[The demonstration of neurosecretory cells in the sub-esophageal ganglion, the thoracic and abdominal ganglia in Campodea (C.) remyi Denis. (Diploures, Campodeides)].
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Animals↗
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Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”
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[STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INFERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLION].
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Autonomic Nervous System↗
Morphological changes in the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia of rats exposed to different gravity levels.
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Animals↗
Neurite guidance by non-neuronal cells in culture: preferential outgrowth of peripheral neurites on glial as compared to nonglial cell surfaces.
Growing axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) encounter a variety of cellular and extracellular substrates. Since it is difficult to sort out the possible contributions of these diverse components of the extracellular environment to axonal guidance in vivo, I have developed an in vitro system to study neurite outgrowth on two classes of cells which may provide as substrates for growing axons during development or regeneration: glial cells, e.g., astrocytes and Schwann cells, and nonglial cells, e.g., fibroblasts. Although neurites from sympathetic and spinal sensory ganglia explants grew onto preformed monolayers of both glial and nonglial cells, glial cells were a markedly better substrate. On the glial cells the neurites extended at a rate of 25 to 30 micron/hr and traveled singly or in fine fascicles; their growth cones displayed long filopodia and migrated on the upper surface of the monolayer cells. Conditioned media experiments suggested that neurite outgrowth on glial cell monolayers was not mediated by soluble secreted factors. These results indicate that the glial cell surface is an attractive substrate for neurite outgrowth. In contrast, on nonglial cells the rate of outgrowth was only 10 to 15 micron/hr, large neurite fascicles were common, and the growth cones migrated beneath the monolayer cells in contact with the underlying artificial substrate. This location of the growth cone, coupled with the observation that conditioned medium from these cells promoted neurite outgrowth only when bound to artificial substrates, suggests that secreted substrate-associated components may be an important determinant of neurite outgrowth on nonglial cell monolayers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
[Morphological analysis of changes in spinal neurons and intervertebral ganglia in single and prolonged increasing gravitational overloading].
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Animals↗
Spinal cord and ganglia regeneration in larval Xenopus laevis following unilateral ablation.
The experiments were carried out on larvae of Xenopus laevis at stage 48 (acc. to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956). Two different kinds of experiments were performed. Experiment I: Unilateral ablation of either a brachial or lumbar segment of the spinal cord and simultaneous removal of the related ganglia. Experiment II: Simple unilateral removal of either brachial or lumbar spinal ganglia. The results obtained in Experiment I show that not only an extensive restitution of the ablated spinal cord does take place, but the regeneration of spinal ganglia may also occur following migration of neural elements from the regenerating spinal cord. The medullary neuroblasts leave the spinal cord along two paths: i) through projections of the gray matter, probably due to the lack of an effective glia limitans; ii) through the motor fibers leaving the spinal cord to form the ventral roots. The first path is followed occasionally while the second is the one usually used when the ventral roots are present. Data based on animals injected with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and sacrificed at fixed intervals, suggest that ganglion precursors, as well as the medullary neurons and glia, originate in the ependyma. This conclusion is supported by the results of Experiment II which demonstrate that when the spinal cord is left intact no discrete groups of ganglion cells and/or glial cells are formed.
Animals↗
Development of cross-tolerance to 5-hydroxytryptamine in organotypic cultures of mouse spinal cord-ganglia during chronic exposure to morphine.
Exposure of organotypic explants of mouse spinal cord with attached dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) to low concentrations (approximately 10nM) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) markedly depressed sensory-evoked dorsal-horn network responses, resembling the acute effects of opioids in these cultures. Attenuation of cord responses by 5-HT was not prevented by exposure to the 5-HT antagonists, methysergide and cyproheptadiene, nor to the opiate antagonist, naloxone. Explants that had become tolerant to morphine after chronic exposure (1 microM) for greater than 2 days often developed cross-tolerance to 5-HT. Acute exposure of morphine-tolerant explants to naloxone (1 microM) further attenuated the effects of 5-HT so that the minimum depressant levels of 5-HT were often increased up to 30-fold. Increasing the extra-cellular Ca++ concentration (to 5 mM) and/or introduction of 4-aminopyridine markedly antagonized the depressant effects of 5-HT on DRG-evoked cord responses, so that 5-HT levels comparable to those used on morphine-tolerant explants were required to depress naive explants. These depressant effects of 5-HT on cord-DRG explants are consonant with antinociceptive actions of 5-HT administered to dorsal cord in situ. Our data suggest that 5-HT may block neuronal components of dorsal horn networks at similar regions to those that are depressed by opiates, i.g. presynaptic DRG nerve terminals where abundant opiate receptors are located. The marked attenuation of the depressant effects of both 5-HT and opiates on cord-DRG explants by high Ca++ raises the possibility that cross-tolerance to 5-HT in morphine-tolerant explants may result from the same neuronal alterations that render dorsal-horn networks tolerant to opiates. Furthermore, the increased degree of cross-tolerant cultures may be an expression of opiate dependence.
4-Aminopyridine↗
Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive substance P and somatostatin in neurological patients with peripheral and spinal cord disease.
We have measured substance P-like (SPLI) and somatostatin-like (SLI) immunoreactivities in cerebrospinal fluid of 49 patients with peripheral (polyneuropathy, lumboischialgia) and spinal cord disease and in 16 control patients. The patient groups showed significantly higher CSF SPLI levels than controls while the mean SLI levels were unchanged. Fractionated sampling of CSF (total volume 30 ml) in 20 patients with various neurological diseases showed no significant differences between early and late fractions for SLI. In contrast, lumbar-cisternal concentration gradients were negative for SPLI, total protein and IgG, and positive for the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. This suggests that SPLI may be released into the lumbar CSF from lower levels of the neuraxis, presumably the spinal cord and spinal ganglia, whereas SLI stems from diffuse CSF secretion without spinal preponderance.
Adult↗
[Analysis of morphological changes in the spinal cord and ganglia of dogs after epidural administration of prosidol, clopheline and prosidol-clopheline combination].
Experiments were carried out on 22 mongrel dogs (12-20 kg). Group 1 consisted of 5 dogs to which prosidol in a dose of 0.65 mg/kg was injected epidurally; group 2, 5 dogs, clofelin (6.5 micrograms/kg) epidurally; group 3, 5 dogs, prosidol (0.65 mg/kg) + clofelin (6.5 micrograms/kg) epidurally. Control groups were as follows: 1) 5 intact dogs; 2) 2 dogs epidurally injected with 0.9% normal saline. Analysis of the spinal cord and ganglia in control groups showed no dystrophic changes in neurons. After epidural injections of prosidol, clofelin, or both only solitary cells with degenerative changes were detected or none at all. Nissle granules were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of anterior and posterior spinal horn neurons in all control and experimental animals. The majority of ganglious cells in control and experiment had the nucleus and nucleolus. Hence, morphological analysis showed that epidural injection of prosidol, clofelin, and a combination of both caused no degenerative or necrobiotic changes in the anterior and posterior spinal horn neurons and in ganglious cells of spinal ganglia.
Analgesics↗
An ultrastructural study of cat petrosal ganglia: a search for autonomic ganglion cells.
It is not known whether cranial and spinal ganglia contain autonomic (motor) neurons in addition to sensory cells. Early light microscopic studies indicate the possibility of synaptic input to some nerve cells via perisomatic axon terminals and dendrites. It has also been suggested that visceromotor relay-type cells in the petrosal ganglion might be involved in the efferent control of the carotid body. The present ultrastructural analysis of 902 neurons in 17 levels from two cat petrosal ganglia provides no evidence for synapses on the cell somata or on their axonal extensions. Processes resembling dendrites were lacking although small surface projections typical of sensory cells were common. The petrosal ganglion thus appears to consist entirely of afferent unipolar neurons.
Animals↗
Catecholamines and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in guinea-pig sensory ganglia.
Cranial and spinal sensory ganglia of the guinea-pig were investigated by means of histochemistry and biochemistry for the presence of catecholamines and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. Sensory neurons exhibiting immunoreactivity to the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), were detected by immunohistochemistry in lumbo-sacral dorsal root ganglia, the nodose ganglion and the petrosal/jugular ganglion complex. The carotid body was identified as a target of TH-like-immunoreactive (TH-LI) neurons by the use of combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Double-labelling immunofluorescence revealed that most TH-LI neurons also contained somatostatin-LI, but TH-LI did not coexist with either calcitonin gene-related peptide- or substance P-LI. TH-LI neurons did not react with antibodies to other enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis, i.e., aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase (PNMT). Petrosal neurons as well as their endings in the carotid body lacked dopamine- and L-DOPA-LI. Sensory neurons did not display glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence. Ganglia containing TH-LI neurons were kept in short-term organ culture after crushing their roots and the exiting nerve in order to enrich intra-axonal transmitter content at the ganglionic side of the crush. However, even under these conditions, catecholamine fluorescence was not detected in axons projecting peripherally or centrally from the ganglia. Sympathetic noradrenergic nerves entered the ganglia and terminated within them. Accordingly, biochemical analyses of guinea-pig sensory ganglia revealed noradrenaline but no dopamine. In conclusion, catecholamines within guinea-pig sensory ganglia are confined to sympathetic nerves, which fulfill presently unknown functions. The TH-LI neurons themselves, however, lack any additional sign of catecholamine synthesis, and the presence of enzymatically active TH within these neurons is questionable.
Animals↗
Production in vitro by spinal cord of growth factor(s) acting on newt limb regeneration: influence of regeneration of the nerve fibers.
In order to approach the problem of regulation of growth factor(s) production during limb regeneration in newt, we co-cultivated spinal cord segments and blastemas. First we showed that, like the sensory supply, the spinal cord possesses size-dependent mitogenic capacities for limb blastemas. A 5-mm long spinal segment enhances radiolabelled thymidine incorporation to the same extent as spinal ganglia (1.6-fold). Second, we co-cultivated blastemas with spinal segments, the nerve fibers of which were previously stimulated to regenerate (= stimulated spinal segment) or not (= non-stimulated spinal segment). Only after a 24-h coculture, do stimulated spinal segments enhance thymidine incorporation in blastemas 2-fold more than non-stimulated spinal segments. Our results suggest that during limb regeneration brachial nerves produce more growth factor(s) when regrowing, inducing the proliferation of blastema cells which in return deliver a neuronotrophic factor acting on these nerves.
Animals↗
Cloning of neurotrimin defines a new subfamily of differentially expressed neural cell adhesion molecules.
Previous studies in the laboratory indicated that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins may generate diversity of the cell surface of different neuronal populations (Rosen et al., 1992). In this study, we have extended these findings and surveyed the expression of GPI-anchored proteins in the developing rat CNS. In addition to several well characterized GPI-anchored cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), we detected an unidentified broad band of 65 kDa that is the earliest and most abundantly expressed GPI-anchored species in the rat CNS. Purification of this protein band revealed that it is comprised of several related proteins that define a novel subfamily of immunoglobulin-like (Ig) CAMs. One of these proteins is the opiate binding-cell adhesion molecule (OBCAM). We have isolated a cDNA encoding a second member of this family, that we have termed neurotrimin, and present evidence for the existence of additional family members. Like OBCAM, with which it shares extensive sequence identity, neurotrimin contains three immunoglobulin-like domains. Both proteins are encoded by distinct genes that may be clustered on the proximal end of mouse chromosome 9. Characterization of the expression of neurotrimin and OBCAM in the developing CNS by in situ hybridization reveals that these proteins are differentially expressed during development. Neurotrimin is expressed at high levels in several developing projection systems: in neurons of the thalamus, subplate, and lower cortical laminae in the forebrain and in the pontine nucleus, cerebellar granule cells, and Purkinje cells in the hindbrain. Neurotrimin is also expressed at high levels in the olfactory bulb, neural retina, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and in a graded distribution in the basal ganglia and hippocampus. OBCAM has a much more restricted distribution, being expressed at high levels principally in the cortical plate and hippocampus. These results suggest that these proteins, together with other members of this family, provide diversity to the surfaces of different neuronal populations that could be important in the specification of neuronal connectivity.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Central distribution of cervical primary afferents in the rat, with emphasis on proprioceptive projections to vestibular, perihypoglossal, and upper thoracic spinal nuclei.
The projections of primary afferents from rostral cervical segments to the brainstem and the spinal cord of the rat were investigated by using anterograde and transganglionic transport techniques. Projections from whole spinal ganglia were compared with those from single nerves carrying only exteroceptive or proprioceptive fibers. Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) were performed into dorsal root ganglia C2, C3, and C4. Free HRP was applied to the cut dorsal rami C2 and C3, greater occipital nerve, sternomastoid nerve, and to the C1/2 anastomosis, which contains afferents from suboccipital muscles and the atlanto-occipital joint. WGA-HRP injections into ganglia C7 and L5 were performed for comparative purposes. Injections of WGA-HRP or free HRP into rostral cervical dorsal root ganglia and HRP application to C2 and C3 dorsal rami produced labeling in dorsal and ventral horns at the level of entrance, the central cervical nucleus, and in external and main cuneate nuclei. From axons ascending to pontine and descending to upper thoracic spinal levels, medial collaterals were distributed to medial and descending vestibular, perihypoglossal and solitary nuclei, and the intermediate zone and Clarke's nucleus dorsalis in the spinal cord. Lateral collaterals projected mainly to the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris and to lateral spinal laminae IV and V. Results from HRP application to single peripheral nerves indicated that medial collaterals were almost exclusively proprioceptive, whereas lateral collaterals were largely exteroceptive with a contribution from suboccipital proprioceptive fibers. WGA-HRP injections into dorsal root ganglia C7 and L5 failed to produce significant labeling within vestibular and periphypoglossal nuclei, although they demonstrated classical projection sites within the brainstem and spinal cord. The consistent collateralisation pattern of rostral cervical afferents along their whole rostrocaudal course enables them to contact a variety of precerebellar, vestibulospinal, and preoculomotor neurons. These connections reflect the well-known significance of proprioceptive neck afferents for the control of posture, head position, and eye movements.
Afferent Pathways↗
The origins of the afferent fibers to the lingual muscles of the dog, a retrograde labelling study with horseradish peroxidase.
The origin of the afferent fibers to the lingual muscles of the dog was investigated by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injection sites in the tongue and the extrinsic lingual muscles. Intralingual injections were not satisfactory because the enzyme diffused beyond the intrinsic lingual muscles to include virtually all tissues within the tongue. Thus, the resultant retrograde labeling of cell bodies of the trigeminal, geniculate, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and first cervical (C1) spinal ganglia represented a composite of lingual sensory innervation. In order to confine HRP uptake to intramuscular nerve endings, injections were limited to surgically isolated extrinsic lingual muscles, i.e., the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus. After these intramuscular injections, labeled neurons appeared ipsilaterally in the C1 spinal ganglion, the proximal vagal (jugular) ganglion, and trigeminal ganglion. Earlier suggestions that the lingual proprioceptive neurons of the dog reside in the distal vagal (nodose) ganglion and hypoglossal ganglia were not confirmed. The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve failed to label after enzyme injections into the tongue or the extrinsic lingual muscles. The retrograde labeling of cell bodies in the C1 spinal ganglion was abolished when HRP injections into the extrinsic lingual muscles were preceded by surgical interruption of the ansa cervicalis or distal section of the hypoglossal nerve. Retrograde labeling of neurons in the proximal vagal ganglion persisted after hypoglossal nerve transections.
Afferent Pathways↗
Neurokinin A and substance P vary independently in different regions of rat sensory neurons.
Neurokinin A (NKA) and substance P (SP) are often co-localized in small sensory neurons and have been suggested to subserve similar roles. We have now compared tissue levels of NKA and SP in rat cervical dorsal root ganglia with those in the central and peripheral terminations of the same neurons. We found that NKA content was less than that of SP in dorsal root neuron perikarya and in two peripheral tissues (superior cervical ganglion and ear skin) containing SP axon terminals from cervical spinal ganglia; in a third peripheral tissue, trachea, equal amounts of NKA and SP were present. By contrast, in the spinal cord containing the central terminals of these sensory neurons there was almost twice as much NKA as SP. Our results indicate that, although NKA and SP are co-localized in sensory neurons, their levels vary independently, suggesting distinct functional roles.
Animals↗
110/140 laminin-binding protein immunoreactivity in spinal dorsal root ganglia: a capsaicin-insensitive reduction induced by constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats.
The distribution of 110/140 laminin-binding protein (110/140 LBP) in the spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and its regulation by partial constriction of the sciatic nerve was studied in adult rats. The cross-sectional area of neurons with 110/140 LBP-immunoreactivity (-I) showed an approximately normal frequency distribution. The 110/140 LBP-I was observed in neuronal cell bodies exclusive of the nucleus. Following sciatic nerve constriction, the 110/140 LBP-I was downregulated in the ipsilateral L4-5 DRG. DRG neurons with a cross-sectional area > or = 1600 microns 2 were preferentially affected. Neonatal capsaicin-treatment, a procedure that selectively destroys a subpopulation of DRG neurons with fine unmyelinated axons, had no effect on the reduction of 110/140 LBP in the DRG induced by sciatic nerve constriction. Western immunoblot analysis confirmed a reduction of 110/140 LBP on the side ipsilateral to the constriction. These results demonstrate a LBP within primary sensory neurons and its suppression by peripheral nerve injury. The data support a role for LBP in the adult nervous system.
Animals↗
Histoautoradiography of central nervous system in rats with generalized tetanus due to 125I-toxin.
Rats were injected i.v. with 125I-tetanus toxin. In autoradiographs of the spinal cord radioactivity was found over the pericarya and in the surroundings of the motoneurones whereas grain density was less over their nuclear region. In addition, pericarya in the lateral horn of the thoracic region and also the bipolar cells of the spinal ganglia contained radioactivity. The central part and the dorsal horns of spinal cord, and the white substance did not show any appreciable radioactivity. Within the medulla oblongata, clusters of large cells representing motor nuclei, as well as some fibre tracts close to them, contained 125I. Forebrain and cerebellum remained free. According to its histoautoradiographic appearance, generalized tetanus can be described best as a combination of multiple local tetani.
Animals↗