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PubMedDate not supplied

Immigration and Chinese reproductive behavior in Canada.

This study is intended to provide an empirical testing of the minority status hypothesis with regard to the fertility behavior of Chinese immigrants to Canada. The focus is placed on the role of group or social context on actions of individuals. Factors incurred in the immigration process as explained by disruption and assimilation hypotheses are also examined. Using the multi-level contextual analysis, we have found that the relative economic insecurity that comes from minority membership and the course of immigration serves to decrease fertility of minority members, whether they are associated with a pronatalist heritage or not. However, pronatalist traditions do stimulate fecundity of Chinese immigrants as long as their relative economic status is improved and the hardship is gone.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2004

Depression and anxiety: a comparison of older-aged Greek-born immigrants and Anglo-Australians.

OBJECTIVE: To compare depressive and anxiety illness in an older-aged sample of Greek-born (GB) immigrants who were likely to have been excluded from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing due to their lack of fluency in the English language and for whom rates of mental disorder are unknown, with a comparably recruited sample of Anglo-Australians (AA). METHOD: One hundred and forty-six GB and 146 AA respondents with a mean age of 68 years living in Melbourne and recruited through social clubs, completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-2) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in addition to socio-demographic and other background questions. RESULTS: Greek-born respondents exhibited higher depression and anxiety scores and reported more depressive and anxiety symptomatology than the AA respondents. More GB respondents (17.1%) were likely to be included in the moderate to severe BDI-2 depression categories than AA (4.1%). Greek-born respondents (43.1%) were more likely to be included in the higher anxiety categories (i.e. score 41-80) of the STAI than the AA (15.8%). However, when controlling for health, economic and social factors there was no difference in the BDI-2 measures between the two groups. Despite controlling for these factors the GB still scored more highly on STAI measures than AA respondents. CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found between groups on measures of depression once controlling for age, education and occupational level, current financial status, marital status, household composition, current work status, physical health and stress. Such factors were also shown to influence group-differences anxiety but they not entirely explain group differences. Higher anxiety in GB respondents were likely to have been determined through the effects of additional but unmeasured cultural and immigrant status factors. Psychological morbidity in immigrants is best accounted for by considering the influence of social, health and other living conditions in addition to the effects of culture or immigrant status.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Predictors of breast cancer screening among immigrant Iranian women in California.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the predictors of age-specific breast cancer screening participation among immigrant Iranian women aged 30 years and older. METHODS: Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of women's breast cancer screening. The logistic regression results appear as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: In general, screening rates for clinical breast examinations (CBE) and mammography among the participants in the current study were higher than levels set in the year 2010 Health Objectives and those reported for women nationally. These findings are inconsistent with previous studies on immigrant women living in the United States. However, the low rate of breast self-examinations (BSE) is consistent with previous findings of other immigrant women breast cancer screening studies. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first of its kind to explore predictors of Iranian immigrant women's breast cancer screening behaviors. This study provides valuable information to healthcare providers as well as researchers and public health educators. The findings can make a significant difference in designing guidelines for culturally sensitive interventions and educational material to improve breast cancer screening behaviors.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Immigration and the health of Asian and Pacific Islander adults in the United States.

The authors used the 1992-1995 National Health Interview Survey to examine the effect of immigrant status (both nativity and duration of residence in the United States) on the health of Asian and Pacific Islander adults by constructing models in which national origin was also specified. In logistic regression models adjusted for age, marital status, living arrangement, family size, and several socioeconomic indicators, immigrants were found to be in better health than their US-born counterparts, but their health advantages consistently decreased with duration of residence. For example, for Asian and Pacific Islander immigrants whose duration of residence was less than 5 years, 5-9 years, and 10 years or more, the odds ratios for activity limitations were 0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33, 0.62), 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.93), and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.90), respectively. Similar findings emerged for respondent-reported health and bed days due to illness. These results support the validity and complementarity of the migration selectivity and acculturation hypotheses. However, the picture was not uniformly positive. The health of certain Asian and Pacific Islander groups, notably Pacific Islanders and Vietnamese, was found to be less favorable than average. Finally, after adjustment for health status, immigrants seemed to have less adequate access to formal medical care.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Utilization of health social work services by older immigrants and veterans in Israel.

The authors examined factors related to utilization of health social work services among older immigrants from the former Soviet Union and veteran residents of Israel, using Andersen's behavioral model. A sample of 476 patients age 55 and older was interviewed. The immigrants and veterans had similar backgrounds, but immigrants had fewer resources and higher need. Veteran Israelis were twice as likely to have been in contact with a hospital social worker. Factors related to seeing a social worker were male gender, social network size (no network or large network), activity limitations, and sick days. The main barriers to contacting a social worker stemmed from information problems. The findings have implications for providing services in areas with large numbers of immigrants.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Pregnant immigrant women: occupational activity, antenatal care and outcome.

Data from a national sample of births in France in 1981 were used to analyse the relationship between occupational activity, antenatal care and pregnancy outcome among immigrant women. On the whole, occupational activity was less common among immigrant than among French women, although the occupational activity rate varied according to country of origin. Among French women, work during pregnancy was related to better antenatal care and more favourable outcome. The same tendency was observed among immigrant women whatever their origin, though they had less qualified occupations and harder working conditions than those of French women. Occupational activity of immigrant women was more frequent among women with a higher educational level, better knowledge of the French language, and residence in France for a longer time. These characteristics were also associated with better antenatal care, but the relationship between work and antenatal care remained significant after taking them into account.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1996

Decreased insulin-mediated but not non-insulin-dependent glucose disposal rates in glucose intolerance and type II diabetes in African (Ghanaian) immigrants.

The authors evaluated the significance of beta cell function, non-insulin-dependent glucose disposal (glucose effectiveness [Sg]), and insulin-dependent glucose disposal (insulin sensitivity) in African immigrants with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. Thirty-two African immigrants residing in Franklin County, Ohio, were studied. There were 16 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 11 with intermediate glucose tolerance (IGT), and 5 with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin sensitivity index and Sg were measured by an insulin-modified, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. The mean fasting and post-glucose serum glucose levels were lowest in the NGT, intermediate in the IGT group, and highest in the DM group. Mean serum insulin and c-peptide responses rose briskly by threefold to a peak in the NGT and the IGT groups. In the DM group, mean serum insulin and c-peptide responses were severely blunted to glucose stimulation. The sensitivity index was highest in the NGT (3.09 +/- 0.27), intermediate in the IGT (1.81 +/- 0.47), and lowest in the DM (0.48 +/- 0.28 x 10(-2).mins-1 (microU/ml)-1). The Sg was identical in the NGT (2.78 +/- 0.22) and IGT (2.78 +/- 0.27) groups but was slightly but not significantly lower in the DM (2.20 +/- 0.35 x 10(-2).mins-1). In addition, the glucose decay constant was not statistically different in the NGT (3.00 +/- 0.38) and IGT (2.25 +/- 0.19) group, but the mean values were significantly greater than in the patients with diabetes (0.78 +/- 0.15 percent/mins). The mean disposition index (sensitivity index X beta cell function as assessed by both insulin and c-peptide) was significantly greater in NGT than in the IGT (P<0.05) and in the diabetic group (P<0.001). In summary, the authors demonstrate that, in native African immigrants, type II diabetes is associated with significant reduction in beta cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glucose decay constant, but not in Sg. In patients with intermediate or impaired glucose tolerance, there is moderate insulin resistance and evidence of inadequate compensation by beta cell, but the Sg, the Sg at theoretical insulin concentration, and glucose decay constant remain normal. They conclude that, unlike other ethnic and racial groups, in glucose intolerant native African patients, alterations in Sg or non-insulin dependent glucose disposal (ie, tissue glucose sensitivity) do not appear to play a significant role in the impairment of glucose tolerance and type II diabetes in African immigrants.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Immigration issues in hiring alien physicians as teachers.

Although U.S. immigration laws give favorable treatment to college and university teachers, hiring of alien physicians by medical schools and health sciences universities remains problematic, reflecting the impact of the 1976 Health Care Professions Act and the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986. The authors outline the steps in the hiring process to provide a useful reference for department chairpersons and division heads and to help them deal with the school administrators, attorneys, and immigration officials they will encounter during the hiring process. Of particular importance is understanding recruiting procedures, visa classifications, and the prohibition in hiring physicians directly from their U.S. residency and fellowship positions without having them first return for two years to their home countries. A common error is to recruit medical school faculty without first considering that the final candidates might be aliens; when they are, the process of hiring aliens must be dealt with retroactively. Immigration law currently does allow hiring an alien physician (as a teacher) if that physician is the most qualified candidate.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMed1992

Depression in Korean immigrants in Canada. I. Method of the study and prevalence of depression.

This study reports the prevalence and risk factors of depression in a large representative community sample of adult Korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale was used to measure depression by applying DSM-III criteria. Results in general suggest few differences between the immigrant community and the larger communities in Canada and the United States. Depressive syndrome was present in 4.5% of the sample, a prevalence similar to rates reported by the Epidemiologic Catchment Area studies. The risk factors associated with depression in larger populations were also found to be related to depression in this sample. Gender, marital status, intention to re-migrate, and social support were the most powerful correlates of depressive syndrome. In summary, Korean immigrants in Toronto are not exceptionally vulnerable to depression, and the social support from informal ethnic networks at the time of arrival has long-lasting effects on their mental health. Future research should focus on how the informal social supports available at the time of arrival are maintained by immigrants and the precise ways in which they exert long-term protective effects.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological stress responses in Filipino-American immigrant nurses: the effects of residence time, life-style, and job strain.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between measures of Americanization (the adoption of American life-style and culture) and physiological measures of stress in Filipino-American immigrants. METHODS: Ambulatory blood pressure monitors and timed urine collections were used to evaluate blood pressure and urinary catecholamine excretion across the work, home, and sleep daily settings among 31 healthy, premenopausal, immigrant Filipino-American women employed as nurses or nurse's aides. Migration history and life-style were evaluated from questionnaire responses. Reported job strain, decision latitude, and psychological demand were obtained from the Job Content Questionnaire. RESULTS: Immigrants who had lived longer in the United States had elevated norepinephrine levels in the work and home settings (p < .05), higher diastolic blood pressure during sleep (p < .01), and lower dips in blood pressure during sleep (p < .05). Job strain measures were not related to blood pressure, catecholamine excretion rates, or residence time in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that indicators of stress increase as a function of time since immigration, although this result is not explained by self-reports of identification with Filipino or American life-style or by measures of job strain.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Determinants of depression among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto.

The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of and risk factors for depressive disorder in a random sample of 342 Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview questionnaire was used to measure depression. The results suggested a lifetime prevalence of depression among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees of 9.8%, which was slightly higher than the lifetime prevalence rate in the Ontario population (7.3%). However, the rate among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees was approximately three times higher than the rate estimated for Southern Ethiopia (3.2%). The data confirmed the significance of known risk factors for depression in immigrants, including younger age, experiences of premigration trauma, refugee camp internment, and postmigration stressful events. The implication of the overall finding is that there is a need to develop mental health intervention programs, particularly for people who have experienced premigration trauma, refugee camp internment, and postmigration stresses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first- and second-generation immigrants: a national cohort study.

The main aims of this study were to investigate whether the increased risk of psychotic disorders among certain immigrant groups is present in the next generation and whether having one parent born in Sweden has a protective effect on the risk of psychotic disorders among second-generation immigrants. In total, 2,243,546 individuals were followed from January 1, 1992, until December 31, 1999, for first hospital admission for schizophrenia or other psychoses. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios. The highest risks of psychotic disorders were found among first-generation and second-generation Finns, after adjustment for socioeconomic status. Having one parent born in Sweden had no protective effect on the risk of being hospitalized for psychotic disorders among second-generation immigrants. The disabling symptoms of psychotic disorders call for increased awareness among clinicians and public health planners involved in the treatment and prevention of psychotic disorders, especially among certain immigrant groups.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Drug resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in immigrants: is there a real threat everywhere?

A study was performed to determine the impact of drug resistance in tuberculosis among immigrant patients in Madrid, Spain. During the period 1995-2001, the relative proportion of isolates from immigrant patients increased from 4.4% to 24.2%. No differences between immigrants and Spanish-born patients were detected for resistance to any first-line anti-tuberculous drug. More studies are required to determine the actual incidence of resistant tuberculosis in immigrants.

Antitubercular Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Helicobacter pylori in Melbourne Chinese immigrants: evidence for oral-oral transmission via chopsticks.

The Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in a representative population of 328 Melbourne Chinese immigrants (162 men and 166 women) aged 25 years and older were studied. The population consisted of Chinese people born in China/Hong Kong (n = 110, 33.5%), Vietnam (n = 79, 24.1%), Malaysia/Singapore (n = 102, 31.1%), and elsewhere (n = 37, 11.3%). The overall seroprevalence of H. pylori was 59.5%; 60.5% in men and 58.4% in women. Gender specific analysis showed associations between higher seroprevalence and several socio-demographic factors; in men, age (P < 0.0001), lower education level (P < 0.002), cigarette smoking (P < 0.042), the use of antibiotics (P < 0.015) and chopsticks (P < 0.047), and in women, lower socioeconomical status [education level (P < 0.030), gross household income (P < 0.0001) and occupational status (P < 0.0001)] and use of chopsticks (P < 0.002). Seroprevalence differed between immigrants of various birthplaces (P < 0.001); those born in Malaysia/Singapore (43.1%) were lower than those born in China/Hong Kong (68.2%), Vietnam (68.4%), and elsewhere (59.5%). Immigrants of various birthplaces also differed in their pattern of socio-demographics. Multivariate analyses showed that risk factors for H. pylori infection within the Melbourne Chinese immigrants were, in men, age (B = 1.081) and birthplace (B = 1.769) and, in women, household income (B = 0.541) and use of chopsticks (B = 1.654). This study suggests person-to-person transmission of H. pylori via the oral-oral route with ethno-specific food practices an important risk factor.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Immigration, lack of control and psychological distress: findings from the Oslo Health Study.

The aims of this study are to compare the level of psychological distress between Norwegian born and immigrants from countries with different income levels and culture, and to investigate the explanatory effect of socioeconomic and psychosocial factors, with special emphasis on lack of control (powerlessness and self-efficacy). A cross-sectional survey with self-administered questionnaire was conducted in 2000-2001 in a sample of 15,723 adults living in Oslo. Psychological distress was measured by a ten-item shortened version of Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 items, whereas psychosocial variables were measured by various instruments. The results show that the level of psychological distress is significantly higher in immigrants from low- and middle-income countries than in the Norwegian born and the immigrants from high-income countries. They also report more powerlessness, more negative life events, less social support, less income and less paid work. It is concluded that negative life events, mainly related to social network, somatic health and economic situations, as well as lack of social support, are important mediators between immigration from low- and middle-income countries to Norway and psychological distress. Powerlessness also plays a role, but this is mainly because of a concept overlap between psychological distress and powerlessness.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

The labour market experiences of Canadian immigrants.

The economic adaptation of immigrants to Canada is analyzed using government data on the labor force and landed immigrants. In particular, the labor force experience of a sample of immigrants in Canada is examined and compared with that of a Canadian cohort with regard to length of unemployment and income. "Differences in unemployment and insurable earnings are examined by age, sex, immigrant category..., world area of last permanent residence, official language abilities, education, and region of residence." (summary in FRE, SPA)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1990

Regional differences in immigration and economic structure in Australia.

"The scale of overseas immigration and the exceptional importance of the role played by migrants in demographic, economic and cultural trends in Australia makes the immigration policy one of the key components of Australian politics. Both the immigration policy and the outcomes of this policy are shaped by four major groups of factors: demographic, economic, cultural, and political in a broad sense. The weighting of these factors changes from period to period. This paper looks at the extent to which some of these factors affect regional differentiation of the immigration pattern. The analysis is focused on the influences of employment structure and other socio-economic characteristics of different Australian regions, exerted on overseas migration to these regions." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Australia↗

PubMed1990

Immigrant fertility patterns in Canada, 1961-1986.

"This paper has examined the fertility of immigrants who arrived in Canada at various periods in the recent past. Cumulative and current fertility measures derived from 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1986 censuses have indicated that immigrants tend to have children at a lower rate during the periods when they are immigrating, but at a higher rate after immigrating. However, once they have resided in the host country for a certain length of time, their fertility may either converge with that of the native-born population or may become even lower." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Americas↗