The membrane mitt; a gauze mitt for removal of retained secundines.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Female↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Placenta, Retained”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Fetal and placental cyclic inositol phosphohydrolase in normoxia and hypoxia.
Cyclic inositol phosphohydrolase (cIPH) converts cyclic inositol monophosphate (cIP), a putative modulator of cell growth, into inositol monophosphate. We hypothesized that hypoxic-ischemic injury alters cIPH activity in the placenta. On the 29th day of gestation pregnant rabbits were randomized to either 50 min of uterine ischemia (hypoxia) or no ischemia (controls). The activity of cIPH was measured by incubating with [3H]cIP and determining the release of [3H]inositol. Although no cIPH has been demonstrated in blood previously, cIPH activity was found in both fetal and maternal blood. cIPH activity was higher on the fetal side of the placenta than on the maternal side and was also higher in fetal blood compared to maternal blood. Hypoxia-ischemia failed to alter the cIPH activity in fetal blood and fetal and maternal placenta. Since cIPH activity is higher in the fetus and is retained even after major ischemia, modulation of cIP may be important in early development.
Animals↗
Nocardioform placentitis with isolation of Amycolatopsis spp in a Florida-bred mare.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 4-year-old Thoroughbred mare was evaluated because of placental abnormalities and a retained placental remnant. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Microbial culture of the placenta yielded pure growth of Amycolatopsis spp. Histologic examination of the placenta revealed a focally expanding chorionitis with intralesional gram-positive filamentous bacilli and multifocal allantoic adenomatous hyperplasia on the apposing allantoic surface. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Treatment with lavage and oxytocin resulted in expulsion of the placental remnant within hours of parturition. The mare did not become pregnant again despite multiple breedings. The foal appeared healthy but died of complications during an elective surgical procedure at 7 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the author's knowledge, all previously confirmed cases of nocardioform placentitis have been in mares bred in the central Kentucky region. Indications that the pathogen in the mare reported here is a different species than that isolated in Kentucky suggest that this is an emerging disease. Mares with nocardioform placentitis usually do not have the same clinical signs as mares with placentitis resulting from an ascending pathogen.
Actinomycetales↗
Coated vesicles from human placenta carry ferritin, transferrin, and immunoglobulin G.
Coated vesicles prepared by using isotonic gradients retain their contents. Ferritin, transferrin, and immunoglobulin G have been detected in human placental coated vesicles. Triton X-100 extraction of crude coated vesicles removes contaminating uncoated membranes, leaving coated particles and their associated proteins apparently intact; this provides an efficient means of preparing large quantities of coated vesicle proteins. The clathrin cages surround "cores" of structural protein containing polypeptides of 100,000 and 50,000 molecular weight.
Clathrin↗
Placenta accreta: mild cases diagnosed by placental examination.
We describe 36 placentas in which microscopic foci of myometrial tissue were adherent to the basal plate with deficient intervening decidua, consistent with a mild or focal form of placenta accreta. In only four cases was a diagnosis of placenta accreta considered clinically, and none of the cases resulted in hysterectomy. Twenty-one of the mothers underwent cesarean section for the current pregnancy, with 10 of the mothers having a history of previous cesarean section. The placenta failed to separate spontaneously in eight of the 15 vaginal deliveries necessitating manual removal of the placenta. Additional maternal factors included multiparity in 33, placenta previa in two, leiomyomas in two, and previous spontaneous abortion or voluntary interruption of pregnancy in 23. Four cases were complicated by retained placental fragments and three by postpartum hemorrhage. We conclude that these milder cases of placenta accreta are frequently associated with previous uterine operations and multiparity, and although not uncommon, are frequently not clinically suspected. Placental examination is useful in making the diagnosis of placenta accreta in cases not requiring hysterectomy, particularly if the basal plate is well sampled.
Adolescent↗
Simultaneous preparation from human placenta of several enzymes of glucose metabolism.
A procedure for the simultaneous purification to homogeneity of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase 1 and 2, aldolase, phosphoglucose isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from human origin has been developed. Human placenta homogenate was first chromatographed on DE-52 column which retains hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase while the other enzymes are recovered in the unabsorbed protein fraction. The other steps in the purification involve Matrex gel and specific affinity chromatography for the DE-52 retained enzymes and phosphocellulose and Matrex gel chromatography for the other enzymes. All the enzymes mentioned were obtained in one week, with recoveries from 14 percent for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to 75 percent for hexokinase. Thus, the procedures utilized seem to be useful in obtaining large amounts of enzymes in a a homogeneous form from an easily available human tissue.
Chromatography, Affinity↗
Transfer of cocaine and benzoylecgonine across the perfused human placental cotyledon.
OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to measure the transfer of cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine across the human term placenta. STUDY DESIGN: By means of in vitro perfusion of the human term placental cotyledon the transfer of these compounds was measured. RESULTS: The steady-state maternal-to-fetal transfer of cocaine (0.18 +/- 0.05 microgram/ml/min) was significantly greater than benzoylecgonine transfer (0.02 +/- 0.01 microgram/ml/min) (p < 0.05). When the perfused tissue was analyzed 32% +/- 7% of the maternal cocaine dose was retained by the placental tissue, whereas only 12% +/- 12% of the maternal benzoylecgonine dose was retained by the placental compartment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest (1) the placenta may serve as a depot for large amounts of cocaine, thus offering some degree of fetal protection after bolus administration; (2) fetal exposure may be prolonged by placental retention and subsequent release of cocaine and benzoylecgonine; and (3) benzoylecgonine does not cross the placenta as readily as does cocaine. Variability in placental handling of cocaine and benzoylecgonine may therefore determine fetal exposure to these agents.
Biological Transport↗
Human placental ultrastructure after in vitro dual perfusion.
Unperfused term placental tissue maintained at 37 degrees C for two hours preserved a major part of its structure while displaying a number of signs of hypoxic damage. Most placentae perfused through maternal and fetal circulations with Krebs-Ringer medium retained their ultrastructural integrity after two or more hours of perfusion.
Female↗
Molecular cloning of two types of GAP complementary DNA from human placenta.
The ras p21 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) was purified from human placental tissue. Internal amino acid sequence was obtained from this 120,000-dalton protein and, by means of this sequence, two types of complementary DNA clones were isolated and characterized. One type encoded GAP with a predicted molecular mass of 116,000 daltons and 96% identity with bovine GAP. The messenger RNA of this GAP was detected in human lung, brain, liver, leukocytes, and placenta. The second type appeared to be generated by a differential splicing mechanism and encoded a novel form of GAP with a predicted molecular mass of 100,400 daltons. This protein lacks the hydrophobic amino terminus characteristic of the larger species, but retains GAP activity. The messenger RNA of this type was abundantly expressed in placenta and in several human cell lines, but not in adult tissues.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Identification and characterization of a novel human dysferlin transcript: dysferlin_v1.
Mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene are associated with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel dysferlin transcript that we named DYSF_v1 (GenBank accession: DQ267935). This transcript differs from the currently known dysferlin transcript (GenBank accession: AF075575) in the sequence of the entire first exon which spans 232 bases. This unique first exon is derived from intron 1 of DYSF, and has an immediate upstream 5' untranslated region containing CpG islands and sequences consistent with transcription factor binding sites. Exon 1 of DYSF_v1 shares 85% sequence homology and has similar genomic organization with the first exon of mouse dysferlin. Northern blot analysis showed that the DYSF_v1 transcript spans 7.5 kb and is expressed in human skeletal muscle, heart, placenta, brain, spleen, kidney, intestine, and lung tissues. DYSF_v1 retains phylogenic conservancy and shows similar expression pattern as the currently known human dysferlin.
5' Untranslated Regions↗
Embryo-maternal distribution of basic compounds in the CD-1 mouse: doxylamine and nicotine.
The intracellular pH of the early postimplantation rodent embryo (pHi) is alkaline with respect to the corresponding plasma of the pregnant dam. This transplacental pH gradient is of considerable importance in the accumulation of teratogenic weak acids by the embryo. The importance of pH in the partitioning of basic drugs across the early mammalian placenta has not been investigated. Theoretically, the maternal plasma should retain a higher concentration of basic drugs than the embryo due to a greater degree of drug ionization in the more acidic plasma. To explore the significance of pH partitioning upon the transplacental distribution of basic compounds, two bases, doxylamine and nicotine, were administered to pregnant CD-1 mice during early organogenesis. The maternal plasma and embryonic concentrations of the bases were measured and the resulting embryo/maternal plasma (E/P) ratio was calculated and compared to the ratio predicted by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Following ip injection of nicotine on Day 9 of gestation, the E/P ratio was significantly greater than the predicted ratio 10 min after injection and continued to rise for 3 hr. For doxylamine succinate administered by oral gavage on Day 9 or 10, the E/P ratio was also significantly greater than the ratio predicted from the pH gradient. Our results indicate that the partitioning of these basic compounds between the maternal plasma and the early postimplantation rodent embryo is not a consequence of the pH gradient between the two compartments alone.
Animals↗
Aetiological factors in placenta praevia--a case controlled study.
The obstetric and gynaecological histories of 80 women with proven placenta praevia have been reviewed together with case controls matched for age and parity. There was a significant relation between placenta praevia and previous caesarean section (P less than 0.05), dilatation and curettage (P less than 0.01), spontaneous abortion (P less than 0.05) and evacuation of retained products of conception (P less than 0.05). Repeated uterine instrumentation was associated with increased risk of placenta praevia (P less than 0.001). We were unable to show any influence of previous termination of pregnancy. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that endometrial/myometrium damage is a significant aetiological factor in low placental implantation.
Abortion, Induced↗
Transfer of metformin across the dually perfused human placental lobule.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the transfer characteristics of metformin across placentas that were obtained from uncomplicated pregnancies and from patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: The technique of dual perfusion of placental lobule was used. Metformin, 5 microg/mL and its [14C]-isotope were co-transfused with the marker compound antipyrine, 20 microg/mL and its [3H]-isotope from the maternal to fetal circuit. The drug content in both circulations and placental tissue was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. RESULTS: The transfer of metformin across term human placentas that were obtained from uncomplicated pregnancies was rapid and was not different from that in placentas that were obtained from patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Metformin is distributed between the maternal and fetal circuits, with reliable amounts retained by the tissue. CONCLUSION: In an ex vivo model system, metformin was transferred readily from the maternal to fetal circuit across placentas that were obtained from uncomplicated pregnancies and pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes, Gestational↗
[Viability of human chorionic villi in organ culture].
The method and technique of organ culture of human chorionic villi was elaborated in our laboratory. In this report, placental specimens obtained at 15 to 18 weeks of gestation were studied in organ culture for 7 days in terms of the maintenance of morphological integrity and the preservation of functions. The morphological aspect of the viability of the various villous elements with special emphasis on the trophoblast cells was described histologically and ultrastructurally. The functional aspect of the viability was discussed by analysis of the suppressive effect of the cultivated villi on plasminogen activator (PA) secretion by OK-432 elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages, by analyses of the activity of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase coupled with delta 5-delta 4-isomerase (HSD) and of the radioactivity of [125I]-Iododeoxyuridine ( [125I]-IUdR) retained in the DNA of the trophoblast cells. Specimens of normal placenta were obtained at the time of induced abortion. The gestational ages were 15, 16 and 18 weeks. Specimens for organ culture were prepared under sterile conditions within one hour after expulsion of the placenta. Through gross dissection, the villi were isolated and minced into fragments of approximately 1 to 2 mm3. Incubation was carried out at 37 degrees C in a conventional static chamber with a gas mixture of 95% air, 5% CO2. The culture dishes and culture media were renewed every day. Data are the mean values of the duplicate incubations. In the first series of organ culture, placental fragments were removed at the end of each day of incubation, washed thoroughly and transferred to the new dishes with a culture medium freed from fetal bovine serum, where further incubation was performed for 24 hours. After this, placental fragments were fixed in 4% neutral buffered formalin, processed through paraffin embedding, serially sectioned at 5 micron and stained by periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) procedure. Culture medium obtained in this series at each end of incubation was put into a "macrophage plate" with the addition of plasminogen in the concentration of 2 IU/m1, in which OK-432 elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages with the capacity to secrete PA were cultured. Reaction was terminated at 24 hours unless otherwise indicated. Ten microliters of the medium in the "macrophage plate" was applied to the fibrin plate, and reaction was performed for 18 hours. PA activity was expressed by plasmin activity converted from plasminogen measured by the single radial immuno-diffusion method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Autoradiography↗
[Histopathologic findings in CD1 albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei in pregnancy. Experimental model for pathology of the feto- placental unit in malaria].
Three study groups of pregnant CD1 albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with Plasmodium berghei on the 6th (Group I), 13th (Group II) and 18th (Group III) day of gestation. Two control Groups were included, one of non pregnant mice (Group IV) and the other of pregnant non inoculated mice. Group IV was inoculated in the same day of group I. All mice of these two Groups died. Of the 20 mice in Group II 8 died, 7 delivered prematurely and 5 gave birth of low birth weight offspring. The 15 mice in Group III delivered normally with only 4 low birth weight offspring and no deaths. Histological examination revealed total placental necrosis, resorption of the products of conception and widespread foci of hepatic necrosis, malarial pigment accumulation in Group I. Such changes were also present in 8 mice of Group II, but the remainder of the Group retained the product of conception, had marked morphological changes in the placenta and moderate focal hepatic necrosis and malarial pigment accumulation. Group III had mild placental changes and moderate pigment accumulation. The products of conception displayed marked hepatic hematopoiesis in Group II while it was moderate in Group III. No parasitized red cells were observed in the fetal circulation. The stage of gestation at which the malarial infection was contracted was decisive. Malarial infection does not cross the placental barrier so its pathogenetic effects are felt in the maternal circulation with variable effects on the products of conception.
Animals↗
Gestational choriocarcinoma. Its origin in the placenta during seemingly normal pregnancy.
Four new cases of primary choriocarcinoma arising in the placenta during a seemingly normal gestation were studied at the Trophoblastic Disease Center of Northwestern University. In each case the patient presented with disseminated metastases while carrying an intrauterine gestation with a normally developing fetus. All four placental primaries were small; three of the tumors were microscopic and found only after extensive sectioning. Histologically, these tumors all appeared to arise from the cytotrophoblastic cells covering the stromal portion of villi, and in some areas the involved villi retained a portion of normal investing trophoblast. This study shows that gestational choriocarcinoma unassociated with hydatidiform mole can have an early stage in which chorionic villi are present. The consistently small size of the lesions studied suggests that primary placental choriocarcinoma may frequently be overlooked or missed, and that choriocarcinoma possibly has its origin in the placenta more often than in retained or persistent trophoblast following pregnancy.
Adult↗
[Affinity modification of 80S ribosomes from human placenta with mRNA analogs--derivatives of oligouridylates with alkylating groups at the 3'-end].
2',3'-O-[4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)]benzylidene derivatives of oligoribonucleotides (Up)5U[32P]pC and (Up)11U[32P]pC were used for affinity labeling of 80S ribosomes from human placenta in the presence of cognate Phe-tRNA(Phe). The derivatives retained the ability of tRNA(Phe)-dependent binding with 80S ribosomes and within the corresponding complexes were cross-linked to 40S subunits (preferentially to 18S rRNA). Sites of the mRNA analogs attachment were identified by blot-hybridization of the modified rRNA with restriction fragments of corresponding rDNA. They are located within positions 1610-1747 and 1748-1865 for both analogs. These fragments are situated at the 3'-end region of 18S rRNA in a highly conserved part of eukaryotic small subunit rRNA secondary structure.
Affinity Labels↗
[Effect of fat free diet during the last week of pregnancy upon the linoleic and arachidonic acid content of fetal organ lipids and placenta lipids of the rat].
Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a fatfree diet from day 16--22 of pregnancy. On day 22, the fatty acid components of cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids of maternal (brain, muscle, serum, white adipose tissue, liver) and fetal (brain, carcass, serum, liver) tissues, including the placenta, were examined gaschromatographically for the participation of linoleic and arachidonic acid. In all fetal and maternal organs the linoleic acid levels in the fatty acid patterns were strongly reduced. The alterations nearly always involved all the lipid fractions of a tissue and were mostly equal within a tissue. The strongest decreases of linoleic acid occurred in the placenta, and the weakest, in the lipids of maternal muscle and maternal adipose tissue. The linoleic acid alterations were principally similar in fetal and the corresponding maternal tissues, while being less pronounced in case of maternal muscle. The participation of arachidonic acid in the fatty acid pattern is completely retained in the lipids of fetal organs, and is even enhanced in those of the placenta.
Animals↗