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PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships between physical activity and the proximity of exercise facilities and home exercise equipment used by undergraduate university students.

The authors used stratified random sampling procedures to investigate the relationships among physical activity (PA), the proximity of exercise facilities, and the quantity of home exercise equipment in a sample of 411 undergraduates. To examine the data they collected from the modified Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire and the Home Environment Questionnaire, the authors used correlational analyses and analysis of variance. Intensity and duration of PA showed a significant relationship to the proximity of exercise facilities. Intensity, frequency, and duration of PA were significantly related to the quantity of students' home exercise equipment. Freshmen and sophomores engaged in PA closer to their residences and participated in 3 more exercise bouts per week than juniors and seniors. These findings suggest that proximity of the activity episode may have an effect on PA behavior of college students.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Increased releasability of skin mast cells after exercise in patients with exercise-induced asthma.

The role of lung mast cells in exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is controversial. To investigate whether the skin mast cell releasability is increased after exercise in EIA, 49 young atopic men with or without asthma took part in a free-running test for 6 min and were given skin prick tests using morphine, a mast cell secretagogue, before and after the exercise. The mean diameters of the wheal induced by morphine in patients with EIA were not significantly different from those in patients without EIA before exercise, although the baseline lung function was significantly lower and the airway hyperresponsiveness, the peripheral blood eosinophil count, and the size of the wheal in response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were significantly higher in patients with EIA. However, the differences of the morphine-induced wheal diameter between patients with EIA and those without EIA became significant at 120 min after exercise (p<0.05), while the responses to histamine were not significantly different. These results suggest that exercise increases the releasability of skin mast cells in EIA patients whose asthma/allergy are relatively severe.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Comparison of effects among Tai-Chi exercise, aquatic exercise, and a self-help program for patients with knee osteoarthritis].

PURPOSE: This study was to compare the effects among Tai-Chi exercise, aquatic Exercise, and a self-help program for knee osteoarthritis patients on symptoms of arthritis, muscle strength, balance, and difficulty of performing activities. METHOD: There were 50 final subjects50. A non-equivalent pretest-posttest design was used. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS for Window. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple comparison test were used 8 weeks after each program. RESULT: There were significant differences in joint pain (p=.000), stiffness (p=.001), knee extensor peak torque (p=.006), knee flexor (p=.002), and difficult of performing activity (p=.000), but there was no significant difference in balance (p=.648). The Tai-Chi group was significantly different from the self-help group for knee extensor peak torque, knee flexor and stiffness on Scheffe's multiple comparison tests. In addition, the Tai-Chi group or aquatic group were significantly different from the self-help group for difficulty of performing activities (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in the effects of the nursing intervention among the three groups. The Tai-Chi group and aquatic group were significantly different from the self-help group. However, it seems that Tai-Chi exercise may be more suitable than aquatic exercise in osteoarthritis exercise programs. Further studies with a longitudinal study are necessary to confirm the longer exercise period.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective analysis of stage-of-exercise movement following mail-delivered, self-instructional exercise packets.

This study investigated the efficacy of mail-delivered, self-instructional exercise packets designed to motivate, encourage, and support women's movement through the stages of exercise. The study took place within the subjects' natural work environment and involved no formal exercise classes or programs. Besides mailing each subject her individualized packet, no contact occurred between the researchers and study participants except for data collection at 1 month and 7 months after baseline. For the sample as a whole, a significant time effect was found; yet no significant within-group or between-group differences were observed. However, a general pattern that favored the LEP group over both the SEP and FFP groups was identified and, interestingly, the FFP over the SEP. For example, study adherence rates were 81.1%, 71.1%, 63.2% for the LEP, FFP, and SEP groups, respectively. Although speculative, it is tenable that subjects from the LEP group had better adherence to the study because they were more satisfied with their intervention than subjects from the other two groups. Also in favor of the LEP and FFP groups was the percentage of participants who improved their stage-of-exercise status from baseline to 1 month (i.e., 45.8%, 42.1%, and 27.8%, respectively, for the LEP, FFP, and SEP groups [precontemplation through action stages only]). Similar results were seen from baseline through 7 months (i.e., 58.3%, 57.9%, and 55.5%, respectively, for the LEP, FFP, and SEP groups [precontemplation through action stages only]). Independent of group, subjects in the earlier stages of exercise at baseline responded favorably to the intervention; 90% of precontemplators and contemplators combined improved their stage-of-exercise status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Significance of exercise-induced ST segment depression in patients with myocardial infarction involving the left circumflex artery: evaluation by exercise thallium-201 myocardial single photon emission computed tomography].

The significance of exercise-induced ST segment depression in patients with left circumflex artery involvement was investigated by comparing exercise electrocardiography with exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography(Tl-SPECT) and the wall motion estimated by left ventriculography. Tl-SPECT and exercise electrocardiography were simultaneously performed in 51 patients with left circumflex artery involvement(angina pectoris 30, myocardial infarction 21). In patients with myocardial infarction, exercise-induced ST depression was frequently found in the V2, V3 and V4 leads. In patients with angina pectoris, ST depression was frequently found in the II, III, aVF, V5 and V6 leads. There was no obvious difference in the leads of ST depression in patients with myocardial infarction with ischemia and without ischemia on Tl-SPECT images. In patients with myocardial infarction, the lateral wall motion of the infarcted area evaluated by left ventriculography was more significantly impaired in the patients with ST depression than without ST depression(p < 0.01). Exercise-induced ST depression in the precordial leads possibly reflects wall motion abnormality rather than ischemia in the lateral infarcted myocardium.

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PubMed2000

Effects of a single bout of exercise and exercise training on steroid levels in middle-aged type 2 diabetic men: relationship to abdominal adipose tissue distribution and metabolic status.

Lower androgen levels have been suggested to be associated with type 2 diabetes and central obesity and are probably involved into the development of atherosclerosis. The present study investigates the effect of acute and chronic exercise on Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels in relation to abdominal fat distribution and metabolic status in type 2 diabetes. Twenty weight-stable, middle-aged males with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study and participated in a submaximal (VO(2) peak) and moderate (50% VO(2) peak) exercise bout. The subjects were randomly assigned either to a trained or a control group, respectively. Physical training consisted of an 8 week program of aerobic exercise (75% VO(2) peak, 45 min), twice a week and intermittent exercise, once a week, on a bicycle ergometer. Acute exercise significantly increased DHEA and Testosterone (T) levels. Physical training increased VO(2) peak (42%, p <0.001), insulin sensitivity index (K(ITT) ) (57.5%, p <0.02), and basal DHEA levels (36%, p <0.05), and decreased HbA1c (29%, p <0.001), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (44%, p <0.01) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) levels (18%, p <0.01). Body weight, BMI and insulin, T levels were not modified. Changes in DHEA levels were not correlated with changes in insulin sensitivity and abdominal fat distribution. In conclusion, exercise training favourably affects DHEA levels independently of improvements of metabolic status and abdominal fat distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1975

The use of the treadmill for assessing exercise-induced asthma and the effect of varying the severity and duration of exercise.

Running produces a greater amount of post-exercise bronchoconstriction than other forms of exercise carried out a similar metabolic rates. The treadmill can be used to provide a standardized form of exercise when studying the asthmatic child. The severity of post-exercise bronchoconstriction depends upon the rate of working on the treadmill and the duration of exercise. A maximum response is obtained by six minutes of running at an uphill slope of 10% at a speed of 5 kmph (3 mph). Even with this type of test, there is still considerable variation in the response from time to time and greatest reporducibility is obtained by repeating the test within one week. Treadmill exercise tests may be used in the diagnosis of asthma and in the assessment of its likely severity.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Motives for exercise participation as predictors of exercise dependence among endurance athletes.

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether motives for exercise participation predicted exercise dependence (ED) among endurance athletes. The rationale for the study centred upon a test of the affect regulation model utilising constructs that form part of the Self-Determination Theory as predictors of ED. It was hypothesised that non self-determined motivation, specifically external regulation, would be predictive of ED. METHODS DESIGN: correlational design, with a time gap between predictor and dependent variables. SETTINGS: competitive sports environment. PARTICIPANTS: 188 competitive endurance athletes were recruited from amateur sports clubs. INTERVENTIONS: none. MEASURES: the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire was administered before a training session to measure the predictor variables (motives for exercise participation), and the Running Addiction Scale was administered before a similar training session, one week later, to measure the dependent variable (ED). RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictor variable of ED was introjected regulation (beta=0.29, p<0.001), followed by identified regulation (beta=0.19, p<0.05). External regulation and intrinsic motivation were weak and non-significant predictors. The total variance in ED explained by the exercise participation motives was 15% (R(2)= 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: ED was predicted by motives that did not support the tenets of the affect regulation model. Results are discussed in light of the potential influence of exercise participation motives on ED and their implications for intervention strategies and diagnosis of the ED syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Effect of different modalities of exercise and recovery on exercise performance in subjects with sickle cell trait.

The sickle cell trait (HbAS) does not seem to affect exercise performance. It remains unclear, however, whether the capability to sustain repeated brief maximal effort and recovery by HbAS subjects, is also preserved. To study this, nine HbAS and nine matched controls underwent on two different occasions, a series of four, approximately 2-min duration, maximal cycle exercise tests separated by 20-min recovery periods of either absolute rest (P) or light pedaling (A) as well as an incremental test to exhaustion. In all tests, work performed, heart rate, blood hematocrit, lactate, and serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) were measured. Performances were similar in HbAS and HbAA subjects in both the predominantly anaerobic and aerobic exercise series. There were no observable differences in work, power, or heart rate in the two groups both during peak exercise or recovery periods. A significant hemoconcentration was observed during P, with hematocrit increasing in HbAS from 46.4 +/- 0.7% to 48.3 +/- 0.4% at the end of the last recovery period. Similar changes were seen in HbAA. Significantly greater fluid losses were found during A (1.3 +/- 0.2 l in A and 0.6 +/- 0.1 l in P for HbAS; P < 0.001), but fluid losses were similar in each type of recovery in the two groups. Despite similar performance, significantly lower blood lactate concentrations were consistently found in HbAS in each of the three exercise series (P < 0.001). Lower lactate levels in HbAS were observed only at exercise loads above the lactate threshold during the incremental test (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with DDD pacemaker: report of two cases with increased exercise capacity by decreased ventricular tracking limit rate setting].

We reported 2 patients with complete A-V block with a DDD pacemaker whose exercise capacity was increased by decreased ventricular tracking limit rate setting (VTL) of their pacemakers. Cardiopulmonary exercise test was used for estimating exercise capacity. Case 1: A 15-year-old girl complained of fainting. Her electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed complete A-V block (atrial rates 100/min, ventricular rates 39/min). After implantation of a DDD pacemaker and the VTL setting at 152/min, her bradycardia disappeared, however, she complained of dyspnea after a few minutes' walk. We performed symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test with a motor-driven treadmill. When the pacing rate reached VTL (152/min), ECG suddenly changed to approximately 2:1 pacing (80/min) and the patient complained of dyspnea. Concomitant rapid increases in VE, VCO2 and RQ suggested that dyspnea was caused by the marked change in pacing rates on VTL. With the lowered VTL (110/min), there was no rapid increase in VE, VCO2 and RQ, and dyspnea subsided when the pacing rate reached VTL. At the same time, the peak VO2 and exercise time were increased by 15% and 8%, respectively. Case 2: A 47-year-old man complained of syncope. His ECG revealed complete A-V block (atrial rates 100/min, ventricular rates 33/min). After a DDD pacemaker implantation (VTL: 150/min), he experienced dyspnea while walking up the stairs in his office. Like in Case 1, when the VTL was lowered from 150/min to 110/min, both the peak VO2 and exercise time were increased by 11%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[The mechanisms of exercise-induced proteinuria--relationship between urinary excretion of proteins and lactate after exhaustive exercise].

Exercise-induced proteinuria is of the mixed glomerular-tubular type and has been thought to be due to increased glomerular permeability to macromolecular proteins in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin system and catecholamines and a reduction in renal hemodynamics. The excretion of the tubular type of proteins, however, can't be explained by the above mechanism. Two groups, consisting of subjects with the highest (H-alb, n = 20) and the lowest (L-alb, n = 20) excretion of albumin 30 min after exhaustive exercise were selected from a total of 69 normal male participants. No differences in VO2max, maxHR, changes in plasma angiotensin II, catecholamines, urine volume, or Ccr following exercise were observed between the two groups. The increase in blood lactate concentration immediately after exercise, increases in urinary excretion of lactate, pyruvate, alpha 1 M, beta 2 M, albumin and decrease in Cl- excretion 30 min after exercise in the H-alb group were significantly greater than in the L-alb group. The greater the urinary excretion of lactate and pyruvate, the greater the excretion of albumin, alpha 1M and beta 2M, and the less the urinary excretion of Cl-. The coefficient of correlation between the urinary excretion of lactate and beta 2M was 0.757, and between urinary excretion of albumin and beta 2M, 0.756 (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that exercise-induced organic acids and/or decrease in renal circulatory pH caused by organic acids may alter renal glomerular permeability and inhibit renal tubular reabsorption of low molecular weight proteins (alpha 1M, beta 2M). The permeability of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) to macromolecular proteins may be altered by a reduction in the charge barrier of the GBM, which may be caused by the over-production of organic acids and a lower pH.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Does exercise cause arthritis? Long-term consequences of exercise on the musculoskeletal system.

Recreational exercise has achieved great popularity. Possible benefits to participants include increased longevity, decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, improved psychological well-being, and greater fitness. An important but yet unanswered concern is whether exercise or physical overuse conditions play a role in the pathogenesis of OA. In humans, anecdotal observations have suggested relationships between recreational activities and degenerative joint disease. The few controlled studies that exist, however, reported have indicated that exercise need not be deleterious to joints. Available data may be interpreted to suggest that reasonable recreational exercise--carried out within limits of comfort, putting joints through normal motions, and without underlying joint abnormality--need not inevitably lead to joint injury, even over many years. Finally, we are witnessing thoughtful re-evaluation of physical exercise as a therapeutic modality for arthritis patients. It is possible that certain patients may achieve psychological and clinical benefit from selected exercise programs.

Exercise↗

PubMed1987

Exercise test variables of a population with maximal bicycle exercise test.

The aim of the study was to establish reference values for appraising the circulatory response of men and women to age-predicted maximal heart rate (220-age) exercise testing. The data of exercise testing have been analysed in 942 subjects (608 men and 334 women). Under exercise testing the mean maximal heart rate was 177/min in both sexes. Increase in heart rate per minute of exercise was 5.59 +/- 1.93 in men, 9.00 +/- 4.94 in women. At the peak of exercise test, systolic blood pressure was considerably higher in men than in women (188.96 +/- 27.98 vs. 171.66 +/- 28.46 mmHg; p much less than 0.0001). The average working capacity was 1.7 W/kg among men and 1.31 W/kg among women. The duration of exercise testing time was significantly longer in men than in women (918.6 + 269.4 vs. 578.4 +/- 193.2 s; p less than 0.0001). Reference values for testing time are given according to sex and age with due consideration of body weight and height.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy in men with nondiagnostic exercise electrocardiograms. Prognostic implications.

We studied the prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 imaging in 196 men with suspected or known coronary artery disease who had nondiagnostic exercise electrocardiograms. The perfusion images in each of three projections were divided into three segments; each segment was assessed for perfusion defects (fixed or reversible). There were 12 cardiac events at a mean follow-up of 15 months (range, one to 66 months). Of those, five patients died of cardiac causes and seven had nonfatal acute myocardial infarctions (MIs). Only the number of perfusion defects significantly predicted cardiac events; clinical presentation, history of MI, presence of Q-wave MI, exercise duration, and exercise heart rate and double product did not predict cardiac events or add to information provided by the number of defects. Furthermore, actuarial life-table analysis showed that patients with three or more perfusion defects had significantly worse prognoses than patients with fewer than three defects. Exercise thallium-201 imaging helps in risk stratification of men with nondiagnostic exercise electrocardiograms.

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PubMed1994

[The exercise-recovery loop and exercise slope of ST segment changes/heart rate in the diagnosis of coronary disease and restenosis after angioplasty].

This study addresses the diagnostic value of two new criteria of exercise stress testing for primary coronary artery disease and restenosis after angioplasty: the slope of the linear relation between ST segment changes and heart rate during exercise; the exercise-recovery loop (clockwise direction in normal subjects and anticlockwise direction in coronary patients). These two criteria were compared with the standard diagnostic criteria (horizontal or descending ST segment depression greater than 1 mm or ascending ST segment depression greater than 2 mm) in 125 patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent computerised exercise stress testing and coronary angiography (30 single, 31 double and 30 triple vessel disease; 34 without significant stenosis) and in 24 patients with single vessel disease who underwent successful angioplasty and who performed exercise stress testing before, immediately after and 6 months after angioplasty before routine control coronary angiography. The sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) of the exercise-recovery loop for the diagnosis of coronary disease were 81 %, 82 %, 89 %, respectively, versus 69 %, 71 % and 88 % for the standard criteria. The detection of restenosis by these criteria also appeared to be better (71 %, 91% and 91 % versus 46 %, 63 % and 60 %, respectively). However, for the classical threshold value of 2.4 mv/beat/min, the ST/HR criteria seemed to be less useful (Se : 80 %, Sp : 26 %).

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Exercise-induced pathophysiological changes in asthmatic children. IX. The density distribution profiles and ultrastructural characteristics of peripheral eosinophils after exercise].

To investigate the role of eosinophilis in the mechanisms of EIA we determined the changes in the density distribution profiles and ultrastructure of peripheral eosinophils from children with asthma after exercise. The subjects were 20 asthmatic children consisting of 12 EIA-positive patients and 8 EIA-negative patients and 6 normal children. Fifteen, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise, the number of hypodense eosinophils (< 1.0825 g/ml) in the EIA-positive group was significantly higher than in the EIA-positive group. In the ultrastructural findings, before exercise the ratio of the area of specific granules to the area of cytoplasm per cell (the ratio SG/C) was significantly higher in the EIA-negative patients than in the EIA-positive patients even before exercise, and the ratio of the degranulated area to the area of cytoplasm per cell (the ratio D/C) was significantly higher in the EIA-positive group than in the EIA-negative group. Thirty minutes after exercise, the ratio D/C had clearly increased in the EIA-positive group. These results suggested that eosinophils in the EIA-positive group were already activated before exercise. It will be necessary to further study the factors activating eosinophils which play some roles in EIA.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

The impact of exercise deprivation on well-being of habitual exercises.

The literature examining the effects of exercise deprivation on well-being was overviewed. A general consensus in this area indicates that exercise deprivation has adverse effects on subjective states and/or well-being. The studies, however, do not identify the determinants of exercise deprivation and therefore numerous questions remain unresolved. The few experimental studies, performed in this field of research, support anecdotal reports on the effects of exercise deprivation. However, inconsistencies in methodologies call for substantially more work in this field. A large part of the overviewed inquiries examined solely runners and mostly within the realms of the running addiction literature. It is suggested that the impact of exercise deprivation on well-being should also be examined apart from the running-addiction perspective by using experimental paradigms. Finally, some key methodological and conceptual issues, associated with exercise deprivation research, are discussed with the aim to provide bases as well as incentives in the undertaking of future studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Efficacy of increase of cardiac index during exercise in the chronic phase of various cardiovascular diseases: evaluation by exercise tolerance and brain natriuretic peptide].

Cardiac index is widely used as a parameter of cardiac function for cardiovascular patients, but its value is limited when measured in the resting supine position, because it never demonstrates the maximal cardiac index performance. The incremental increase in cardiac index (delta CI) was evaluated during incremental exercise (delta work rate: delta WR), delta CI/delta WR, in patients with chronic congestive heart failure, and compared to brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which is known to be increased in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction. The subjects were 18 heart failure patients (16 males and 2 females, mean age [+/-SD] 63.8 +/- 8.9 years). Symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test using cycle ergometer was performed. Cardiac index was calculated with the Benchmark Exercise Test device using oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output and respired flow. Blood samples were taken in the resting state before the exercise test. A positive correlation was obtained between delta CI/delta WR and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) (r = 0.71, p < 0.01), and delta CI/delta WR and peak oxygen pulse (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). A negative correlation was obtained between delta CI/delta WR and BNP (r = 0.45) in the resting state. Peak VO2 (20.9 +/- 7.5 vs 13.9 +/- 2.7 ml/min/kg, p < 0.05), peak cardiac index (7.2 +/- 1.7 vs 5.5 +/- 0.9 l/min/m2, p < 0.05), and delta CI/delta WR (20.1 +/- 8.1 vs 12.4 +/- 2.5 ml/m2/W, p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the group with normal BNP (mean [+/-SD] 11.0 +/- 3.2 pg/ml) than in the group with high BNP (40.7 +/- 22.7 pg/ml). Delta CI/delta WR reflects the grade of exercise tolerance and may be useful for evaluating exercise capacity in patients with congestive heart failure.

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