSSION: Higher incidence of disability is the main contributor to the substantially higher prevalence of disability in older people of lower socioeconomic status. Efforts to reduce the disparity in disability rates by socioeconomic status in old age should focus mainly on preventing disability, because differences in the course of mobility disability after onset appear to play a limited role in the observed prevalence disparities.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Association of young maternal age with adverse reproductive outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy in adolescence is associated with an excess risk of poor outcomes, including low birth weight and prematurity. Whether this association simply reflects the deleterious sociodemographic environment of most pregnant teenagers or whether biologic immaturity is also causally implicated is not known. METHODS: To determine whether a young age confers an intrinsic risk of adverse outcomes of pregnancy, we performed stratified analyses of 134,088 white girls and women, 13 to 24 years old, in Utah who delivered singleton, first-born children between 1970 and 1990. Relative risk for subgroups of this study population was examined to eliminate the confounding influence of marital status, educational level, and the adequacy of prenatal care. The adjusted relative risk for the entire study group was calculated as the weighted average of the stratum-specific risks. RESULTS: Among white married mothers with educational levels appropriate for their ages who received adequate prenatal care, younger teenage mothers (13 to 17 years of age) had a significantly higher risk (P < 0.001) than mothers who were 20 to 24 years of age of delivering an infant who had low birth weight (relative risk, 1.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 2.0), who was delivered prematurely (relative risk, 1.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 2.1), or who was small for gestational age (relative risk, 1.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 1.4). Older teenage mothers (18 or 19 years of age) also had a significant increase in these risks. Even though sociodemographic variables associated with teenage pregnancy increase the risk of adverse outcomes, the relative risk remained significantly elevated for both younger and older teenage mothers after adjustment for marital status, level of education, and adequacy of prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: In a study of mothers 13 to 24 years old who had the characteristics of most white, middle-class Americans, a younger age conferred an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes that was independent of important confounding sociodemographic factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Influence of demographic characteristics on two measures of depressive symptoms: the relation of prevalence and persistence of symptoms with sex, age, education, and marital status.

Respondents from community and inpatient populations were asked to recall for the preceding week the prevalence (presence of symptom at any time) and persistence (presence of symptom for five to seven days) of 16 symptoms associated with depression. The rates were adjusted for four-variable combinations of sex, age, education, marital status, and clinical status. For the majority of symptoms, statistically significant associations were found between prevalence and sex, age, and marital status and between persistence and education. These results suggest that white women, young adults, and those not currently married have a higher prevalence of transient depressed affect than those in the other categories of each variable, while the less well-educated are at greater risk than those in other education categories of having the depressive syndrome requiring therapeutic intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiological aspects of endemic upper gastrointestinal cancers in eastern Turkey.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of our study was to present the epidemiological aspects of endemic upper gastrointestinal (esophageal and gastric) cancers in the Van region of Eastern Turkey. METHODOLOGY: The patients were diagnosed by esophagogastroscopy, biopsy and histopathological analysis. The control group consisted of 73 healthy subjects. Epidemiological characteristics (age, sex, dietary habits, educational status, life style) were evaluated by questionnaires. Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed in nontumoral gastric mucosal biopsy specimens by Giemsa staining. RESULTS: 298 esophageal Ca and 384 gastric Ca patients were diagnosed in seven years (1994-2001). Most of the patients (90%) were of rural origin. Endoscopic prevalence rate of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) Ca was the highest (1 Ca per 7 esophagogastroscopy) in the Van region compared to other parts of Turkey. Esophageal Ca were 1.5 times more common in females whereas gastric Ca were 1.6 times more common in males. Ninety per cent of esophageal cancers were epidermoid and the remaining 10% were adenocarcinomas. Ninety-seven per cent of gastric Ca were adenocarcinomas. Helicobacter pylori infection was not significantly increased in gastric Ca patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Low educational and socioeconomic status, consumption of smoked, salted, hot, fatty foods, overdrinking hot tea and well water, cigarette smoking, poor intake of fresh fruits and vegetables and poor hygienic conditions were probable culprit factors.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

The problem of illegally induced abortion: results from a hospital-based study conducted at district level in Dar es Salaam.

Illegal abortion is known to be a major contributor to maternal mortality. The objective of the study was firstly to identify women with illegally induced abortion, (IA) and to compare them with women admitted with a spontaneous abortion (SA) or receiving antenatal care (AC), and secondly to describe the circumstances which characterized the abortion. The population of this cross-sectional questionnaire study comprised patients from Temeke District Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. After an in-depth confidential interview, 603 women with incomplete abortion were divided into two groups: 362 women with IA and 241 with SA. They were compared with 307 AC women. IA women were significantly younger, more often better educated, unmarried, nulliparous and students than AC women. Regarding civil-status, educational level, proportion of nullipara and proportion of students, SA patients were similar to AC women. These results lend support to the assumption that the in-depth confidential interview made it possible to distinguish IA women from SA women.

Abortion, Illegal↗

PubMed2005

Genotype-based screening for hereditary hemochromatosis: II. Attitudes toward genetic testing and psychosocial impact--a report from a German pilot study.

In collaboration with the German Sickness Fund (Kaufmännische Krankenkasse-KKH), we conducted a pilot study on DNA-based population screening of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) in Germany. The health insurance organization KKH briefly informed their members about the possibility to participate voluntarily in this pilot project. A total of 5882 KKH members contacted us and received detailed information on the aim of the project and clinical and genetic aspects of HH. Of these individuals, 3961 requested HFE genotyping. After genotype results had been communicated to the participants' general practitioner, we sent a self-administered questionnaire to all homozygous (n = 67) and heterozygous (n = 485) as well as 448 wild-type study participants (sigma = 1000) to assess the psychosocial impact of HFE genotyping. In addition, questionnaires were sent to 8000 randomly selected members of the KKH to investigate their attitude toward genetic testing. Six hundred thirty-one (63.1%) of the test participants and 2141 (26.8%) of the randomly chosen KKH members responded. A total of 59.1% of the members would generally accept predictive genetic testing and 3.7% objected to such tests in principle. Individuals with higher educational status accepted predictive testing significantly more often than individuals with less education. Of the tested individuals, 69.9% thought that participation in the pilot study was probably beneficial for them and 1% (5 heterozygotes and 1 wild-type) thought that it was probably harmful. Of the participants, 94.6% judged their decision to have participated in the pilot study as right and 0.3% (2 heterozygotes) as probably wrong. Only very few of the tested individuals underwent pretest (1 case) or posttest (11 cases) genetic counseling. We conclude that genotype- based screening for HH is generally accepted and was perceived as beneficial. Negative psychosocial consequences are rare and could presumably have been prevented by delivering appropriate pretest and posttest information.

Attitude↗

PubMed1986

Client-related risk factors of nursing home entry among elderly adults.

We estimated the relative importance of various client characteristics related to nursing home entry for a national probability sample of Medicare recipients and developed predictive models of nursing home entry that account for the interactive effects among variables. In contrast with previous research, we focused on the characteristics of nursing home entrants, not residents. By using a national sample we ensured that the influence of regional variations in the configuration of long-term care services would not confound estimates of the relative effect of client-related factors. Nine variables emerged as statistically significant predictors: age, being confined to a bed, requiring help to get around, requiring aid getting around, being widowed, never married, welfare as a payment source, insurance as a payment source, and perceived health status. When these factors were controlled for, sex, geographic region, and educational status were not statistically significant.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

[Food habits in Hedmark related to gender, education and marital status].

Several studies have shown a positive correlation between length of education and healthy dietary habits. This study examines associations between dietary habits and gender, length of education and marital status among adults in a Norwegian county. In 1997, all residents aged 40-42 (n = 7,870), in Hedmark County were invited to participate in the Age 40 Programme of the National Health Screening Service; 64% participated. Data on the consumption of selected foods were collected by a questionnaire. We found that relatively more women than men had fish at least once a week and fruit/vegetables and skimmed milk at least once a day. Women were also less likely to use butter on sandwiches. Comparing dietary habits with respondents' length of education, we found that a larger proportion of those with more education often had fish, fruit/vegetables and skimmed milk than did those with less education. The better educated were also more likely not to use butter/margarine on sandwiches. No clear correlation between marital status and dietary habits was found. The women in our study adhered more strictly to the recommended use of more fruit and vegetables and less fat than did the men, and the better educated group of respondents had dietary habits which were more in line with dietary recommendations.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Racial differences in epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome alone, un-investigated dyspepsia alone, and "overlap syndrome" among african americans compared to Caucasians: a population-based study.

There is A paucity of data on racial differences in epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) alone and un-investigated dyspepsia (UD) alone compared to "overlap syndrome" (OS). We conducted a random survey (n = 990). Subjects completed a questionnaire which included Rome II criteria for IBS and functional dyspepsia (FD). Among African Americans, the prevalence of IBS alone, UD alone, and OS was 0.6%, 17%, and 7.3%, respectively. It was 0%, 13%, and 13% among Caucasian Americans. All but four patients with IBS had UD. Among patients with UD, OS was seen in 30% of African Americans, compared to 50% among Caucasian Americans. Among African Americans, UD patients were younger compared to OS patients. African Americans with UD were more likely than OS patients to have children. Marital status, education, and household income were not a factor among Caucasians. African Americans patients below poverty level were more likely to have UD than OS (22% vs 10%). Considering patients with UD alone, race, age, sex, marital status, number of children, education, and income level were not different between African Americans and Caucasians. Compared to African Americans, Caucasians with OS were likely to be married and live in an urban area. There was a higher prevalence of OS among Caucasians with lower education. OS is 2.5 times more likely to occur among Caucasians compared to African Americans. We conclude that OS is more common among Caucasians than African Americans. IBS and OS are virtually synonymous.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Determinants of child morbidity in Latin America: a pooled analysis of interactions between parental education and economic status.

Diarrhea and respiratory infections account for more than two-fifths of all deaths among children under five. Parental education and economic status are well-known risk factors for child morbidity, but little is known about whether education and economic status operate synergistically or independently to influence children's health. Confirming the presence and direction of such interactions is important to better target education and development policies. Our objective is to test for interactions between parental education and economic status in predicting the risk of diarrhea and respiratory illness among children under five, before and after adjusting for key proximate risk factors. We pool 12 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and nine Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS) from Latin America, creating two large databases. Quintiles of economic status are constructed from principal components asset indices. We use logistic regression to analyze episodes of diarrhea and respiratory illness, and interactions between economic quintile and maternal and paternal education are evaluated via likelihood ratio tests. We find that mother's education and quintile interact synergistically in the DHS data, while results are inconclusive in the LSMS data. The effect of increasing maternal education appears to be more protective for children in wealthy families than for children in poor families. Conversely, improvements in economic status reduce health risks more for children whose mothers are better educated. Father's education is protective and operates independently of economic status. Our findings imply that poverty alleviation efforts occurring in concert with programs to educate women and girls will be more effective for improving children's health than either approach alone.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Social inequalities in health care services utilisation after eight years of health care reforms: a cross-sectional study of Estonia, 1999.

Fundamental health care reforms in Estonia started in 1991 with the introduction of a social health insurance system. While increasing the efficiency of the health care system was one of the targets of the health care reforms, equity issues have received relatively less attention. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of social inequalities in health care utilisation in Estonia in 1999, after 8 years of large-scale reforms. Data were obtained from a nationally representative household interview survey including 3990 respondents aged 25-74 years. Health care utilisation was measured by the telephone consultations, visits to the general practitioner, visits to the specialist, visits to the dentist, and hospitalisation. These utilisation measures were related to variables on ethnicity, place of residence, education, income and employment, by means of direct standardisation and logistic regression models. Three different regression models were applied in order to (a) describe social differences in health care utilisation, (b) to assess whether these differences can be explained by differences in health needs, and (c) to assess the independent effect of each social variable net of all other social variables. Substantial inequalities were observed for all types of health care services and according to most social dimensions. Residents of rural areas were more likely to visit a general practitioner or to use telephone consultation, but less often used outpatient specialist care or dentist care. Ethnic differences were generally smaller, with no consistently higher use by either Russians or ethnic Estonians. Large differences were observed in relation to socio-economic status (education, income, or employment), with a more favourable socio-economic status being associated with higher probability to use health care services, especially after controlling for health needs. In case of hospitalisation, however, no notable social inequalities were found. These findings suggest that important geographic, financial and information barriers to health care utilisation exist after almost one decade of health care reforms in Estonia. Further health care reforms should aim to lessen or even remove these barriers.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Study of growth in rural school children from Buenos Aires, Argentina using upper arm muscle area by height and other anthropometric dimensions of body composition.

The primary objective was to compare growth and body composition in an infantile rural population by means of the upper arm muscle area by height and other antropometric measurements. Research was carried out by way of a cross sectional study, including 80% (321 6-13 year olds) of the schoolchildren living in General Lavalle, a rural community of about 3000 inhabitants. The methods and procedures included the evaluation of mother's educational levels and anthropometric measurements. Height (H), weight, mid upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfold (TS) were measured. The body mass index (BMI), the upper arm muscle area (UAMA), the upper arm fat area (UAFA) and the upper arm muscle area by height (UAMAH) were calculated. Variables were grouped by gender and age and transformed into z-scores, using the US anthropometric standards as reference. The results showed that: (1) the mother educational status was, in relation to z-scores, as in an urban population, and (2) the z-scores for BMI, UAFA and TS were above the reference, while the ones for H, UAMA and UAMAH were below the reference. The differences between z-scores in relation to mother's educational levels were statistically significant (p < 0.05). UAMA was correlated strongly with H (r = 0.67). The children of General Lavalle tend to be fatty and overweight, while their muscle mass and H are proportionally low, but with values within the reference. Thus, low muscle mass and H are, in general terms, indicative of low protein reserves, the systematically low-anthropometry found for UAMAH suggests that this index should be used in conjunction with other indexes (e.g. BMI, UAFA) to obtain a more complete assessment of body composition and nutritional status.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence, sociodemography, and quality of life of older versus younger patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study.

We studied the prevalence as well as the sociodemographic characteristics and QOL of older adults (> 50 years) with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among the population at large and compared it to their younger counterparts'. We hypothesized that IBS is less prevalent among older persons and they suffer poorer QOL compared to younger IBS patients. A total of 1000 adults from nine sites, including a medical center, churches, and a blood bank in our metropolitan area (670 African Americans, 320 Caucasians, and 10 others), completed self-administered questionnaires providing sociodemographic information and details regarding bowel habits and associated symptoms for diagnosing the IBS based on Rome II criteria. QOL was assessed by the SF-12 questionnaire. The study database was divided into two groups, younger (< 50 years) and older (> or = 50 years). The two age groups were similar with respect to gender and household income. Ninety-five of the 1000 participants had IBS, giving a total sample prevalence of 9.5% (< 50 years, 9.9%, vs > or = 50 years, 7.6%). The prevalence of IBS was similar in the two groups irrespective of race, sex, marital status, size of household, location of residence (rural versus urban), level of educational status, and household income. Compared to the older group, there was a trend toward a higher prevalence of IBS among divorced subjects (12.7% vs 0%; P = 0.1) and those below poverty level of income (15.3% vs 7.5%; P = 0.09) in the younger subjects. In contrast, older IBS patients were more likely to attend church regularly (32.5% vs 58.8%; P < 0.05). There were no differences in history of traveler's diarrhea, food intolerance, and drug allergies between the two groups. Health care utilization was similar between the two IBS groups in terms of number of physician visits, use of prescription and alternative medications, and being disabled due to IBS. There was no difference in the overall QOL score means (27.8 vs 29.5; P = NS) or in its general health and physical functioning components. However, older IBS patients had better social functioning (9.1 vs 9.8; P < 0.05). Although in our study IBS occurred less frequently among older adults than among younger patients, the difference is not statistically significant. While IBS affects QOL at all ages, social functioning was actually better on average among older compared to younger IBS patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Individual versus group education: is one better?

Individual and small group approaches to delivering patient education have differing potential advantages, and various criteria can be used to determine which is "better". Individualization of education is possible in either delivery format, as is its absence. Limited evidence regarding the relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different delivery modes is available from direct comparison and meta-analyses of studies comparing either of the approaches with no education or the patient's own pre-education status. This evidence supports the conclusions that: (1) both individual and group education can improve patient outcomes, (2) it is not possible to conclude that the two delivery formats are essentially equivalent in effectiveness, and there is some evidence that group education may more effective for some outcomes, and (3) wide variation in effectiveness exists among programs in both delivery formats. A model continuum of asthma education is presented that takes advantage of the respective strengths of individual and group delivery.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Analytical study of pustular eruptions in neonates.

Pustular eruptions are commonly encountered in neonatal practice. Much confusion exists among clinicians because of the similarity in clinical lesions, paucity of relevant literature, and varied nomenclature used for these diseases. This often results in inappropriate diagnoses and therapies, besides subjecting the neonates to invasive and traumatic investigative procedures. We conducted a comprehensive study of pustular eruptions in 100 neonates, using the clinical examination and simple laboratory tests to arrive at a practical diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this problem. Of the 100 neonates with pustular eruptions, 36% were in the early neonatal period (first week of life). A slight male preponderance with a male:female ratio of 1:0.79 was observed. The majority of the families of these infants had poor socioeconomic status (96%) and were living in slums (71%). A study of their educational status revealed that 54% of the mothers were uneducated. Fifty-seven percent of the neonates were born at home. The clinical pattern of diseases among these neonates was that 58% of them had infections [impetigo (23%), intertrigo (14%), scabies (6%), and viral diseases (6%)]. Noninfectious diseases (42%) included miliaria pustulosa, erythema toxicum neonatorum, epidermolysis bullosa, and contact dermatitis. Simple laboratory investigations helpful in establishing the diagnosis were smears processed with Gram (24%) and Giemsa (39%) stains and wet mounts with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution (27%) for direct microscopic examination. More than half (53%) of the patients required no specific treatment except for counseling and medications to alleviate symptoms, while others with an infectious etiology responded to topical and or systemic antibiotics/antifungals. Pustular eruptions in neonates include both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Simple laboratory tests such as Gram- and Giemsa-stained smears, direct microscopy with 10% KOH wet mounts, bacterial and fungal cultures are helpful in establishing the diagnosis and occasionally skin biopsy is needed. A practical diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this problem is discussed.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2001

Demographics and health-related factors of men receiving prostate-specific antigen screening in Utah.

BACKGROUND: Identifying who is pursuing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer is prerequisite to effectively influencing participation in PSA screening and educating people about potential screening implications and personal risk. This paper describes the relationship between select demographic and health-related factors with PSA screening. METHODS: Analysis was based on 1,293 men age 40 years or older who responded to a cross-sectional random telephone survey involving 12 health districts in the state of Utah from June 1 to August 31, 1996. Independent variables were current age, race, marital status, education, household income, medical insurance, level of physical activity, intake of fruits and vegetables, receipt of psychiatric help, religious preference, church attendance, general health status, and employment. RESULTS: Forty-eight percent of respondents reported having had a PSA in the past year. PSA screening in the previous year significantly increased and leveled off with age: 23.9% for ages 40-49, 51.4% for ages 50-59, 67.4% for ages 60-69, and 67.0% for ages 70+. After adjusting for age, only marital status and medical insurance were significantly related to PSA screening, with medical insurance having the largest effect. Approximately 50.6% married men and 33.5% unmarried men had a PSA in the past year. Percentages for insured and uninsured men were 49.4 and 16.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A substantial portion of elderly men, particularly those who are married and medically insured, have had a PSA test in the past year. This information makes it possible to more effectively influence participation in PSA screening and educate people about potential screening implications and personal risk.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Rickets and deprivation: a Nigerian study.

Under-fives in 461 households were assessed clinically to determine the prevalence of rickets in sub-urban and rural communities in the Sahel savanna. Overt rickets was found in 11 (2.4%) of households and abnormalities suggestive of rickets in 69 (14.9%). There were significant variations (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of rickets in association with ethnic grouping (higher in southerners and non-Kanuri, non-Hausa-Fulani northerners), religion (more prevalent among Christians), and mother's occupation and educational status (higher with working class mothers and mothers with at least a primary education). A significantly higher prevalence was also associated with late introduction (at more than seven months of age) of cereals to the infant's diet, more than one under-five in a household and presence of under-fives aged 13-43 months. In contrast, no significant variations in prevalence were observed in association with duration of breast feeding, use of multivitamins or cod liver oil, history of convulsions in under-fives, sex, nutritional status, or history of diarrhoea within a recall period of six months. Thus, rickets is common in under-fives in rural and sub-urban communities in the Sahel savanna and may be related more to environmental and dietary factors than to culture and religion. Further studies are required to determine the relative roles of vitamin D or calcium deficiency to facilitate the planning and execution of a community-based intervention programme in the area.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2002

Nutritional status of the preschool children of the Klong Toey slum, Bangkok.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the nutritional status of children (aged 1-5 years) who lived in the Klong Toey slum, Bangkok; the factors related to nutritional status were also determined. Anthropometric measurements were made for 232 children; socioeconomic background information was obtained by interviewing their mothers using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of malnutrition among the study sample was 25.4% by weight-forage, 18.1% by height-for-age, and 6.9% by weight-for-height; the prevalence among pre-school children in Thailand and in the Bangkok metropolitan area by weight-for-age was reported to be 8.73% and 5.25% respectively. Potential related factors were examined: family characteristics, (mother's age, marital status, educational background, family size, family income, and mothers' occupation); children's characteristics (age, gender, birth order, immunization status, and history of illness); mothers' knowledge and perception of nutrition and mothers' food practice. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association with the nutritional status of children by height-for-age. The results showed that family income (adjusted OR=0.9998; 95% CI: 0.9997-1.0000), maternal housewifery or unemployment (adjusted OR=6.5; 95% CI: 1.74-24.3), food practice (adjusted OR=0.7123; 95% CI: 0.5390-0.9414), and a maternal educational level lower than primary school (adjusted OR=10.1; 95% CI: 1.13-91.9) were associated with the nutritional status of children. This finding implies that although malnutrition is no longer considered to be a major health problem in Thailand, it remains a threat to the health of the urban poor in Bangkok. This finding should not be overlooked and countermeasures are indicated.

Adolescent↗