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PubMed1979

[Plasma levels of lidocaine following intramuscular injection by means of an automatic injector (author's transl)].

Plasma levels of lidocaine were determined in either 10 patients following injection into the deltoid and lateral vastus muscle, respectively. We used an automatic injector containing 250 mg of lidocaine in a 10% solution. In the early phase after injection, plasma levels were higher, when the deltoid muscle had been chosen for administration. This was the same result as referred by other authors using normal injectors. Variance of single plasma values was smaller in the vastus group.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Pain assessment after intramuscular injection.

Several parameters (pH, osmotic pressure) influencing the local tolerance of injectable drugs have been well-documented; however, little attention has been paid to pain following an injection--a common problem in clinical practice. A pain questionnaire was used to record pain up to 24 h after a deep ventrogluteal injection. Two groups of healthy volunteers were recruited: the first group (n = 6) received 3 different cotrimoxazole preparations and placebo and the second group (n = 10) received 4 different multivitamin preparations and placebo (double-blind, cross-over). Parameters monitored during and after injection included pain localization (line drawing), pain intensity (visual-analog scale: VAS) and verbal description of pain (pain rating index: PRI). In both groups, the equality of pain (VAS, PRI) induced by the preparations was rejected in all cases (Friedman's test, p < or = 1%). The pairwise comparisons of the groups showed significant differences (p < or = 5%) between various preparations. The correlation (Spearman's rank correlation) between pain parameters VAS and PRI was high. The present investigations have shown that the pain questionnaire is a valuable tool to investigate the subjective pain symptoms during and after the injection of different preparations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HyperDesigning: an instructional design model applied to the development of a HyperCard computer assisted instruction on intramuscular injection sites.

As more instructional software is designed by faculty, it becomes increasingly important, as well as time efficient, that faculty approach development of software from an instructional design perspective. Today, faculty can select among emerging technologies, and the future will undoubtedly present even more options. Educators who want to design their own computer assisted instruction (CAI) programs are frequently left to their own devices for instructional design. Instructional design models can provide helpful guidelines for selection and development of relevant programs. This article outlines the development of a faculty-designed software program using the Seels and Glasgow model of instructional design. The Seels and Glasgow model employs the essential components of analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation, and diffusion with iterative intermediary steps.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacokinetics and concentrations of ceftiofur sodium in body fluids and endometrium after repeated intramuscular injections in mares.

Each of 5 healthy mares was given 5 consecutive IM injections of ceftiofur sodium (2 mg/kg of body weight; 50 mg/ml) at 12-hour intervals. Ceftiofur concentrations were measured serially in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine, and were measured in CSF and endometrial tissue after the fifth dose. Mean elimination rate constant was 0.354 +/- 0.101 h-1 and elimination half-life was 2.49 +/- 0.49 hour. Mean serum ceftiofur concentrations peaked approximately 1 hour after each injection. The highest mean ceftiofur concentration was 5.09 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after the fifth dose for serum, 3.02 micrograms/ml at 2 hours after the fifth dose for synovial fluid, and 3.23 micrograms/ml at 4 hours after the fifth dose for peritoneal fluid. Mean urine concentrations reached 15.72 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after the fifth dose. Ceftiofur was not detected in CSF or endometrial tissue. None of the mares had adverse reactions to the drug.

Animals↗