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PubMed1994

A decade of train-pedestrian fatalities: the Charleston experience.

Although the cause of death is rarely in doubt in train-pedestrian fatalities, the manner of death is often unclear. The distinction between accident and suicide can only be made after careful evaluation of the history, scene investigation, autopsy findings, and toxicologic data. A retrospective analysis of 25 consecutive train-pedestrian fatalities investigated by our office between 1982 and 1992 is reported. The victims were predominantly healthy, young males. All but one person died at the scene. The cause of death was massive blunt trauma in 88% of the cases. In one case, the sole injury was decapitation. A tissue or blood ethanol level greater than 99 mg/dL was detected in 80% of the cases. A total of 60% of the cases involved persons likely to have been sitting or lying across the railroad tracks; all but one of these victims were intoxicated. The manner of death was determined to be accidental in 92% of our cases. Decapitation by a moving train is an injury highly suggestive of suicide. Massive blunt trauma, especially in the setting of ethanol intoxication, was highly associated with accidental death. Toxicologic analysis is essential in discriminating willful suicide from alcohol-induced incapacitation resulting in accidental death. Homicide, disguised as an accident or suicide, must be ruled out in all cases. Accurate determination of the manner of death is an important issue regarding civil litigation and dispersal of insurance benefits.

Accidents↗
PubMed1994

[Diagnosis and therapy of erectile dysfunction: a function of legal health insurance?].

From the medical point of view erectile dysfunction (ED) is accepted as a disease. However, there is a difference between the medical definition and the definition used by the official health insurance companies. This means that these health insurance companies have sometimes refused payment to the urologists for work done in the diagnosis and treatment of ED, especially in elderly men. Studies on the sexual behavior of elderly men show that 53-80% of men older than 75 years are still interested in sex and that 26% of this group have intercourse several times a month. Therefore, no one can say that sexual interest and activity decrease in elderly men to the point of complete inactivity. For this reason, the basic principle of maintaining the health of the individual is just as applicable in this case as it is in elderly people who are hard-of-hearing or who have weak eyesight. Thus, the diagnosis and therapy of ED must, strictly speaking, be considered a medical service that is recognized and paid for by the official health insurance companies. The substances used have not been licensed for this indication by the German BGA (German equivalent of the FDA), but this does not influence the possibility of prescribing them. Generally speaking papaverine, papaverine/phentolamine and prostaglandin E1 can be prescribed. In our opinion, prostaglandin E1 is to be preferred.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Mortality in relation to type of insurance--an empirical study with representative German data 1974 to 1990].

In Germany different forms of insurance funds (private funds, social security for blue collar or for white collar workers, firm-specific funds) secure against sickness risks. Actual governmental policy is to increase the competition between funds by introducing the possibility to switch from one to the other. In order to compensate for the differences in risk of health status between individual members a compensation payment planned according to age and sex of the members. In 1974 a representative sample of the adult West German population has been asked about its sickness fund membership (among other questions). A new epidemiological concept, the demographic variant of the relative survival method, is used here to determine whether mortality in the 16 years after 1974 differed between the sickness fund members. Even after exact demographic control members of private sickness funds survived considerably better than members of other insurance funds. The highest mortality was found for members of the social security of blue collar workers (AOK). These results show that apart from the pure demographic factors other important health related differences exist between members of different sickness funds.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Anatomy of health care reform proposals.

The current proliferation of proposals for health care reform makes it difficult to sort out the differences among plans and the likely outcome of different approaches to reform. The current health care system has two basic features. The first, enrollment and eligibility functions, includes how people get into the system and gain coverage for health care services. We describe 4 models, ranging from an individual, voluntary approach to a universal, tax-based model. The second, the provision of health care, includes how physician services are organized, how they are paid for, what mechanisms are in place for quality assurance, and the degree of organization and oversight of the health care system. We describe 7 models of the organization component, including the current fee-for-service system with no national health budget, managed care, salaried providers under a budget, and managed competition with and without a national health budget. These 2 components provide the building blocks for health care plans, presented as a matrix. We also evaluate several reform proposals by how they combine these 2 elements.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1993

Improving the use of research-based evidence in policy making: effective care in pregnancy and childbirth in the United States.

The rigorous syntheses in Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth (ECPC) raise the question of how these and future recommendations can effectively be used to influence the decisions of policy makers and to improve the care we receive. The fragmentation of U.S. health care is especially striking for pregnancy and childbirth care. Although the U.S. context does not contain an obvious focal point for ECPC, several organizations have leverage or influence over different facets of policy making in this area: professional associations, consumer advocates, regulatory bodies, and third-party payers. An alternative to current independent activities is the organization of a network to facilitate implementation of ECPC. The intention would be that, through interaction, members would strengthen their interest and improve their effectiveness in implementing ECPC. An initial activity might be to evaluate alternative methods for implementing a specific recommendation.

Health Education↗
PubMed1995

[Alternative medicine in private personal insurance].

In Germany there is a trend to so-called "natural" or "alternative" medical methods especially among young people of good education and higher income. Those persons are also the typical target group of the private person insurance so that it seems necessary to deal with such methods. While the original "classical" methods of naturopathy have been acknowledged in the scientific medicine for many years and are mainly used in the medical rehabilitation, the so-called "alternative" methods are further on controversial. In the first place, the risks of such unconventional methods are to be monitored, especially the danger of a wrong diagnosis in using unproved diagnostical methods and the danger of side-effects in therapy. Another problematical fact is that during an unconventional treatment the diagnosis of an intoxication by outdoor or indoor pollution or by amalgam of toothfillings is often made without standing a critical proof. Usually, an expensive therapy will follow with no end in sight. Furthermore, the diagnosis of a so-called intoxication of psychical disordered patients, especially those with a masked depression, can prevent a necessary medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. Disorders will be felt more and more as somatic and get a chronical course so that they are finally resistant to therapy.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed1995

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