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PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production of Alternaria alternata inhabiting decayed fruits by pesticides.

The effect of the two pesticides, cuprosan and sumi oil, on growth and mycotoxin production by two strains of Alternaria alternata isolated from decayed fruits was studied. Mycelial biomass of the two strains was significantly inhibited with most applied doses, however, cuprosan was most effective. Sumi oil exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the Alternaria strain isolated from decayed lemons, whereas, it suppressed mycelial biomass of that isolated from decayed tomatoes at only higher doses (250 ppm). Mycelial respiration of the two tested strains was mainly inhibited by most used does. However, CO2 evolution was occasionally promoted. Synthesis of alternariol (AOH) and its monomethyl ether (AME) by the examined strains was mainly inhibited by pesticide application in a manner similar to that of mycelial growth.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1996

Effect of fungistatic agent 2-deoxy-D-glucose on mycotoxins from Penicillium expansum.

Mycotoxin production from Penicillium expansum was effected by the 'biocontrol enhancer' 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DOG). Citrinin and gentisyl alcohol were produced in higher amounts, whereas patulin was inhibited, which represents a differential effect on the polyketide metabolic pathway. These effects have implications for the use of DOG in biocontrol.

Antimetabolites↗
PubMed1981

Mycotoxins in animal feeds and toxic fungi in Queensland 1971-80.

During the years 1971 to 1980, 355 samples of animal feeds submitted to this laboratory in connection with suspected mycotoxicoses were analysed for aflatoxins. Most major Queensland agricultural crops were represented. Aflatoxins were detected in 67 samples, 45 of which were peanut meals and by-products (55% of all peanut materials analysed). Of 200 Aspergillus flavus isolates cultured on maize meal, aflatoxins were produced by 49%. Ochratoxin A was detected in one sample of another 25 feeds analysed for the compound. Ochratoxin A was produced by 28% of 47 A. ochraceus isolates, and two Fusarium equiseti isolates produced zearalenone. The present situation with regard to mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in Queensland is briefly reviewed.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1994

Mechanism of the mitogenic and carcinogenic action of fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin.

Fumonisins, mycotoxins found on corn and other grains, can act as carcinogens. Recent studies have shown that fumonisin B1 stimulates cell proliferation due to inhibition of sphinganine N-acyl-transferase, an important rate limiting enzymatic step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Subsequent accumulation of free sphingoid bases in the cell can act as tumor promoters.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurotoxic mycotoxins: a review of fungal toxins that cause neurological disease in large animals.

Five mycotoxins found in concentrates or roughages have been shown to cause neurologic disease in livestock. Fumonisin B1 is produced by Fusarium moniliforme and causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses. Swainsonine and slaframine are produced by Rhizoctonia leguminicola and cause mannose accumulation and parasympathomimetic effects, respectively. Lolitrems from Acremonium lolii and paspalitrems from Claviceps paspali are tremorgens found in grasses.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1973

12,13-Epoxy-delta 9-trichothecenes as the probable mycotoxins responsible for stachybotryotoxicosis.

Stachybotrys atra cultures grown on oats produced five compounds toxic to brine shrimp; three are the sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins known as 12,13-epoxy-Delta(9)-trichothecenes. One trichothecene is roridin E, a known metabolite of Myrothecium verrucaria. The other two were hydrolyzed to verrucarol, the product of roridin and verrucarin hydrolysis. Spectroscopic data indicate that the two remaining compounds are also 12,13-epoxy-Delta(9)-trichothecenes. These metabolites are probably among those responsible for stachybotryotoxicosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Rhizonin, the first mycotoxin isolated from the zygomycota, is not a fungal metabolite but is produced by bacterial endosymbionts.

Rhizonin is a hepatotoxic cyclopeptide isolated from cultures of a fungal Rhizopus microsporus strain that grew on moldy ground nuts in Mozambique. Reinvestigation of this fungal strain by a series of experiments unequivocally revealed that this "first mycotoxin from lower fungi" is actually not produced by the fungus. PCR experiments and phylogenetic studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the fungus is associated with bacteria belonging to the genus Burkholderia. By transmission electron microscopy, the bacteria were localized within the fungal cytosol. Toxin production and the presence of the endosymbionts were correlated by curing the fungus with an antibiotic, yielding a nonproducing, symbiont-free phenotype. The final evidence for a bacterial biogenesis of the toxin was obtained by the successful fermentation of the endosymbiotic bacteria in pure culture and isolation of rhizonin A from the broth. This finding is of particular interest since Rhizopus microsporus and related Rhizopus species are frequently used in food preparations such as tempeh and sufu.

Burkholderia↗
PubMed1976

Tremorgenic mycotoxin from Penicillium paraherquei.

A tremorgenic mycotoxin was isolated from Penicillium paraherquei Abe ex G. Smith and identified as verruculogen. It was produced at the rate of approximately 1 mg/g of the dried fungal mycelium cultured on peptone-enriched Czapek-Dox medium at 28 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Identification of mycotoxins produced by species of Fusarium and Stachybotrys obtained from Eastern Europe.

Isolates of Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp. and crude extracts from these fungi were obtained from Hungary and the U.S.S.R. and used for the evaluation of the mycotoxins they produced. The cultures were grown on millet and oats and extracted in Budapest, Hungary (Veterinary Medical Research Institute) and chemically analyzed at the University of Minnesota using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the rat skin bioassay. Zearalenone was found in most of the Fusarium cultures, T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, T-2 tetraol, and HT-2 toxin were found in extracts of Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioies. A special effort was made to isolate the steroid-like toxins reported in the early Russian literature as sporofusarin and poaefusarin. None of the extracts from the Fusarium species yielded poaefusarin or sporofusarin when analyzed by our chemical methods or by those of L.E. Olifson, S.M. Kenina, and V.L. Kartashova, 1972. We therefore accounted for the toxicity of the Fusarium extracts as due to the 12,13,epoxytrichothecenes. One culture of Stachybotrys alternans yielded a macrocyclic ester of 12,13-epoxytrichothecene which, upon hydrolysis, yielded verrucarol; a steroid-like molecule (SB-3) was also isolated. The former had skin-irritant activity but SB-3 did not; the latter exhibited cardiac activity on the heart of the cockroach.

Fusarium↗
PubMed1979

Territrems, tremorgenic mycotoxins of Aspergillus terreus.

The tremorgenic mycotoxins isolated from Aspergillus terreus were given the trivial names territrem A and B instead of their previous designations of C1 and C2 respectively. High-resolution mass spectral data suggested the molecular formula of territrem A to be C28H30O9 and that of territrem B,C29H34O9. They were partially characterized by ultraviolet, infrared, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. The spectroscopic evidence indicated that their chemical structures were very similar. The procedures of purification were also revised for the complete separation of these two chemically related compounds.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1979

Cyclopiazonic acid production by Penicillium camemberti Thom and natural occurrence of this mycotoxin in cheese.

Every Penicillium camemberti strain freshly isolated from 20 commercial cheese brands produced cyclopiazonic acid in two culture media at 25, 13, and 4 degrees C; the toxin yield was greatly dependent on the strain and environmental parameters (medium, temperature, and incubation time). The toxigenic ability appeared as a log-normal distribution. This mycotoxin was found in the crust (0.05 to 0.1 microgram/g in three samples, 0.1 to 0.2 microgram/g in five samples, and 0.4, 1, and 1.5 microgram/g in three other samples) but not in the inner part. When its acute toxicity is considered, doses eventually ingested by consumers are very low (lower than 4 microgram). Means for prevention are discussed. A highly toxigenic strength and rate appear to be necessary features leading to natural contamination in cheeses. The distribution of toxigenic ability makes possible without delay a choice of weakly toxic strains.

Cheese↗
PubMed1981

Novel metabolites from Penicillium crustosum, including penitrem E, a tremorgenic mycotoxin.

Two new indolic metabolites were isolated from Penicillium crustosum and separated from other penitrem mycotoxins by high-performance liquid chromatography. Penitrem D is a deoxy-penitrem A. Penitrem E is dechloro-penitrem A and was shown to be tremorgenic in mice, although it has only one-third of the activity of penitrem A. Roquefortine was also shown, for the first time, to be an important metabolic product of P. crustosum.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Stability of T-2 mycotoxin in aqueous media.

3H-labeled T-2 mycotoxin was dissolved in various aqueous media and stored for up to 3 weeks at 4, 22, and 37 degrees C. At periods ranging from 1 to 21 days, aliquots were assayed by thin-layer chromatography. Thin-layer chromatography plates were scanned for breakdown products by use of a radioisotope scanner, and breakdown products were identified based on their comigration with known standards. Results indicated that T-2 toxin was more stable in tissue culture medium with or without serum, than in Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS), at all temperatures. The metabolites HT-2, T-2 triol, and T-2 tetraol were detected as early as 1 day (HBSS; 37 degrees C) and as late as 3 weeks (HBSS; 4 degrees C) after storage. Stability of the toxin in aqueous media decreased with increasing temperature.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Mycotoxins and Fusarium spp. associated with infected ears of corn in Minnesota.

Five Fusarium species were isolated from the grain of dent corn (Zea mays) selected from 20 of 32 damaged fields in 10 counties in Minnesota on the basis of hyphal growth visible on kernels in the field. Three mycotoxins were identified in the infected ears: zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol. This is the first report of the presence of 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on corn ears in the field prior to harvest and in combination with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Ninety-nine cultures were selected from colonies growing from kernels on an agar medium; 30% of the cultures were F. graminearum, 23% were F. subglutinans, 20% were F. moniliforme, 14% were F. oxysporum, and 12% were F. proliferatum.

Fusarium↗
PubMed1989

Natural occurrence of the mycotoxin fusarochromanone, a metabolite of Fusarium equiseti, in cereal feed associated with tibial dyschondroplasia.

The mycotoxin fusarochromanone, a metabolite of Fusarium fungi, is able to induce tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in chickens under experimental conditions. On the basis of health surveillance data on TD, two broiler farms with TD prevalence rates of up to 56% were identified. In the corresponding pelleted feed samples, fusarochromanone was detected in all 12 samples analyzed by column purification and TLC, with concentrations 4 to 59 micrograms/kg. No Fusarium fungi were available from the feed because of the pelleting process, but seven Fusarium equiseti strains previously isolated from Danish cereals were checked for fusarochromanone production, and all produced fusarochromanone at 57 to 1,435 mg/kg. Thus, the potential for fusarochromanone production by F. equiseti is considerable. The identification of fusarochromanone from feed and F. equiseti was confirmed by mass, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. This is the first report of fusarochromanone as a naturally occurring contaminant.

Amino Acids↗